Translate the underlined passage into Russian
Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет
Факультет Международных отношений
The Political Systems of the UK and the USA
UNIT I. UK AND US POLITICAL SYSTEMS
VOCABULARY LIST 1. Political System
The UK
1)Coronation, abdication, to abdicate
To succeed to the throne
Knight, knighthood
2) legislative, executive, judicial branch
the Houses of Parliament, a Member of Parliament (MP)
the House of Lords, the Lords, the Lords Chamber, the Upper House
the House of Commons, the Commons, the Commons Chamber, the Lower House
3)hereditary peers, to inherit a title, peers by heredity; life peers, to make someone a life peer, to grant peerage
Lords Spiritual, bishops of the Church of England, Archbishop of Canterbury
The Law Lords (judges); Lords Temporal
The Lord Chancellor, the Woolsack, the Mace, the Sergeant at Arms
4)The Speaker; to call to order
The State Opening of Parliament; session, sitting, question time
5)A legislative draft/bill; to introduce/bring in a bill, to debate a bill, to pass a bill, to defeat/reject a bill, to amend a bill; to submit a bill to
First, second, third reading
Unanimous consent
To give/receive Royal Assent; to enter into the Statute book
Aye lobby, No lobby, division, to call for a division
6) The Government, the Opposition, Shadow cabinet, Shadow minister
A front-bencher, a back-bencher
Maiden speech
The USA
7) President, acting president, lame duck
the Congress: the Senate, the House of Representatives
Commander-in-Chief
The Vice President, Senator, Congressman
8) To set and collect taxes, to regulate commerce, to coin and issue money, to declare war
System of Checks and Balances
9) Constitution: articles and amendments
Bill of Rights
Bicameral legislature
Two-party system, political rivalry
Party caucus
Majority/minority leader
10) President’s Cabinet
To resign, to choose/appoint the successor
Term in office
Assassination
LESSON 1. A CONSTITUTION OR A CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY
“It's vital that the monarchy keeps in touch with the people. It's what I try and do.”
Princess Diana
Reading for vocabulary 1.1.
Constitution
Before you read. Think over the following questions:
- What are the basics of a state? Why do most countries have
Constitutions?
- What do you know about the history of US Constitution?
Read the following text.
After peace came, the Congress, established during the war, asked each state to send delegates to a convention in Philadelphia, the city where the Declaration of Independence had been signed, to discuss the changes which would be necessary to strengthenthe previousagreements.
The smallest state, Rhode Island, refused, but delegates from the other 12 states participated. The meeting, later known as the Constitutional Convention, began in May of 1787. George Washington, the military hero of the War of Independence, was the presiding officer. Fifty four other men were present. Some wanted a strong new government. Some did not.
In the course of the Convention, the delegates designed a new form of government for the United States. The Constitution set up a federal system with strong central government. A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each. The Constitution also called for the election of a national leader, or president. It provided that federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up ofrepresentatives elected by the people. It also provided for a national court system headed by a Supreme Court.
In writing the Constitution, the delegates had to deal with two main fears shared by most Americans. One fear was that one person or group, including the majority, might become too powerful or be able to seize control of the country and create a tyranny. To guard against this possibility, the delegates set up a government consisting of three parts, or branches, the executive, the legislative and the judicial. Each branch has powers that the others do not have and each branch has a way of counteracting and limiting any wrongful action by another branch.
Another fear was that the new central government might weaken or take away the power of the state governments to run their own affairs. To deal with this the Constitution specifiedexactly what power the central government had and which power was reserved for the states. The states were allowed to run their own governments as they wished, provided that their governments were democratic.
Though the Convention delegates did not think it necessary to include such explicit guarantees, many people felt that they needed further written protection against tyrannny. So, a “Bill of Rights” was added to the Constitution. In the Bill of Rights, Americans are guaranteed freedom of religion, of speech and of the press. They have the right to assemble in public places, to protest government actions and to demand change. They have the right to own weapons if they wish. Because of the Bill of Rights, neither police nor soldiers can stop and search a person without good reason. Neither can they search a person’s home without legal permission from a court to do so.
Exercises:
1. Give equivalents of the following:
свобода печати, не допустить, защититься от..; неправомерные действия; закрепить достигнутые соглашения; председатель, составная часть, сформированный из..; собираться в общественных местах; захватить власть; без достаточных оснований исполнительная, законодательная и судебная ветви власти; точно определять, детально описывать; управлять своими делами; при условии что; определенные гарантии, свобода вероисповедания, свобода слова; право ношение оружия;
2. Find as many synonyms as you can:
made up of, to assemble in public places, without good reason, wrongful action, explicit, specify, run their own affairs, to seize control, to guard against.
3. Translate into English:
1. Представители различных групп населения заявили о том, что хотели бы закрепить достигнутые соглашения в форме закона. 2. Председатель собрания заявил, что хотел бы, чтобы законодательный орган страны состоял бы из представителей всех территорий, являющихся составными частями нового государства. 3. Отцы - основатели США, понимая, что одна из ветвей власти может захватить контроль над государством, приняли меры предосторожности, чтобы предотвратить эту возможность. 4. Разделение властей на законодательную, исполнительную и судебную ветви существует практически во всех государствах. 5. Закон четко определяет, что такое неправомерное действие. 6. Каждый штат имеет правительство для управления собственными делами. 7. Граждане США имеют целый ряд демократических свобод главными из которых являются свобода слова, свобода печати и свобода вероисповедания. 8. Ни полицейские и военнослужащие США не могут задержать гражданина США без достаточных оснований. 9. Он был слишком труслив, чтобы не воспользоваться правом на ношение оружия. 10. Демонстранты воспользовались правом собирать в общественных местах, чтобы высказать свой протест против войны США в Ираке.
Translate the underlined passage into Russian.
Listening 1.