Structural types of ukrainian language

UNITS CONVEYING THE MEANINGS OF THE

NOMINATIVE ABSOLUTE PARTICIPIAL

CONSTRUCTIONS

Translation of nominative absolute participial constructions is often connected with considerable difficulties. These are caused by the indistinct semantic and syntactic relations created between the constituent part of the sentence containing secondary predication construction on one hand and the introductory/matrix clause on the other. When the nominative absolute participial constructions express explicitly or implicitly the adverbial, objective or attributive relations/ meanings, they are usually translated, as has been shown already on the foregoing pages, with the help of the corresponding subordinate clauses.

The logico-grammatical nature of the nominative absolute par-

ticipial constructions in the sentence, however, is far from always clearly and exactly identifiable. This is because of the implicit mean­ings, which some of the nominative absolute participial construc­tions may have in a sentence. As a result, more than one Ukrainian version may be suggested for some of such constructions. For ex­ample, the meaning of the participial construction/syntaxeme Sev­eral of his letters being ignoredIn the sentence Several of his letters being ignored. Martin indited an angry one which drew a reply. (Lon­don) is not quite distinct. It may be considered as causal (Why did Martin indite an angry letter? - Because he did not receive any reply to his previously sent letters). It may also be temporal (When did Martin indite an angry letter? - When he received no reply to his previously sent letters).

More obvious and more contextually substantiated seems to be the causal meaning, though the temporal meaning can not alto­gether be discarded either. Consequently, the translator guided by the requirements of his own presentation, may suggest two versions, giving respectively a stronger preference to causal meaning. Each of the two meanings in Ukrainian is explicitly indicated by the corresponding conjunction:

1) Оскільки на попередні 2) Після того, як газета не

листи газета відмовчалася, відповіла на попередні листи,
Мартін надіслав їм сердитого Мартін надіслав їм сердитого
листа, на який прийшла від- листа, на який надійшла від­
повідь, повідь.

One more identical example of the explicit and implicit mean­ing of the nominative absolute participial construction (the NAPC) is given below:

The session drawing towards its close. Senator Dilworthy shook hands with his constituents and let them look at him. (Mark Twain)

1) Оскільки збори наближа- 2) Коли збори наближалися

лися до завершення, сенатор до завершення, сенатор
Ділворзі потиснув руку кожно- Ділворзі потиснув руку кожному
му виборщикові, удостоївши їх виборщикові, удостоївши їх
честі глянути на себе. честі глянути на себе.

Or: Збори вже наближалися до завершення, і сенатор Ділворзі потиснув руку кожному виборщикові, удостоївши їх честі гляну­ти на себе.

Far from all the NAPCs with different implicit meanings have

always a more or less clearly distinguishable or transparent logico-grammatical meaning. In some cases the translator may be simply in doubt as to the semantic and functional meaning of the NAPC singled out of a contextual environment.

For example: His try for a smile ignored. Stavros turns to Harry. (J.Updike)

The NAPC His try for a smile ignored clearly refers to present tense which can be seen from the simple verbal predicate (turns) in the matrix clause. This makes the choice of the lexico-grammatical meaning between causal and temporal more difficult. The question to the matrix clause includes an alteration - Does Stavros turn to Harry because his smile is ignored or he turns totally when his smile is ignored? Consequently, the NAPC may be translated with the help of the subordinate clause of cause: Оскільки/Тому що на його посмішку не реагують, Ставрос повертається до Гаррі.

Neither can there be objections to this NAPC being translated with the help of a conditional clause: Якщо на його посмішку не реагують, він повертається до Гаррі.

An analysis of the semantic relations between the main immediate constituents of the sentence induced the translator to suggest a third possible Ukrainian variant for this NAPC - a temporal subordinate clause: Коли на його усмішку не реагують. Ставрос повертається до Гаррі.

The conditional meaning of the NAPC in this sentence seems to be the most fitting in the general content of this semi-composite sentence. It can also be proved by the corresponding transformation of the NAPC into a conditional subordinate clause:

If his try for a smile is ignored. Stavros turns to Harry.

This was not the last possible way of faithful rendering of the logico-grammatical meaning of this NAPC into Ukrainian. There may be one more, which at first sight may seem doubtful, though only at first sight. And this is by transforming the NAPC into a coordinate clause joined to the matrix clause by means of the copulative conjunction and:His try for a smile is ignored and he turns to Harry. - Йогоусмішка залишається поза увагою, і він звертається до Гаррі.

Consequently, the NAPC, being a specifically English lexico-syntactic unit, may often be endowed with different meanings which require the employment of various means of rendering them into Ukrainian. The choice of these means may be predetermined, how­ever, not only by the lexico-grammatical meaning of the NAPC, but also by its syntactic interconnection with the part of the matrix clause

and also by the means, which are available in the target language to express their meanings and functions.

Thus, when the secondary subject of the NAPC is in no logical interrelation with the action expressed by the predicate of the matrix clause, i.e., when the secondary subject functions as the agent in the NAPC, the latter is translated as a co-ordinate clauseor as an independent sentence. For example:

There was a pause, Coleman listening. (Hailey)

1) Настала пауза, і Коулмен прислухався.

2) Настала пауза. Коулмен прислухався.

Similarly translated into Ukrainian are many other NAPCs which are logically and grammatically not connected with any constituent part of the matrix clause. For example:

The two walked in silence, Обоє йшли мовчки, і Сомз

Soames watching him out of the поглядав на нього краєчком comer of his eye. (Galsworthy) ока.

She gritted her teeth, grabbed Вона скреготнула зубами,

the rope and started walking вхопилась за канат і рушила,
across, the bridge swaying with - і місток захитався від
every step. (Sheldon) кожного її кроку.

As can be noticed, the secondary subjects Soames and bridge function as independent subjects in both languages.

Ukrainian co-ordinate clauses, which are equivalents of the NAPCs, may often be joined by the conjunctions /, а, причому:

We went out behind the Ми один по одному вийшли

church in a single file, the lieu- _за церквою, і вів нас сам
tenant leading... (Greene) лейтенант.

The reaction was immediate, Реакція була негайною.

Pearson almost shouting. (Hailey) Причому Пірсон мало не Tony was staring at him, his закричав.

eyes_____ uncomprehending. Тоні дивився на нього, а

(Sheldon) той, розгубившися, не розумів

його. The above-cited NAPCs may be translated into Ukrainian cor­respondingly as independent sentences or as clauses of a compound sentence: Ми один по одному вийшли за церквою. Попереду нас ішов лейтенант. Тоні подивився на нього. Той, розгубившися, не розумів його/Той розгублено дивився, не розуміючи його.

The translator may sometimes transform the English sentence, turning the NAPC of this type into a Ukrainian simple sentence with

homogeneous predicates:

Matters pressed on. he made Він нашвидкуруч закінчив

his way to Green Street for lunch, справи і пішов обідати на Ґрін-
(Galsworthy). cmpim /відклавши справи, він

пішов обідати на Ґрін-стріт. The lexical and functional meanings of different NAPCs in sim­ple and composite sentences may sometimes be rendered in Ukrain­ian with the help of some other means too:

1. With the help of the participial (diyepryslivnyk) construction or by means of a single diyepryslivnyk:

The two guards listened, their Обидва вартові слухали,

faces turned to the rifle-slit, their пороззявлявши роти і mouths hanging open. (Greene) повернувшись обличчям до

амбразури.
«І felt compassion for him,» «Мені стало шкода його/я

said Louisa, her colour deepen- відчула жаль до нього,» -
ing ... (Dickens) відповіла, зашарівшись, Луїза...

2. With the help of a prepositional noun, a noun phrase or a participial/diyepryslivnyk construction:

His head lowered, holding to Тримаючись за перила, з

the banister, Andrew went up- низько похиленою головою.
stairs. (Cronin) Ендрю пішов до себе нагору.

This NAPC may also be translated with the help of the parti­cipial/diyepryslivnyk construction: Потупивши голову і тримаючись за перила, Ендрю почвалав до себе нагору.

3. As a participial (diyepryslivnyk) construction or a subordi­
nate (mostly adverbial) clause:

The champagne poured. Наливши шампанського.

Andrew sat back. (Cronin) Ендрю знову сів.

The corresponding temporal clause for the NAPC may be Після того, як /Коли Ендрю налив шампанського, він знову сів.

4. With the help of a prepositional noun:

He was watching her, his eyes Він з цікавістю спостерігав

amused. (Sheldon) за нею.

5. By an adverbial substantival word-group or a single adverb:
His voice low. Alexander said, Олександр стиха запитав:

«He died, didn't he?» (Hailey) «Він помер, так?»

This NAPC can also be translated with the help of the adverb притишено: Олександр притишено запитав ... Олександр насторожено/боязко запитав ...

In rare cases the structure and meaning of both the Ukrainian equivalent and the NAPC may be much alike:

And still with his eyes closed, Все ще з заплющеними

he said... (Galsworthy) _{очима він} сказав ...

This NAPC may be translated with the help of an antonymic syntaxeme containing a diyepryslivnyk: / все ще не розплющуючи очей, він сказав...

It should be repeatedly emphasized in conclusion that some NAPCs may have more than one faithful semantic and structural equivalent in Ukrainian. Thus, the underlined below NAPC in the sentence Thev having the kevs. no entrance was possible. (Galsworthy) may have the following two equally faithful versions in Ukrainian:

V Оскільки ключі були в них, 2) Ключі були v них, і ввійти

ввійти було неможливо. (нам) було неможливо.

The second (last) Ukrainian substitute of the above-given NAPC is the co-ordinate clause with an implied causal meaning (Чому ввійти було неможливо? Бо у них не було ключів).

These secondary predication constructions are often used in scientific and technical matter texts in which the translator has also to find equivalents for different terms. The ways and means employed to faithfully convey the meaning and structure of the NAPCs are the same:

1) the temporal subordinate clause;

2) a causal, conditional and other sub-clauses:

1) The job having been sand­blasted, all scale was removed. 2) The part cooling during this process, it is necessary to reheat it. 3) The induction motor being of high efficiency, the power input of the primary would be but slightly more than the rating.

Коли деталь обробили піско-

очисним апаратом, то вся цин-дра була знята.

Оскільки деталь при иьому охолоджується. то її треба підігрівати.

Якщо асинхронний мотор має високий коефіцієнт корис­ної дії, то сила використання його лише трохи більша, ніж номінальна.

4) By co-ordinate clauses as in other types of text joined by the conjunctions і, а, причому:

The motor load thus increases Навантаження мотора

and a slip takes place, the. таким чином збільшується, [
amount being proportional to the відбувається пропорційне
load. навантаженню сковзання.

The depth of insert being suf-Глибина насадки була

ficient, it was possible to make а достатня, і можна було
large number of regrinds.¹ зробити більшу кількість

переточувань. The existence of some possible ways of faithful rendering of meaning of the NAPCs into Ukrainian provides the translator with some freedom of choice between some ways of expression. This can be illustrated on the following sentence containing two NAPCs: He held on to the bar, his legs wobbling under him. Martin's arm around him and supporting him, while he thought. (London)

1) Хлопець ухопився за 2) Він ухопився за стійку,

стійку, його ноги повисли, і його ноги гойдалися під ним.
Мартін підтримував його, а Мартін охопив його рукою і
охопивши рукою, доки той підтримував, доки той
збирався з думками. збирався з думками.

Exercise I. State the nature of the semantic and syntactic relations existing between the main constituent parts in the sen­tences below. Suggest an appropriate subordinate clause for each NAPC and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. My private station being that of a university professor, I was naturally deeply interested in the system of education in England. 2. But Henry VIII being dead, nothing was done. (Leacock) 3. He had seen Jody with his head slowly moving about... (M. Wilson) 4. After a first session of the Six, with the British Prime Minister waiting out­side, there seemed no reconciling of the French and the Five. (F. News) 5. Patterson, his habit of politeness back in place, inquired, «Do you want to take questions as we go, Alex, or leave them to the end? 6. For an instant, with Mike holding her, she felt the same sol­ace and relief, as when years before she had run, a little girl, into her mother's arms. (Hailey) 7. The message reported, they walked on. 8. The service in the Chapel over, the mourners filed up again to guard the body to the tomb. 9. The men had been sent out to dine at

¹ The examples are picked out from Machinery and Production Engineering. Lon­don, 1988.

Eustache's Club, it being felt that they must be fed up. (Galsworthy) 10. The children, with Graham still hanging on to Susan, were being carried relentlessly by the current into the path of the water wheel. (J.Higgins) 11. A police motorcycle escort, engines running noisily, was at the head of the assembling cortege. (Hailey) 12. His door being shut, she softly opened it and spoke to him ... (Dickens) 13. These houses, details settled, Hurstwood visited some of the ad­vertised opportunities to purchase an interest in some flourishing down­town bar. 14. Coroner Heith, his official duties completed for the time being, found himself pondering ... how he was to proceed further. 15. And with that thought in mind, he now scanned more briefly, but none the less sharply and critically the various notes, or invitations, or love messages from Saundra... (Dreiser)

Exercise II. State the nature of the syntagmatic relations existing between the NAPC and the matrix clause in the sen­tences below. Suggest the appropriate type of clause for each NAPC and translate the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. He took her hand gently, their faces close. 2. The younger man's face was strained, the tears streaming. 3. There was no an­swer, only Vivian's steady gaze meeting his own. 4. His expression was serious, his eyes being troubled. (Hailey) 5. Coleman wheeled serious, his eye on Bannister; his eyes merciless. 6. Barlett was on his feet, his chain flung back, his face flaming red. 7. «Ramona», Elise shouted, with her eyes shut, «go out in the kitchen and let Grace take galoshes off.» (Salinger) 8. He was all confusion and embarrassment on the instant, the blood flushing on his neck and brow. (London) 9. They moved toward the Vicarage, each making enormous effort to find excuses for the other. (Christie) 10. He speared Brad with a long stare, his black eyes glittering. 11. Bendabb jumped out, Leighton heating and pulling himself from the limousine behind the younger executive. (R. Moore) 12. Rossman withdrew and Himmler returned to his work, the only sound in the room the steady scratching of his pen. (J.Higgins) 13. Buddha sat as Buddha always sits, with his lap empty... 14. Then I got hold of Pyle's sleeve and dragged him out, with the girl handing on to his other arm like a hooked fish. (Greene) 15. With me working and not home until dark, he hangs around with that bad crowd toward the bridge. (J.Updike) 16. He looked at her happily in the sun; her khaki shirt open. 17. The sentry was still standing at the far box with his back turned. (Hemingway) 18. With Adna gone too, Mr. Wipple tried to run the farm with just him to help. (L.A. Porter) 19. Her face tear-streaked but expressionless, almost

vacuous, she picked up her handbag from the floor, opened it, and took out a small pea-green clothbound book. 20. She was lying asleep, with her face sort of on the side of the pillow. (Salinger) 21. They went out by the gate, he with his arm round her waist, and were lost in the night. (Maugham)

Exercise III. Analyse the syntagmatic relations existing between the NAPC and its matrix clause in each sentence be­low. Suggest the appropriate way of translating the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Meanwhile Andrew, with his eyes fixed upon the glass jars before him, had been stumbling upon the specimens. (Cronin) 2. Her cheek pressed against the pillow, she gazed at him with shin­ing eyes. (Cronin) 3. Miss Lawson stood in the doorway smiling rather foolishly after them, her mouth a little open. (Christie) 4. With her eyes fixed on that great yellow moon of a face from which these entrancing sounds came, Miss Matfield allowed her mind to be car­ried floating away on these changing currents of music. 5. «Well, Livian, now that we're out of that monkey house in there, with every­body snatching and pecking at each other, I can wish you a proper «Happy New Year». (J.Priestley) 6. With his hand upon her brother's shoulder, Louisa still stood looking at the fire. 7. «Ah», said Mr. Bouderby, with his thumbs in the arms of his coat. (Dickens) 8. His thought having returned, he concluded that it must be some night bird or large bat. (H. Wells) 9. She turned towards him, her smile, a mixture of love and sadness. 10. His face in her hair, he whispered «Vivian, darling ...» (Hailey) 11. He sat there, with raw eyes glaring across the room at me. (Greene) 12. Peter looked up, his head fallen slackly back. (Cronin) 13. Listening to the minutes and other routine business, with his chin clasped on his hand, he let his eyes move from face to face. 14. She took the flowers in her hand and went down, her face carried high under its burden of hair. (Galsworthy) 15. Jane turned to look at Mrs. McGrador, who all this time remained silent, watching, with her pale unblinking eyes fixed at Jane's face. (J.Aiken) 16.... he could see the upswept wide black horns on their heads as they galloped, heads out; the heads not moving. (Hemingway) 17.... he could see the full span of the ravine along the edge of town, his view of it broken by two or three Negro cabins which lined the edge of it. (W.Faulkner) 18. The worship of senses has often, and with much justice, been decried, men feeling a natural instinct of terror about passions and sensations that seem stronger than themselves ... (O.Wilde)

Exercise IV. Analyse the syntagmatic relations between the main constituent parts in the sentences below. Suggest, wherever possible, more than one way of translating the NAPCs and the sentences into Ukrainian.

1. Once upstairs, I met the nurse coming down the hall. 2. He felt it (knee) carefully, his hands moving lightly. 3. Coleman lashed out, his voice rising in pitch. 4. It was Bannister, a tray of equipment in his hands. 5. The younger man's face was strained, the tears stream­ing. (Hailey) 6.... she now walked unsteadily to the door, the terrors of the future crowding thick upon her. (Dreiser) 7. This being his first exam, he was anxious to know the result. (Cronin) 8. They passed her in silence, with their noises in the air, as if she did not exist. (Maugham) 9. That being so, then he could rise to Ruth. (London) 10. Now, the car making a turn around a bank and crossing a green, grassy field, we came in sight of the Masai village. (Hemingway) 11. The filling completed, Con threw his instruments into a jelly containing lysol and demanded Andrew should return to the house with him to tea. (Cronin) 12. The morning broke, they saw the traces of his fall. (H.Wells) 13. He stood beside me in silence, his candle in his hand. (C.Doyle) 14. She stood in her room pondering this new problem as Clyde arrived, his Xmas package under his arm. (Dreiser) 15. That over, she sat back with a sigh and softly rubbed her knee. (H.Watson) 16. She was still standing inside the screen door, with the house door open behind her. (H. Chandler) 17. The boy stood as long as he could, the bitter struggle fascinating him. (Dreiser) 18. She pressed his hand mutely, her eyes dim. (London) 19. A car was parked up in the middle of the floor with its bonnet open. 20. Perhaps only ten days ago he had been walking back across the Common park in Boston, his arms full of the books. (Greene) 21. Gandy, book in hand, the boy looks to his father for rescue. (J.Updike) 22. There he stood, his face to the south-east, his cap in his hand. (London) 23. The grove having been cut at 45°, all the difficulties were overcome. 24. Only overcurrent provided, the earth leakage being separated. (Machinery and Production Engineering) 25. Transistors being sensitive to light, engineers have to take this property into consideration. 26. Some transistors act as insulators in the darkness, cadmium sulfide presenting one of them. (Radio Engineering) 27. There were lamps on, the first dusk outside. 28. The old man stared out of the window; the setting sun on the trees. (J.Fowles) 29. So they groped and shuffled along, with their ears pricked up and their paws on the pistols. (K.Graham)