Match the words in Column A with their own definitions in Column B. Make up your sentences with these words
| A | B |
| 1. offensive | a )an opponent, enemy |
| 2.hostilities | b)to win a victory over smb, e.g. in a war |
| 3. missile | c)to defeat completely and drive away |
| 4.to advance | d)(of war) to make or become more serious by stages |
| 5.to break out | e)acts of fighting in war |
| 6. to rout | f)a continued military attack |
| 7.to defeat | g)(of an undesirable condition) to begin suddenly and often violently |
| 8.to escalate | h)to fight against or oppose forcefully |
| 9.to combat | i)an explosive flying weapon with its own engine, which can be aimed at a distant object |
| 10:adversary | j)to move forward in position |
Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B to make up possible word combinations.
| A | В |
| 1. hostilities | a)campaign |
| 2. surface-to-surface | b)strike |
| 3. to launch | c)break out |
| 4.to rout | d)an offensive |
| 5. military | e)missile |
| 6. air | f) the enemy |
Translate into English.
1. Россия и НАТО перешли к сотрудничеству в таких областях, как ситуация в «горячих точках»,борьба с терроризмом и распространением оружия массового поражения.
2. Вчера на территории западной части страны развернулись военные действия.
3. Ситуация на Ближнем Востоке ухудшилась.
4. Вооруженная группировка захватила здание детской больницы.
5. В 1939 году Германия объявила войну Советскому Союзу.
6. Враг был разбит на голову благодаря использованию ракет типа «земля-земля».
7. Главнокомандующий приказал перейти в наступление.
B 1. Make sure that you remember the following words and expressions:
army, (innocent) civilians, (a bloody) conflict, defeat an enemy, to open fire on smb, human rights, to occupy a city, to recruit (soldiers), to survive, survival, talks
2. Match the words in Column A with their own definitions in Column B. Make up your sentences with these words.
| A | B |
| 1. rebellion | a) an agreement to stop fighting for a certain period, esp. so that a more lasting peace agreement can be established |
| 2. guerilla | b) an action, such as the stopping of trade, taken by one or more countries against a country which is breaking international laws |
| 3. clash | c) organized opposition to authority; a conflict in which one faction tries to wrest control from another |
| 4. bloodshed | d) act of reducing or depriving of arms |
| 5. hostile | c) a member of an unofficial military group, esp. one fighting to remove a government, which attacks its enemy in small groups unexpectedly |
| 6. ceasefire | f) the killing of a whole group of people, esp. a whole race |
| 7. to mediate | g) an encounter between hostile forces; a battle |
| 8.disarmament | h) flowing of blood or killing of people usu. in fighting |
| 9. genocide | i) to act as a peacemaker between opposing sides |
| 10. sanction | j) aggressive, intimidating, unfriendly |
Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B to make up possible word combinations.
| A | B |
| 1. the state of | a) sanctions on |
| 2. peace | b) a rebellion |
| 3. to impose | c) a cease-fire |
| 4. nuclear | d) emergency |
| 5. to mediate | e) bloodshed |
| 6. to crush | f) disarmament |
| 7. to prevent | g) treaty |
Translate into English.
1. Вчера узбекские вооруженные силы подавили восстание на востоке страны.
2. Серьезные столкновения произошли вчера в центре Багдада.
3. Обе стороны заключили соглашение о прекращении огня.
4. Япония обратилась к СССР с просьбой выступить посредником в мирных переговорах между Токио и Вашингтоном.
5. Но для ООН признать факт геноцида - значит поставить себя в трудное положение.
6. Принятие резолюции предотвратило бы кровопролитие.
7. Операции по разоружению включают несколько этапов.
8. Северная Корея находится среди государств враждебно настроенных по отношению к США
Below are two opposite opinions on the war in Iraq. Read them and say if you support
TO
“The Iraqi regime possesses and produces chemical and biological weapons. It has given shelter and support to terrorism. .and practises tenor against its own people. On Saddam Hussein's orders, opponents have been decapitated, wives and mothers of political opponents have been systematically raped as a method of intimidation, and political prisoner have breed to watch their own children being tortured.
The inspectors discovered that Iraq had an advanced nuclear weapons development program. Some ask why Iraq is different from otter countries or regimes that also have terrible weapons. While there are many dangers in the world the threat from Iraq stands alone - because it gathers the most serious dangers of our age in one place. Iraq's weapons, of mass destruction are controlled by a murderous tyrant who has already used chemical weapons to kill thousands of people. This same tyrant has tried to dominate the Middle Est. has invaded and brutally occupied a small neighbor has struck other nations without warning, and, holds an unrelenting hostility toward the United States. Knowing these realities, America must not ignore the threat gathering against us. We have ever y reason to assume the worst and we have an urgent duty to prevent the worst train occurring.”
- President Bush, 2002.
AGAINST
“The War on Terrorism" is now being used to justify further US aggression against die people of Iraq. Such aggression would lead to a high civilian and military death toll and a further deterioration of the situation in the Middle fast The United State should not undertake military operations against Iraq fur the following reasons:
An attack on Iraq would be illegal. The United Nations Security Council has not authorized any military attacks on Iraq for its failure to cooperate will) United Nations weapons inspectors.
Peaceful means for addressing the possibility that Iraq is developing weapons of mass destruction have hardly been exhausted. The threat posed, by Iraq must be confronted through multilateral action by the United Nations, and not by the U.S. acting alone.
Anti-Americanism would be fueled further by U.S. military action. Terrorist activity against U.S. citizens would increase.
The overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime through a U.S. invasion is unlikely to lead to a democratic government there. Iraqis, already suffering for a decade from the effects of UN sanctions, would be likely to suffer more in the ensuing chaos. There is no evidence that the security and safely of 1he United State are directly threatened by Iraq.”
- Green Party of the United States.
WAR AND PEACE: what's it all about? 1
SINCE THE END of the Second World War in 1945 there have been some 250 major wars in which over 50 million people have been killed, tens of millions made homeless, and a countless millions injured and bereaved. In the history of warfare the 20th century stands out as the bloodiest and most brutal - three times more people have been killed in wars in the last ninety years than in all the previous five hundred.
The destructive power of weapons has grown enormously during the 20th century. Unfortunately, people's ability to resolve conflict hasn't made the same strides. The nature of warfare has also changed. From the set-piece battles of the earlier centuries, the blood and mud of the trenches in the First World War, and the fast-moving mechanized battlefields of World War Two, the high-tech 'surgical' computer-guided action in Iraq and Kuwait, war as seen through our television screens appears to have become a well- ordered, almost bloodless, affair.
Many modern armed conflicts are not between state but within them: struggles between soldiers and civilians, or between competing civilian groups. Such conflicts are likely to be fought out in country villages and urban streets.
Many contemporary struggles are between different ethnic groups in the same country or in former States.
Africa to a greater extent than any other continent is afflicted by war. Rwanda, Somalia, Angola, Sudan, Liberia are among those countries that have recently suffered serious armed conflict.
NORTHERN IRELAND -- Between 1966 and 1999, more than 3,600 people were killed and thousands more injured in the sectarian conflict that at times has spread beyond Northern Ireland's borders onto the British mainland. Although the conflict between Catholics and Protestants dates back more than 500 years, a fragile ceasefire has held among the main paramilitary groups since 1997. The Good Friday Agreement of April 10, 1998, offers the best hope of a lasting settlement to the violence. But problems still remain. While the major paramilitary groups have laid aside their weapons, splinter factions such as the Real IRA and Red Hand Commandos have failed to call a ceasefire.
CHECHNYA - Islamic separatists in Chechnya fought the Russian army to a standstill during the costly 1994-1996 war. Russian troops left Chechnya after being defeated by rebels, but returned to the region in force in the autumn of 1999. They nominally control most of Chechnya but remain subject to deadly rebel ambushes. About 3,000 Russian troops have been killed but figures for rebel and civilian casualties are unknown. Fighting between Russia and Chechnya continues, and the United States and other Western countries have accused Moscow of human rights abuses. The fighting has led to a major refugee problem. One-quarter of Chechnya's population is believed to have fled into another southern Russian republic, Ingushetia.
MIDDLE EAST - As they struggle to find a way for their people to coexist, Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon are not only dealing with the bitterness of recent violence but with a lengthy history of conflict. Both sides blame the other for the most recent intensification of violence, which flared last year after Sharon made a controversial visit to a holy site revered by Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem.
The extremely delicate issue of the fate of Jerusalem is one of the core issues confounding the talks in the long-running peace process. Negotiations have also covered the status of hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees and their descendants, the borders of a proposed Palestinian state, Jewish settlements and security measures needed to ensure the safety of both peoples. IRAQ - More than 10 years after the first bombs fell in the Gulf War, the U.S. is still at odds with Iraq. Most conflict has been over the efforts to enforce no-fly zones, which have been in place since the Gulf War and which Iraq does not recognize.
Operation Desert Storm quickly drove Iraq's armies from Kuwait. Yet, despite the defeat and a decade of crippling sanctions, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein remains in power, seemingly unshaken by plots to eliminate him. There has been a continuing reduction in the standard of life for most Iraqis since the sanctions were established. The United Nations' oil-for-food program has helped alleviate the suffering, but in practice, many believe the sanctions have hurt the people more than the regime.
BELM'USIAN REPUBLICAN YOUTH UNION
The Belarusian Republican Youth Union (BRSM) (Russian: Белорусский республиканский союз молодежи, БРСМ) is organized youth group in the Eastern European country of Belarus. The goals of the ВRYU are to promote patriotism and to instill individual moral values into the youth of Belarus, using activities such as camping, sporting events and visiting memorials. The organization, which was created by a merger of other youth groups in 2002, is very similar to the Soviet Young Communist League (Komsomol). While they are only one of a few youth groups inside Belarus, it is the largest and receives much backing from the Belarusian government.
Creation
The BRYU was created on September 6, 2002, with the merger of two Belarusian youth groups: the Belarusian Patriotic Youth Union and the Belarusian Youth Union. The Belarusian Youth Union was considered the "legal successor" of the Soviet Lenin Communist Youth League (Komsomol) and the Belarusian Patriotic Youth Union was created in 1997 by Alexander Lukashenko, the president of Belarus since 1994. Lukashenko riot only issued a decree calling for the creation of the BRYU, he also issued decrees that gives the BRYU governmental support, mostly from the Ministry of Education and the Presidential Administration.
Membership and structure
In order to join the BRYU, a person must be between the ages of 14 and 31, be able to send a photo of themselves, and if they are between the ages of 14 and 16, written permission from their parents or legal guardian must be granted. A person must also pay a one time fee of 1,400 Belarusian rubles and must pay a mid-year fee to continue their membership in the BRSM.
The BRYU national headquarters is located in Minsk, the national capital of Belarus. Each province of Belarus, Minsk, Brest, Vitebsk, Gomel, Grodno and Mogilev, have their own branches of the BRYU. The BRYU has estimated that there are 6803 branches of the BRYU located inside Belarus, and account in 2003 by the Institute for War and Peace Reporting showed that the BRYU had roughly 120,000 members.
The National leadership of the BRYU is controlled by the Central Committee (Центральный комитет), which is headed by the Fust Secretary of the Central Committee (Первый секретарь Центрального комитета). Below the First Secretary are the Second Secretary of the Central Committee (Второй Секретарь Центрального комитета), the Chairman of the Central Investigation Commission (Председатель Центральной контрольной комиссии), and three Secretaries of the Central Committee (Секретарь Центрального комитета). Collectively, these leaders are also referred to as the Secretariat of the BRYU (Секретариат ЦК OO «БРСМ»),
Activities
The main activities of the BRYU involve the promotion of patriotism for their country. This is accomplished by participating in wreath laving ceremonies at various memorials around the country. The BRYU members also pass out flowers to veterans of the Great Patriotic War to honor their service during the national holiday Day of Victory. Both the memorial visits and the flowers for the veterans give the BRYU members the ideas of what sacrifices their ancestors have made in the past.
The BRYU also participates in outdoor activities and sports, including football, running, swimming and hockey. Some of these athletic events involve different groups from, inside Belarus or from neighboring countries, such as Russia, Ukraine or Latvia. BRYU members also participate in competitions amongst themselves or other foreign groups that are similar to the
BRSM. The United Nations Joint Programes on AIDS/HIV lists the BRYU as a helper in reduction of the infection rate of AIDS and the HIV in the city of Minsk. An example of their efforts include educating the public about the disease and overall health issues,-counseling and preventing the spread of these and other sexually transmitted infections in the general population. The BRYU is the only youth group in Belarus that was given permission to operate a radio station.
Source: http://www.bookraqs.com/wiki/Belarusiari Republican Youth Union
FOCUS ON VOCABULARY
Make sure that you know the following words and expressions:
Memorials, a legal successor, to issue a decree, a fee, headquarters, to estimate, wreath laying ceremonies, infection rate, to prevent.
Give synonyms.
The aim =
To encourage=
To receive money or support =
To be led =
To take part in something =
To advise =