The future perfect tense active 4 страница
14.2 Підсумкові тести з граматики
Пасивний стан дієслова
Passive Voice
1. Доберіть потрібну форму дієслова.
1. English ….. in different parts of the world.
a) has been spoken; b) is spoken; c) is being spoken; d) will be spoken.
2. The letter ….. just …..
a) has***been sent; b) is***sent; c) was***sent; d) is***being sent.
3. I ….. often ….. to their parties.
a) invite; b) have***been invited; c) am***invited;
d) was***been invited.
4. By three o `clock everything …..
a) was prepared; b) has been prepared; c) had been prepared;
d) is prepared.
5. I ….. to his friends at the party.
a) shall be introduced; b) will have been introduced; c) am introduced;
d) have introduced.
6. Tennis ….. from four till five.
a) is being played; b) was played; c) was being played;
d) had been played.
7. The article ….. yet.
a) hasn’t been translated; b) haven `t been translated;
c) hadn’t been translated d) isn’t translated.
8. The house ….. in 1950.
a) had been built; b) was being built; c) was building; d) was built.
9. By the middle of autumn all the trees …..
a) had been planted; b) was planted; c) were planted;
d) have been planted.
10. The clock ….. now.
a) is repaired; b) is being repaired; c) are being repaired;
d) has been repaired.
11. The story ….. already.
a) is forgotten; b) has forgotten; c) has been forgotten;
d) had been forgotten.
12. Milk ….. for making butter.
a) uses; b) is used; c) is using; d) is being used.
13. When I came, the article ….. still …..
a) was***translating; b) was***translated;
c) was***being translated; d) had been translated.
14. The new film ….. at the lesson.
a) shall be spoken about; b) will be spoken about;
c) will have been spoken about; d) will be speaking about.
2. Доберіть потрібну форму дієслова.
1. You ….. a very interesting job next week.
a) will be offered; b) would be offered; c) will be offering;
d) have been offered.
2. A bridge ….. over the river.
a) is built; b) is building; c) is being built; d) has built.
3. Milk ….. in this shop.
a) is sold; b) has been sold; c) was sold; d) is selling.
4. The work ….. by six o `clock.
a) has been finished; b) was finished; c) had been finished;
d) will be finished.
5. It ….. very soon.
a) will forget; b) will be forgotten; c) forgot; d) would be forgotten.
6. All the preparations ….. by tomorrow.
a) will be finished; b) shall be finished; c) will have been finished;
d) be finished.
7. The truth ….. to her.
a) has to be told; b) has been told; c) is told; d) have been told.
8. The key ….. by me yesterday.
a) lost; b) had been lost; c) was lost; d) has been lost.
9. He said that the work ….. in time.
a) will be finished; b) would be finished; c) would have been finished;
d) was finished.
10. Who ….. now ?
a) is examined; b) is examining; c) examines; d) is being examined.
11. The experiment ….. by 3 o’clock.
a) will have been completed; b) will be completed;
c) would be completed; d) will be completing.
12. Such questions ….. often ….. at the examination.
a) is***asked; b) are***asked; c) have***been asked; d) are***asking.
13. I ….. just ….. by him.
a) has***been interrupted; b) was***interrupted; c) am***interrupted;
d) have***been interrupted.
14. I ….. to go there.
a) shan’t be allowed; b) wouldn’t be allowed; c) hadn’t been allowed;
d) isn’t allowed.
3. Доберіть потрібну форму дієслова.
1. By three o `clock everything …..
a) was prepared; b) were prepared; c) had been prepared;
d) will be prepared.
2. The boy ….. for misbehaving.
a) has punished; b) have been punished;
c) was punished; d) had been punished.
3. This man ….. much ….. lately.
a) has been***spoken of; b) is***spoken of; c) will be***spoken of;
d) was being***spoken of.
4. The telegram ….. only tomorrow.
a) will be received; b) would be received; c) is received;
d) will have been received.
5. The article ….. now.
a) has been translated; b) is being translated;
c) is translated; d) is translating.
6. The child …..
a) is taking care of; b) has taken care of; c) is taken care of;
d) had been taken care of.
7. ….. you ….. the truth ?
a) haven `t ***told; b) hasn’t***been told;
c) are***telling; d) haven’t been told.
8. Three foreign languages ….. at this school.
a) are teaching; b) are taught; c) have been taught; d) would be taught.
9. What museums ….. last year ?
a) have been visited; b) had been visited; c) were visited;
d) were being visited.
10. This mountain ….. never ….. before.
a) have***been climbed; b) had***been climbed; c) was***climbed;
d) has***been climbed.
11. Don `t enter ! The room …..
a) is being aired; b) is aired; c) has been aired; d) has to be aired.
12. When ….. it ….. ?
a) has***been done; b) have***been done; c) was***done;
d) had***been done
13. ….. the letters still ….. ?
a) have***been typed; b) are***typed; c) are***being typed;
d) will be typed.
14. This book ….. by every student.
a) must be read; b) has read; c) have to be read; d) must to be read.
4. Доберіть потрібну форму дієслова.
1. The article ….. still ….. when somebody knocked at the door.
a) had been***translated; b) was***translated;
c) could be***translated; d)was being***translated.
2. The books ….. tomorrow .
a) shall be brought; b) will be brought; c) would be brought;
d) will have been brought.
3. Don `t make much noise ! The students ….. now.
a) are being examined; b) have been examined; c) must be examined;
d) are examined.
4. The window ….. last week.
a) broke; b) was broken; c) had been broken; d) was being broken.
5. A new stadium ….. by the end of the year.
a) will be built; b) would be built; c) will have been built;
d) will be building.
6. Everything ….. before we came.
a) has been done; b) have been done; c) was done; d) had been done.
7. Why ….. she ….. ?
a) is laughed at; b) is being laughed at; c) has laughed at;
d) is laughing at.
8. He ….. nowhere yesterday.
a) wasn’t seen; b) was seen; c) hadn’t been seen; d) didn’t seen.
9. This question ….. now.
a) has been discussed; b) is discussing; c) is discussed;
d) is being discussed.
10. All the exercises ….. in written form.
a) have been done; b) had been done; c) are being done; d) were doing.
11. If you ….. don’t refuse to come.
a) was sent for; b) are sent for; c) will be sent for; d) is sent for.
12. I thought the letter ….. already …..
a) has been***sent; b) was***sent; c) had been***sent;
d) would be***sent.
13. I ….. by the end of June.
a) shall be examined; b) have been examined; c) shall be examining;
d) shall have been examined.
14. He was sure the work ….. in time.
a) will be done; b) would have been done; c) would be done;
d) should be done.
5. Доберіть потрібну форму дієслова.
1. He ….. much …...
a) speaks of; b) are***spoken of; c) is***spoken of;
d) is***speaking of.
2. He ….. nowhere this week.
a) has been sent; b) hasn’t been sent; c) was sent; d) hadn’t been sent.
3. We couldn’t use the cassette-recorder, it …..
a) was repaired; b) had been repaired; c) was repairing;
d) was being repaired.
4. She said the dinner ….. by the time I came.
a) will be cooked; b) would be cooked; c) would have been cooked;
d) had been cooked.
5. You’ll have to wait. The text …..
a) has being typed; b) is being typed; c) will be typed;
d) has to be typed.
6. What ….. about it ?
a) is done; b) was done; c) has been done; d) had been done.
7. She ….. music in her childhood.
a) has been taught; b) was taught; c) had been taught;
d) was being taught.
9. Some new metro lines ….. now.
a) are constructed; b) have been constructed; c) are being constructed;
d) will be constructed.
10. All the money ….. to him.
a) was given; b) were given; c) are given; d) shall be given.
11. This book ….. into English.
a) wasn’t translated; b) hasn’t been translated; c) isn’t translated;
d) shan’t be translated.
12. What question ….. now ?
a) is discussed; b) has been discussed; c) is being discussed;
d) will be discussed
13. I ….. never ….. about it.
a) was***asked; b) haven `t been*** asked; c) have been*** asked;
d) hadn’t been*** asked.
13. You ….. everything about it.
a) shall be told; b) would be told; c) will have been told; d) will be told.
14. This film ….. much …..
a) has been***spoken about; b) is***spoken about;
c) had been***spoken about; d) would be***spoken about.
Lesson 15
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ІНФІНІТИВ
Інфінітив — це неособова форма дієслова, яка тільки називає дію і відповідає на запитання що робити?, що зробити?:to write писати, to answer відповідати.
В англійській мові інфінітив має одну просту і п'ять складних форм. Інфінітив перехідних дієслів має форми часу й стану, а неперехідних — тільки часу (див. таблицю 15.1).
Таблиця 15.1
| Форми інфінітива | Active | Passive |
| Indefinite | to write to come | to be written |
| Continuous | to be writing | to be coming |
| Perfect | to have written to have come | to have been written |
| Perfect Continuous | to have been writing | to have been coming |
Якщо дієслово не вживається в пасивному стані або в формі Continuous, то кількість форм інфінітива відповідно менша.
Ознакою інфінітива в англійській мові є частка to, але в багатьох випадках інфінітив вживається без частки to.Частка notперед інфінітивом вказує на заперечну форму.
15.1 Значення і вживання форм інфінітива
Інфінітив у формі Indefinite вживається:
1. Якщо дія, яку він виражає, одночасна з дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком речення:
| І am sorry to hearit. | Мені прикро чути це. |
| Не was glad to see them. | Він був радий бачити їх. |
| It will be very interestingto readthese books. | Буде дуже цікаво прочитати ці книжки. |
2. З дієсловами, що виражають намір, надію, бажання і т. ін. Indefinite Infinitive означає дію, майбутню по відношенню до дії, вираженої дієсловом-присудком:
| І hope to see you on Monday. | Я сподіваюсь побачитися з вами в понеділок. |
| І want to makea report. | Я хочу зробити доповідь. |
| Не decided to go alone. | Він вирішив іти сам. |
3. З модальними дієсловами Indefinite Infinitive часто виражає майбутню дію і в цих випадках інфінітив вживається без частки to:
| They may cometomorrow. | Може, вони приїдуть завтра. |
| You should see a doctor. | Тобі слід звернутися до лікаря. |
Continuous Infinitive виражає тривалу дію, що відбувається одночасно з дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком:
| It was pleasant to be driving a car again. | Приємно було знову вести автомобіль. |
| The woman seemed to be listening. | Здавалося, що жінка слухає. |
Perfect Infinitive виражає дію, що передує дії, вираженій дієсловом-присудком.
| І was pleased to have done something. | Я була задоволена, що я дещо зробила. |
Perfect Continuous Infinitive виражає тривалу дію, що відбувалася протягом певного часу перед дією, вираженою дієсловом-присудком:
| І am happy to have been living in Kyiv for 25 years. | Я щасливий, що 25 років живу в Києві. |
Інфінітив вживається в активному стані, якщо іменник або займенник, до якого він відноситься, означає суб'єкт дії, вираженої інфінітивом:
| But theydon't want to playwith me. | Але вони не хочуть гратися зі мною. |
Інфінітив вживається в пасивному стані, якщо іменник або займенник, до якого він відноситься, означає об'єкт дії, вираженої інфінітивом:
| She didn'twant to be found. | Вона не хотіла, щоб її знайшли. |
15.2 Функції інфінітива в реченні
Інфінітив із залежними від нього словами утворює інфінітивну групу:
| to learn the poem by heart | вивчити вірш напам’ять |
| to explain the rule to the pupils | пояснити учням правило |
1. Інфінітив чи інфінітивна група може вживатися в реченні в ролі підмета:
| То knowhim is to trust him. | Знати його – значить довіряти йому. |
Підмет, виражений інфінітивною групою, часто ставиться після присудка речення; у цьому разі перед присудком вживається ввідне it(або формальний підмет).
| It wasn't safe to cross the bridge at night. | Переходити через міст вночі було небезпечно. |
2. Інфінітив вживається в ролі предикатива (іменної частини складеного присудка):
| The point is to achievethe aim. | Головне – досягти мети. |
| The only thing to be done was to sitand to waituntil someone came by. | Єдине, що залишалося робити, це сидіти і чекати, поки хтось пропливатиме повз нас. |
3. Інфінітив вживається в ролі частини дієслівного складеного присудка:
а) з модальними дієсловами:
| We must stayat home. | Ми повинні залишатися вдома. |
| You should have been here last night. | Учора ввечері вам слід було бути тут. |
| Something had to be done. | Щось треба було зробити. |
| What are we to do? | Що ми маємо робити? |
| І shall not be able to sleep tonight. | Яне зможу спати цієї ночі. |
б) з дієсловами, що мають модальне значення (тобто вживаються у сполученні з інфінітивом іншого дієслова): to want
хотіти; to wishбажати; to intendмати намір; to tryнамагатися; to expect, to hopeсподіватися, надіятися та ін.:
| I want to paint. | Я хочу малювати. |
| He tried to see the men. | Він намагався побачити цих людей. |
в) з дієсловами, що означають початок або продовження дії: to begin, to start починати (ся); to continue продовжувати(ся) та ін.:
| She began to talk. | Вона почала говорити. |
4. Інфінітив вживається в ролі додатка до дієслів та прикметників:
| Не asked me to wait. | Він попросив мене почекати. |
| І shall be happy to accept your invitation. | Я буду щасливий прийняти ваше запрошення. |
5. Інфінітив вживається в ролі означення:
| І have no right to ask. | Я не маю права запитувати. |
| Suddenly she felt the need to speak. | Раптом вона відчула потребу говорити. |
Інфінітив у функції означення часто має модальне значення, виражаючи можливість або повинність; у таких випадках інфінітив перекладається на українську мову підрядним означальним реченням:
| We made a list of the things to be taken. | Ми склали список речей, які треба було взяти з собою. |
| The car to be used did not belong to Sparcer. | Автомашина, якою мали їхати, не належала Спарсеру. |
Інфінітив у функції означення може вказувати на призначення предмета, вираженого іменником або займенником, до якого відноситься інфінітив:
| Have you got anything to eat? | У вас є що-небудь поїсти? |
| She brought me a book to read. | Вона принесла мені почитати книжку. |
Інфінітив-означення після слів the first, the second, the last та ін., перекладається на українську мову особовою (предикативною) формою дієслова:
| Не was the first to come. | Він прийшов першим. |
6. Інфінітив вживається у функції обставини мети:
| І have come here to meet her. | Я прийшов сюди, щоб зустріти її. |
| То earn a living, he became a salesman. | Щоб заробити на прожиття, він став продавцем. |
Інфінітив вживається в ролі обставини наслідку:
| She is old enough to goto work. | Вона вже досить доросла, щоб іти працювати. |
| It was too hot to go out into the town. | Було надто жарко, щоб іти в місто. |
Перед інфінітивом у ролі підмета, іменної частини присудка, додатка й означення можуть вживатися займенники what,whom,whose,which, прислівники where,when,how,whyі сполучники whether та if. Такі інфінітивні групи вживаються найчастіше у функції додатка:
| І knew where to look for her. | Я знав, де її шукати. |
| І don't know how to do it. | Я не знаю, як це зробити. |
| We don't know what to do with these people. | Ми не знаємо, що робити з цими людьми. |
15.3 Практичні завдання
Вправа 1. Перекладіть речення рідною мовою, звертаючи увагу на форму інфінітиву.
1. I am awfully glad to have met you. 2. I do not like to be interrupted. 3. Which is more pleasant : to give or to be given presents? 4. I hope to see you on Monday. 5. I am sorry to have kept you waiting. 6. I am happy to have been living in Kiev for 25 years. 7. She didn’t want to be found. 8. He is sorry to have said it.9. He seems to be reading now. 10. I want to be sent to England. 11. We were sorry to have missed the train. 12. I am sorry not to have been informed about it. 13. We are happy to have helped him. 14. I am happy to have been examined yesterday. 15. He asked me to wait. 16. She began to talk.
Вправа 2. Розкрийте дужки, добираючи необхідну форму інфінітива.
1. He seems (to read) a lot. 2. He seems (to read) now. 3. He seems (to read) since morning. 4. I want (to take) you to the concert. 5. I want (to take) to the concert by my father. 6. She hoped (to help) her friends. 7. She hoped (to help) by her friends. 8. I am glad (to do) all the homework yesterday. 9. I am sorry (to break) your pen. 10. He is glad (to see) all his friends here. 11. He was happy (to praise) by everybody.
Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення рідною мовою , звертаючи увагу на форму та функції інфінітива.
1. Our task is to test this device. 2. The device to be tested is in our laboratory. 3.To live is to work and study. 4. We have to master our speciality at the Academy. 5. He helped me to translate this difficult paper. 6. To achieve better results we must repeat the experiment. 7. This device is used to measure the electric energy. 8. We made a list of the things to be taken. 9. To earn a living, he became a salesman. 10. To know everything is to know nothing. 11. Show me the text to be translated today. 12. Popov was the first to invent the radio. 13. Every time my friend is the last to come.
Вправа 4. Замініть підрядні речення інфінітивами за зразком.
A. Model: He is so old that he cannot skate.
He is too old to skate.
1. The problem isso difficult that it is impossible to solve it. 2. The box isso heavy that nobody can carry it.3. The baby isso little that it cannot walk. 4.She isso busy that she cannot talk to you. 5. The rule wasso difficult that they did not understand it. 6. He wasso stupid that he did not see the joke.
B. Model: I have no books which I can read.
I have no books to read.
1. I have only a few minutes in which I can explain these words to you. 2. I have an examination which I must take soon, so I can’t go to the concert with you. 3. Here is a new brush which you will clean your teeth with. 4. Here are some articles which must be translated for tomorrow. 5. I have bought a book which you can read now. 6. Here are some more facts which will prove that your theory is correct.
C. Model: He was the first man who arrived.
He was the first (man) to arrive.
1. The captain was the last who left the ship. 2. He was the first man who swam the Channel. 3.I was surprised when I heard that he had left his native town. 4. He was the only one who realized the danger. 5. I can’t go to the party; I have nothing that I can wear.
D. Model: They sent me to Spain, they wanted me to learn Spanish.