A short history of oil tanker and storage tank construction.
Part 1.
The earliest building of oil barges to transport oil products first appeared in Russia at the end of the 1870`s and the beginning of the 1880`s. This was a period when Russian oil industry began to develop and the problem of transporting crude and refined oil products was particularly acute.
The engineering firm A.V. Bary was established in 1880. Its main office was in Moscow with branch office in Petersburg. In addition the firm had an engine building works in Orenburg and a shipyard in Saratov where the large oil barges were constructed. Production was started in 1884 to provide the Baku oil fields with much needed cargo transport to deliver oil to the central regions of Russia.
The shipyard in Saratov was located on two separate construction sites. The first being situated on the bank of the river Volga and the second one in the Uleshi area where the tanks in which the oil would be stored were produced. Both sites were in the open air. The first shipyard had enough space to build up to ten or eleven barges at one time while the second one in Uleshi had the capacity to build eight. The main body of the ship would be built between October and April at the Volga’s lowest ebb.
Then at the beginning of the thaw these structures would gently float off their cradles thus dispensing with the need to build complex and expensive launching equipment. The rest of the ship would then be finished off during the summer period. The barges and all important storage tanks within them were the design of V.G. Shukhov, a very talented Russian engineer, who was the firm’s chief engineer. Bary, the owner of the company was an American citizen, but Russian by birth.
Bary and Shukhov first met in 1878 in Boston, where both men had come to see an industrial exhibition and to find out the latest technical innovations. After this initial meeting they met up again on numerous occasions and after extensive negotiations agreed to become partners. The firm they set up was called “A Bary`s engineering and construction office”. Bary was a highly talented administrator and manager and soon turned his chief engineer’s original technical projects into a very profitable business. There were some wits at that time who dubbed the business: “Bary`s construction office for the exploitation of Shukhov`s ideas”.
However Shukhov himself was perfectly happy with the set up. He was much more interested in the engineering and design side of the business and was quite happy to leave the administrative side to Bary in return for his substantial salary.
Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (1853 – 1939), was an outstanding Russian scientist and engineer who made an enormous contribution to many branches of Russian industry. He was born in Graivorony, a small town in Belgorod province, in a family of a modern clerk. In 1876 he graduated from the Moscow High Technical College and soon went to the USA for further training. There he met Bary. During those fifty five years he worked for Bary`s firm, over 35000 oil storage tanks were built according to his design specifications all over the Russian empire. Shukhov`s innovative oil storage tank design saved millions of rubbles.
Unlike the storage tanks designed in the West, Shukhov`s were made of metal sheets of various thickness. For the upper part of the tank thinner sheets were used because this part of the tank was under less pressure from the liquid cargo than the lower part. This bold innovation enabled Shukhov to make considerable savings on his building material costs. Bary`s Saratov factory alone produced 2800 oil storage tanks based on Shukhov`s design. Shukhov`s storage tank design soon became a vital chain in a transportation link that ensured the constant flow of oil between the Caspian Sea and Saratov.
Vocabulary to be remembered:
site – местоположение, участок для строительства
tank – цистерна, бак, емкость
capacity – объем, вместимость, способность, производительность
ebb – отливать, убывать (о воде)
thaw - 1. оттепель; таяние; 2. растаять; растапливать.
structure – зд. строение, сооружение.
float [flout] – затоплять; наводнять; снимать с мели; плавать, поплыть (о предмете); держаться на воде
dispense – освобождать
launch – баркас, моторная лодка
to set up - учреждать, устраивать
bold – смелый
to enable – давать возможность или право
vital – жизненный, насущный, существенный
EXERCISE 1.
Find the proper Russian equivalent to the given English terms:
| 1. storage tank | 1. выгодный бизнес |
| 2. initial meeting | 2. огромный вклад |
| 3. extensive negotiations | 3. значительная экономия |
| 4. profitable business | 4. очищенная нефть |
| 5. substantial salary | 5. обширные переговоры |
| 6. enormous contribution | 6. технические новшества |
| 7. considerable saving | 7. резервуар для хранения |
| 8. refined oil | 8. промышленная выставка |
| 9. technical innovations | 9. основательная зарплата |
| 10. industrial exhibition | 10. первоначальная встреча |
EXERCISE 2.
Answer the following questions:
1. When did the earliest building of oil barges to transport oil products first appear? 2. Where was the main office of Bary`s firm? 3. Where were two sites of Saratov`s shipyard situated? 4. When would the main body of the ship be built? 5. What was V.G. Shukhov? 6. Where and when did Bary and Shukhov first met? And how did they become partners? 7. What was Bary? 8. Was Shukhov perfectly happy with the set up? 9. What Shukhov storage tanks were made of? 10. What enabled Shukhov to make considerable savings?
EXERCISE 3.
Translate into English:
1. Это был период, когда русская нефтяная промышленность начала развиваться и проблема транспортировки сырья, и переработанных нефтяных продуктов была особенно острой. 2. Судоверфь в Саратове располагалась на двух отдельных участках. 3. Барии, владелец компании, был американским гражданином, русским по происхождению. 4. Он гораздо больше интересовался инженерной и дизайнерской стороной бизнеса. 5. Новаторский проект резервуара для хранения нефти Шухова сэкономил миллионы рублей. 6. Один только саратовский завод Барии производил 2800 нефтяных резервуаров, сделанных по проекту Шухова. 7. Барии был талантливым администратором и менеджеров, способным обратить любой проект в очень выгодный бизнес. 8. В.Г.Шухов был выдающимся русским ученым и инженером, внесшим огромный вклад во многие отрасли русской промышленности. 9. Первая верфь имела достаточно места, чтобы строить одновременно 10-11 барж. 10. Главный офис был в Москве с филиалом в Санкт-Петербурге.
EXERCISE 4.
Complete the sentences:
1. The firm they set up was called…2. During those fifty-five years he worked for Bary`s firm…3. Unlike the storage tanks designed in the West…4. Bary`s Saratov factory alone produced…5. Bary and Shukhov first met in…6. After this initial meeting…7. Bary, the owner of the company…8. The shipyard in Saratov was located on…9. The earliest building of oil barges first appeared in Russia…10. The first shipyard had enough space…
Part 2.
Shukhov had never seen an oil field in his life, but when he went to Baku, he had no qualms about designing a continuous action oil extraction pump and devising an ingenious air lift system which used compressed air to drive the oil to the surface. It was also Shukhov who designed one of the first oil pipelines which was eleven kilometers long and commissioned by the Nobel Brothers. It was Shukhov who suggested heating viscous liquids such as crude oil and fuel oil with steam before pumping them.
He also invented an oil refining technique which later became known as “cracking”. These are some of the hundreds of technical innovations that this extraordinary engineer came up with. Among his most important achievements were the construction of the stage for the Moscow Art Theatre and an arched steel bridge with a span of over one hundred meters.
Shukhov also did a lot for marine and river transport. An oil burner designed by him in 1884 to burn fuel in a dispersion steam jet made it possible for steam boats to start using oil as their main source of fuel instead of wood thus saving the forests along the banks of the Volga and other rivers from being destroyed completely.
The demand of oil tankers, the first of which were built for the Nobel Brothers, increased continuously and A.V. Bary`s office decided to get more involved with this potentially lucrative business. At first the firm used some modest repair yards in Tsaritsyn. However it was later decided to build a whole ship yard in Saratov. Saratov was specifically chosen because it was one of the largest and best developed economic center in the province with direct access to the Ryasan-Ural railroad.
In 1884 a ship yard with a construction site that had direct access to the river was built on the former site of D.T.Dynkov`s repair yard. Shukhov often came to Saratov to oversee the construction of his oil storage tanks and oil barges. A production line construction method was designed and used by Shukhov. The designs were drawn up in Moscow and then sent on to the ship yard in Saratov where the construction and assembly work was carried out. For each separate part of each oil tanker or storage tank a full scale paper pattern was made in order to insure that each part was made to exactly the correct specification. The whole process was so simple that the tankers and tanks could be assembled comparatively poorly educated workers.
Vocabulary to be remembered:
qualm– сомнение, тошнота
ingenious – изобретательный
oil pipeline – нефтепровод
viscous – вязкий, тягучий (о жидкости)
crude oil – сырая нефть
oil refining - очищение нефти
cracking – крекинг
span – пролет (моста)
burner – горелка
jet – струя
lucrative – прибыльный, выгодный
access – доступ
EXERCISE 1.
Find the proper Russian equivalent to the given English terms:
| 1. compressed air | 1. сырая нефть |
| 2. oil pipeline | 2. выдающееся достижение |
| 3. crude oil | 3. источник топлива |
| 4. cracking | 4. нефтепровод |
| 5. extraordinary achievement | 5. очищение нефти |
| 6. source of fuel | 6. прямой доступ |
| 7. poorly educated | 7. прибыльное дело |
| 8. oil refining | 8. крекинг |
| 9. direct access | 9. сжатый воздух |
| 10. lucrative business | 10. плохо образованные |
EXERCISE 2.
Answer the following questions:
1. Shukhov had never seen an oil field in his life, hadn’t he? 2. Who designed one of the first oil pipelines? 3. What did Shukhov suggest to do with viscous lignite before pumping them? 4. What is «cracking»? 5. What was among most extraordinary achievements of Shukhov? 6. Did he design an oil burner or an electric lamp? Prove it wits the text. 7. Why did Bary`s office decide to get more involved with this potentially lucrative business? 8. Why was Saratov specifically chosen? 9. Were the designs drawn up in Moscow or in St-Petersburg? 10. What workers could assemble the tankers and tanks?
EXERCISE 3.
Translate into English:
1. Шухов сконструировал один из первых нефтепроводов длиною в 11 километров. 2. Шухов предложил нагревать вязкую жидкость, такую как сырая нефть паром перед перекачкой. 3. Шухов много сделал для морского и речного транспорта. 4. Позже было решено построить целую судоверфь в Саратове. 5. Шухов часто приезжал в Саратов, чтобы наблюдать строительство нефтехранилищ и нефтяных барж. 6. Проекты чертились в Москве, а затем пересылались в Саратов. 7. Весь процесс был настолько прост, что нефтехранилища могли собирать относительно плохо образованные рабочие. 8. Он также изобрел технику очищения нефти, которая позже стала известна как «крекинг». 9. Фирма использовала некоторые ремонтные верфи в Царицыне. 10. Никогда в своей жизни Шухов не видел нефтяного месторождения.
EXERCISE 4.
Complete the sentences:
1. When he went to Baku…2. It was Shukhov who suggested… 3. There are some of the hundreds of… 4. An oil burner designed by him…5. The demand for oil tankers… 6. Saratov was specifically chosen because…7. Shukhov often came to Saratov…8. The designs were drawn up in Moscow…9. For each separate part… 10. The whole process was so simple…
Part 3.
In 1884 two oil tankers with a capacity of 40000 and 56000 pods, respectively (a pod is equal to 16.38 kg. or 36lb.), were built in Saratov for Baranov and Shitov, two merchants from Sarapul. Soon after, large tankers with load bearing capacities of hundreds of thousands of pods were built there. These were wide and flat bottomed vessels with a number of separate storage tanks designed to carry various liquid products. These tankers did not draw very much and could easily get over the sand bars which were a common hazard of the Volga.
Each job carried out by Bary`s engineering office was made for the needs of each customer. This office was the first in Russia to design and build separate types of sea and river steel oil barges to transport oil from the Caspian Sea to the mouth of the Volga and then upstream. On the basis of their growing experience and with due regard for the local conditions, the office invented an innovative new oil tanker construction system. The basic idea was to save money by transporting the raw materials and tools for the hulls direct to the tanker assembly site rather than to a separate preparation site.
This had the added advantage that there was no intermediate step in the construction process thus improving the vessels` reliability. However the principal advantage of this more mobile system lay in the fact that the fleet of the tankers could now be constructed in four or five months on any river. Thus only in winter of 1901-1902, the Saratov shipyard was able to build as many as eight barges.
The total number of workers engaged in the business came to 1200 men and during the five winter months between October and April they would treat about 16000 pods of iron. During the construction process a great deal of time and attention was paid to ensure that the riveting and the lines of the vessels were of the highest order. Owing to the exceptionally fine proportions and lines of the oil barges produced by the company impressive fuel consumption savings were made possible for the tugs that towed them. Likewise the high quality materials used the high standard of workmanship ensured that leaks were kept to a minimum.
Between 1884 and1902 Bary`s shipyard in Saratov produced 54 barges with a total carrying capacity of over one million pods. The largest one was about 130 meters long, 10 meters wide, 3 meters high with a draught of 2 meters when fully laden with 232000 pods of kerosene. Huge quantities of rivets were required to assemble these barges. Before being fixed they would be heated in small furnaces to produce a joint that would be both water proof and durable. The shipyard did not produce barges every year. Two were built in 1884, one in 1887, one in 1889, six in 1890, eight in 1892, eight in 1893,one in 1894, one in 1895, three in 1896, seven in 1897, one in 1898, eight in 1901 and seven in 1902. One can assume that when the shipyard was not busy building barges it was making storage tanks.
The speed at which these barges were built was astonishing. In a mere four or five months a barge could be get ready. Although modern ship builders have the advantage of welding technology, today it would still take one to two years to do the same job. The experience gained in building these oil transport barges and storage tanks has been and still is of a great use to modern experts engaged in transporting oil through the waters of Russia and the whole world.
Vocabulary to be remembered:
pod – пуд
load bearing capacities – грузовая вместимость
sand bars – зд. песчаные отмели
hull – корпус (корабля)
rivet – 1. заклепка, 2. заклепывать
tug – буксир
to tow – буксировать, тянуть (баржу) на бечеве
likewise – тоже, такие, подобно
draught [dra:ft] – водоизмещение
laden – нагруженный
durable [djuərəbl] – прочный, долговременный
to weld – сваривать
EXERCISE 1.
Find the proper Russian equivalent to the given English terms:
| 1. intermediate step | 1. главное преимущество |
| 2. vessel’s reliability | 2. огромные количества |
| 3. principal advantage | 3. опасность |
| 3. merchant | 4. промежуточный шаг |
| 5. huge quantities | 5. вверх по течению |
| 6. consumption saving | 6. грузовая вместимость |
| 7. upstream | 7. песчаные отмели |
| 8. hazard | 8. экономия потребления |
| 9. load bearing capacities | 9. купец |
| 10. sand bars | 10. надежность судна |
EXERCISE 2.
Answer the following questions:
1. What tankers were built soon in Saratov? 2. What was a common hazard of the Volga? 3. What was the basic idea of a new oil tanker construction system? 4. How long did it take to construct the fleet of tankers? 5. How many workers were engaged in the business? 6. Why were leaks kept to a minimum? 7. What was required to assemble barges? 8. The shipyard produced barges every year, didn’t it? 9. What did the shipyard make when it had not been busy building barges? 10. What was the speed of building barges? Compare it with modern technologies.
EXERCISE 3.
Complete the sentences:
1.These were wide and flat bottomed vessels… 2. …which were a common hazard of the Volga. 3. Bary`s engineering office was… 4. The basic idea was… 5. The principal advantage of this system lay… 6. During the construction process… 7…were required to assemble these barges. 8. Before being fixed… 9. One can assume that… 10. The experience gained in building barges and tanks…
EXERCISE 4.
Translate into English:
1. Вскоре здесь были построены большие танкеры с грузовой вместимостью около сотни тысяч пудов. 2. Инженерное бюро Бари было первым в России, разрабатывавшее и выпускавшее отдельные виды морских и речных нефтяных барж. 3. Основная идея была сэкономить деньги от транспортировки сырья. 4. Общее количество занятых в деле рабочих составляло 1200 человек, которые могли обработать около 16000 пудов железа. 5. Требовалось огромное количество заклёпок, чтобы собрать эти баржи. 6. Верфь не производила баржи каждый год. 7. Скорость, с которой строились эти баржи, была удивительной. 8. Каждая работа, выполняемая инженерным бюро Бари, делалась с учётом потребностей каждого клиента. 9. Сегодня у современных кораблестроителей имеется преимущество – сварочная технология. 10. Этот опыт очень полезен и для современных экспертов, занятых в области транспортировки нефти по водным путям России и целого мира.
EXERCISE 5.
Tell what you have learnt from the text.
ENGLISH-RUSSIAN GLOSSARY
to abandon rig - покидать буровую
accident - авария
accumulator - аккумулятор
acid - кислота
additive - наполнитель, добавка (в буровой раствор)
alarm - сигнал тревоги; сигнальное устройство
annular prevented - ПУТ, универсальный превентер
assembly - узел, сборка
bearing - подшипник
bill nipple - направленный патрубок
bit - долото, бур
blowout - открытый выброс, фонтан
blowout preventer - противовыбросовый превентор
ВОР stack - блок противовыбросового превентора
bore hole - ствол (скважины)
bottom hole - забой
bottom hole assembly (BHA) - КНБК
brake-тормоз
to brake out - отвинчивать
breathing apparatus - противогаз, дыхательный аппарат
burner boom - стрела-горелка
cable - канат, кабель
capacity - мощность, грузоподъемность
casing - обсадной
casing head - колонная головка
casing string - колонна обсадных труб
case a well- крепить скважину
cathead - шпилевая катушка
cellar - шахта под скважиной
cementing job – цементаж
centralizer – центратор
clay - глина
claystone - аргиллит
to close - закрывать
conductor casing - кондуктор направляющей колонны
connection - соединение, патрубок
control room - помещение управления
cone - шарошка
core - керн
coring -бурение с отбором керна
coupling – муфта
crew - бригада
crossover joint - переводник (с разл. видами резьбы)
daily report - суточная сводка
deck - палуба
degasser - дегазатор
derrick - буровая вышка, деррик
derrickman - верховой
desander - пескоотделитель
desilter - илоотделитель
development well - эксплуатационная скважина
drawworks - буровая лебедка
to drill - бурить
driller - бурильщик
drilling rig - буровая установка
drill collar - УБТ
drill mud - буровой раствор
drill pipe - бурильная труба
drilling line - талевый канат
drum of drawworks - барабан лебедки
emergency - аварийная ситуация
emergency blow line - линия аварийного сброса
emergency generator - аварийный дизель-генератор (АДГ)
engine room -машинное отделение
equipment - оборудование
escape ladder - спасательный трап
exploration - разведка
eye wash station - устройство для промывки глаз
failure - авария, выход из строя
fire - пожар
fire extinguisher -огнетушитель
fire pump - пожарный насос
first aid kit - аптечка скорой помощи
fishing job - ловильные работы
fishing tools - ловильный инструмент
flame detector - пламенно-температурный детектор
flange - фланец
flare - факел
float collar - муфта с обратным клапаном, ЦКОД
floorman - член буровой бригады, помбур
flow - поток, фонтанирование
flow rate - производительность
fluid circulation system - система циркуляции бурового раствора
formation - пласт, порода одного возраста
fracture - трещина
frame - рама
fuel - топливо
gas detector - газовый детектор, газоанализатор
gloves - рукавицы, перчатки
hanger - подвеска
hard hat, helmet - каска
hazardous area - опасная зона
heater - нагреватель
hoisting system - спуско-подъемный механизм
hook - крюк
hose - рукав, шланг
hydraulic - гидравлический
hydrocarbons - углеводороды
inflatable life raft - надувной спасательный плот
jack-up rig - самоподъемная буровая установка
jack-knife/cantilever derrick - консольная буровая вышка
jet nozzle - струйная насадка
kelly - квадрат, ведущая труба
kelly cock - надквадратный КПЩ (клапан шаровой циркуляционный)
kelly saver sub - переводник ведущей трубы
kick - выброс, гидравлический удар
kill a well - глушить скважину
land rig - наземная буровая установка
make up - свинчивать
marine rig - морская буровая установка
mix - смешивать, перемешивать
mouse hole - шурф для наращивания
mud mixer - глиномешалка
mud pit - приемная емкость, амбар для бурового раствора
mud pump - буровой насос
penetration - проходка
perforate - перфорировать
permeability - проницаемость
pipeline - трубопровод
pipe rack - стеллаж для труб
pipe rams - трубные плашки
pipe work - трубная обвязка
poor boy degasser - вертикальный сепаратор
pressure – давление
quality - качество
quantity - количество
rathole – шурф под квадрат
rotary table-ротор
roughneck - помбур
samples - пробы
sand - песок
sandstone - песчаник
section - секция, участок
shale shaker - вибросито
shift - вахта, смена
shoe - башмак
shut in - закрывать
shut off- выключать, останавливать
spare parts - запчасти
stage collar - МСЦ (муфта ступенчатого цементирования)
standpipe - стояк
supply - подача, снабжение
swivel - вертлюг
thread - резьба
tongs - трубные ключи
tool pusher - буровой мастер
travelling block - талевый блок
trip tank - доливная емкость
tubing - НКТ (насосно-компрессорные трубы)
valve - задвижка, клапан
weight - вес
weld - сварка
wellhead - устье, оборудование устья скважины
well design - конструкция скважины
well monitoring system - система текущего контроля
well test - испытание скважины
wild cat well - разведочная скважина
winch - лебедка
wire line - канат
workover - ремонт скважины
CONTENT
Unit 1.
- WELLS AND RIGS……………………………………………….…….3
- THE HOISTING SYSTEM………………………………...……………5
- THE FLUID CIRCULATING SYSTEM………………………………..8
- THE ROTARY SYSTEM………………………….………………..….10
- THE WELL CONTROL SYSTEM……………….…………………….12
- WELL MONITORING SYSTEM……………….……………………...15
- SPECIAL MARINE EQUIPMENT…………………………………….17
- ROTARY DRILLING BITS…………………………………………….20
Unit 2.
- STRAIGHT HOLE DRILLING………………………………………...23
- USING HEAVY-WATER DRILL PIPE IN THE TRANSITION ZONE BETWEEN THE DRILL COLLARS AND THE DRILL PIPE…………………………………………………………….…..……25
- TOOL JOINTS……………..……………………………….…….…..…28
Unit 3.
A SHORT HISTORY OF OIL TANKER AND STORAGE TANK CONSTRUCTION……………………………………….………………...….…..31
ENGLISH-RUSSIAN GLOSSARY………………………………..…….……….39