Promoting Fair Labour Practices

The Civil Rights Act forbids businesses to discriminate ____ women and minorities in their hiring practices. Businesses also cannot discriminate ____ employees who are eligible ____ a promotion or ____ a pay increase. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was created ____ the federal government to take action ____ businesses that are accused ____ discrimination.

§ What is the purpose of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission?

Reading for understanding.

& Learning Objectives

After studying this text, you will be able to

· name six areas of Law related to business,

· state three options of a breach of contract,

· distinguish among real, personal, and intellectual property.

Business-Related Laws

Law can be classified as either public or private. Private law concerns itself with relationship between individuals, between an individual and a business or between two businesses. Public law concerns itself with the relationship between the government and individual citizens.

Torts

A tort is a non-criminal act (other than breach of contract) that results in injury to person or property. The victim of a tort is legally entitled to some form of compensation. Tort law covers intentional torts, negligence, and strict liability.

An intentional tort is a wilful act that results in injury. Intent does not mean the intent to cause harm; it is the intent to commit a specific physical act. The most common intentional torts include assault, battery, and defamation (if in writing or on television, it is libel; if spoken, it is slander). Negligence is a failure to observe a reasonable standard of care in order to protect others from unreasonable risk or injury. The tort of strict liability focuses on liability in cases even when the defendant has used reasonable care and has committed no wrong-doing. If a defendant engages in an inherently dangerous activity, such as blasting for construction purposes, etc., there is a high risk of harm no matter how much care is used, and the defendant is strictly liable. In strict liability, then, there is liability without fault.

Product-Liability Law

A product-liability case is one in which a manufacturer is held liable for injuries caused by a defective product. Product-liability law developed from the tort law and holds companies responsible for their wares on the grounds of negligence, strict liability, and warranty. A guarantee made from a product is a warranty. It may be a written (or spoken) promise made by the company about the product, or not written but created by operation of law when a seller enters into a contract.

Under strict product liability, a company may be held responsible for a defective product even if reasonable care was used in the product's manufacture and sale.

Contracts

Broadly defined, a contract is an exchange of promises enforceable by law. Most valid contracts are adhered by both parties. But when there is a breach of contract, three options are available to the damaged party. The first option, discharge, frees one party from fulfilling a contractual obligation when the other party violates the contract. The second option, damages, allows the injured party to sue for damages resulting from the other party's failure to live up to the contract's terms. The last option, specific performance, permits the injured party to demand performance, that is, fulfilment of the contract's terms.

Agency

Agency exists when one party (the principal) authorises another party (the agent) to act on his or her behalf. For example, a person who requests his or her stockbroker to buy stock is creating an agency relationship (empowering the stockbroker to act as an agent). When such authorisation is in written form, the document is known as a power of attorney. Agency is important in business because it permits the delegation of the authority to enter into a contract. The principal, however, is liable for any contracts made by an agent, so long as the agent is within the scope of his or her authority.

Property Transactions

Property transaction is the relationship between a person having rights with respect to any tangible or intangible object and all other persons. Real property is land and anything more or less permanently attached to it, whereas personal property is anything that is not real property. Personal property may be tangible (e.g., cars and jewellery) or intangible (e.g., bank accounts, insurance policies). Some intangible property is known as intellectual property. This includes trademarks, patents, trade secrets, and copyrights.

Deeds are legal documents that transfer ownership of real property. Temporary transfer of interest in property is accomplished with a lease. The owner of the property, the landlord, grants a tenant the right to occupy the property for a specific time period and for a rental fee.

The transfer of personal property is technically a transfer of title (ownership of the property). Normally, title passes from seller to buyer when the buyer's money is accepted and the vendor hands over the goods. But when property is bought cash on delivery (COD), title is not transferred until the buyer accepts the merchandise and pays for it. With instalment purchases, title typically passes when the purchaser takes possession of the property.

Bankruptcy

The legal procedure by which a person or business that is unable to meet financial obligations is relieved of debt by having the court divide the assets among the creditors is called bankruptcy. Some firms emerge from bankruptcy as leaner, healthier companies.

@ Key Terms

agency intentional tort private law strict liability
bankruptcy lease product-liability law title
breach of contract negligence property tort
deed personal property public law warranty
intellectual property power of attorney real property  

Promoting Fair Labour Practices - student2.ru Review Questions

1.What is the difference between private law and public law?

2.What is the difference between negligence and intentional torts?

3.Define the concept of strict product liability.

4.Why is agency important in business?

5.What is bankruptcy?

CDTrue-False Questions

TRUE FALSE Title is transferred as soon as the buyer accepts the goods.
TRUE FALSE As a principal, your responsibility for the actions of your agent is limited if the agent does something illegal.
TRUE FALSE A contract is an exchange of promises enforceable by law.

4 Key Terms Exercise

Match the words with their definitions

1. agency a) written authorisation for one party to act as an agent on behalf of another party
2. breach of contract b) wilful injury for which an injured person is entitled to compensation
3. contract c) rights held regarding any tangible or intangible object
4. intentional tort d) non-criminal act that results in injury to person or property
5. lease e) legal ownership of property
6. negligence f) legal agreement between the owner of equipment or an asset and the individual or business for using the equipment or asset
7. power of attorney g) law that holds a manufacturer liable for injuries caused by a defective product
8. private law h) law that concerns itself with the relationship between the government and individual citizens
9. product-liability law i) law that concerns itself with relationship between individuals, between an individual and a business or between two businesses
10. property j) guarantee or promise of manufacturer
11. public law k) failure to observe a reasonable standard of care in a specific situation
12. strict liability l) failure to live up to the terms of a contract, with no legal excuse
13. title m) exchange of promises enforceable by law
14. tort n) concept of liability even in cases where the defendant has used reasonable care
15. warranty o) business relationship that exists when one party authorises another party to act on his/her behalf

Promoting Fair Labour Practices - student2.ru Multiple Choice Question

If your roommate pours a soft drink on your stereo because "you were playing it too loud" and then tells your best friend the spill was done on purpose, a _____ has been committed.

a.public law violation b.intentional tort c.tort d.white-collar crime

JIt's Interesting to Know

This Is a Law

Did you know that it is illegal to fish for whales on Sunday in Ohio or to put pennies in your ear in Hawaii? Over the course of the nation’s history, thousands of odd laws like these have been passed. Some have been repealed. Many are still in effect. The following are some unusual laws from around the US.

J Farmers in North Carolina may not use elephants to plough their fields.

J It is illegal to lasso fish in Knoxville, Tennessee.

J In Florida a person may not sleep under a hair dryer.

J Residents of Amarillo, Texas, cannot take a bath on the main street during business hours.

J A person may not tie an alligator to a fire hydrant in Detroit, Michigan.

    LESSON 13 The Law  
1. take out получать (документы)  
2. injunction судебный запрет  
3. legal юридический, законный  
4. within the framework of в пределах чего-либо  
5. comply with подчиняться  
6. wording текст, формулировка  
7. regulations правила, нормы, инструкции  
8. discriminate against дискриминировать  
9. liable for юридически ответственный  
10. incurring of debt влезание в долг  
11. breach of contract нарушение договора, контракта  
12. sue for привлечь к суду за что-либо  
13. libel клевета (письменная или через печать)  
14. subject подвергать  
15. court суд  
16. slander клевета (в устной форме)  
17. legal claim право требования  
18. legal action судебный иск  
19. legal status правовой статус  
20. interpret толковать  
21. negligence халатность  
22. faulty components неисправный компонент, элемент  
23. compensation компенсация  
24. registered trademark зарегистрированный товарный знак  
25. registered patent зарегистрированный патент  
26. consult совещаться, обратиться за консультацией  
27. unfair dismissal несправедливое увольнение  
28. safeguard against охрана от чего-либо  
29. litigation тяжба, судебный спор, процесс  
30. be on the rise повышаться, находиться в состоянии подъема  
31. court ruling решение суда, постановление суда  
32. be obliged долженствовать  
33. trade agreement торговое соглашение  
34. tackle попытка найти решение  
35. headband лента, узкая повязка на голову  
36. sneakers теннисные туфли, кеды  
37. pay increase увеличение заработной платы  
38. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Комиссия по вопросу равных возможностей занятости  
39. real property недвижимость Syn. real estate
40. personal property движимое имущество, личное имущество Syn. individual property
41. intellectual property интеллектуальная собственность  
42. public law публичное право  
43. private law частное право  
44. concern oneself with заниматься  
45. tort деликт, гражданское правонарушение  
46. result in приводить к, давать результаты  
47. injury to person личный вред  
48. victim потерпевший  
49. law of torts деликтное право  
50. strict liability строгая ответственность  
51. willful act умышленное действие  
52. assault словесное оскорбление или угроза физическим насилием  
53. battery нанесение побоев, избиение  
54. defamation диффамация, клевета Syn. slander, calumny
55. focus on обращать внимание, концентрироваться на чем-либо  
56. defendant ответчик, обвиняемый Syn. accused, prisoner at the bar
57. reasonable care разумная степень осторожности  
58. calumny клевета, ложное обвинение  
59. wrong-doing причинение вреда, ущерба, противоправное поведение, проступок  
60. inherently dangerous activity опасная по своей природе деятельность  
61. product liability law закон об ответственности за качество  
62. be held liable нести ответственность  
63. wares товары, изделия Syn. goods, commodity, article, merchandise, produce
64. on the ground of на основании, по причине  
65. warranty гарантия, поручительство  
66. by operation of law в силу закона  
67. enter into a contract вступать в договор  
68. broadly defined получивший широкое определение  
69. valid contract законный контракт Syn. legal contract
70. adhere придерживаться, соблюдать  
71. discharge прекращение обязательств, освобождение от обязательств  
72. contractual obligation договорное обязательство  
73. damages возмещение убытков  
74. injured party потерпевшая сторона  
75. sue foe damage возбуждать иск о возмещении убытков  
76. live up to действовать согласно (правилам) Syn. act up to
77. contract terms условия договора, контракта  
78. contract term срок действия контракта  
79. agency агентский договор  
80. principal доверитель  
81. stockbroker биржевой маклер  
82. agency relationship агентские взаимоотношения  
83. empower предоставлять право  
84. power of attorney доверенность  
85. delegation of authority передача прав и ответственности подчиненному  
86. enter into a contract вступить в договор  
87. so long as при условии, что, поскольку  
88. within the scope of в рамках чего-либо  
89. with respect to что касается  
90. tangible property материальное имущество  
91. intangible property имущество в правах  
92. deed документ за печатью  
93. legal document юридический документ  
94. landlord собственник недвижимости  
95. tenant арендатор, наниматель  
96. grant rights давать права  
97. rental fee арендная плата  
98. title право на имущество, право собственности  
99. vendor оптовая фирма, продавец  
100. hand over поставлять, вручать (товар)  
101. COD cash on delivery наложенный платеж, оплата в момент поставки товара  
102. installment buying покупка в кредит  
103. take possession of вступать во владение  
104. lean бедный Syn. poor
105. legal excuse обстоятельство, освобождающее по закону от ответственности  
106. in effect в действии  
107. soft drink безалкогольный напиток  
108. spill пролитая жидкость  
109. white-collar crime беловоротничковое преступление  
110. repeal a law отменить закон  

2. Вопросы для оценки качества освоения курса

1. Имя существительное. Единственное и множественное число.

2. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Употребление определенного и неопределенного артиклей.

3. Выражение падежных отношений с помощью предлогов и окончания –s.

4. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

5. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных.

6. Конструкция the more… the less.

7. Числительные. Количественные и порядковые числительные.

8. Личные местоимения.

9. Притяжательные местоимения.

10. Вопросительные местоимения.

11. Указательные местоимения.

12. Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.

13. Времена глагола группы Indefinite (Simple).

14. Спряжение глагола to be в Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite.

15. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма.

16. Порядок слов в английском предложении.

17. Утвердительная и отрицательная форма повествовательного предложения.

18. Вопросительное предложение.

19. Оборот there is/are.

20. Основные способы словообразования.

21. Present Indefinite Active

22. Past Indefinite Active

Литература

Основная:

1. Бонк Н.А. Учебник англ. Яз. В 2-х.-М.: Де Конт –ГИС, 1998. 637 с.

2. Куряева Р.И. Лексико-грамматическое пособие по английскому языку. Часть I. Английский язык для начинающих. – Казань, 2003. – 224 с.

3. Куряева Р.И. Лексико-грамматическое пособие по английскому языку. Часть II.Инфинитив и модальные глаголы. – Казань, 2003. –157с.

Дополнительная:

1. Куряева Р.И. Лексико-грамматическое пособие по английскому языку. Часть III.Словообразование и работа со словарем. Часть IV. Краткий грамматический справочник по английскому глаголу. – Казань, 2003. – 116 с.

2. Английский язык. Программа, метод. Указ. И контр. Задания для студ.- заочн. Высш. Уч. завед.(факультетов) неязыковых специальностей. – М., 1998. – 72 с.

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