Exercise 9. Ask questions to the following statements.

1. I am a teacher. 2. You are in the classroom. 3. We are all students. 4. Some of the students are boys. 5. Two and two are four. 6. That answer is right. 7. They are here. 8. He is near the window. 9. There are only two books in the picture. 10. There are a great many people in London. 11. There is a book on the table. 12. There is a train at the station. 13. My parents were happy. 14. The bus stop was at the end of the street. 15. Your favourite sport was skating. 16. He was married. 17. We were thirsty. 18. It was cold two days ago. 19. It will be dark soon dark. 20. He will be at college next year.

Exercise 10. Say if the verb «to be» is:

a) notional, b) link verb, c) modal, d) auxiliary.

1. There are a lot of things to do. 2. It’s six o’clock. He is at home at this time. 3. She is too young to understand it. 4. The whole country is going on strike. 5. The new film is to be on at our cinema next week. 6. He is taking his English exam tomorrow. 7. The football match will be shown on TV. 8. The door was open. 9. She is to return on Saturday. 10. It was a nasty day. It was raining cats and dogs. 11.1 was surprised that there was so little traffic in the streets. 12. Sentence 5 is on page 15. 13. What am I to do? 14. Sunday is my day off. 15. My mother was 40 yesterday. 16. Have you ever been in trouble? 17. Salads are often made of vegetables. 18. His pet is called Nancy.

Exercise 11. Translate into English, using ‘to be’.

1. Я студент педагогического института ЮФУ (South Federal University). 2. Его брат – менеджер, а не PR специалист. 3. Ее сестра сейчас на работе. Она - социолог. 4. Он студент факультета лингвистики и словесности - (Slavonic and West European department). 5. Вы бухгалтер (accountant)? - Нет, я врач. 6. Моя подруга была дома вчера, она в отпуске сейчас (to be on a leave). 7. Мы не на занятиях, мы - в общежитии (hostel, hospice). 8. Мой брат – адвокат (lawyer). Он в суде сейчас. 9. Ваша мама дома? - Нет, она на работе. 10. Ваш двоюродный брат дома? - Нет, он на стадионе. Он - спортсмен. 11. Ваша сестра экономист? - Нет, она финансист (financier). 12. Твой папа был на рыбалке (fishing)? — Нет, он был в гараже. 13. Твоя племянница секретарь? - Да. - Она дома? - Нет, она на работе. 14. Мой дедушка - ученый. Он специалист в области лингвистики. 15. Мой дядя – кадровый военный (professional soldier). Он – военный врач (medical officer).

Exercise 12. Translate into English, using ‘to be’.

1. Он здоров, потому что занимается спортом. 2. Ты хорошо себя чувствуешь? Ты выглядишь бледной. 3. Он был прав, когда сказал, что я очень рассеянный (absent-minded). 4. Они не были голодны, поэтому заказали только кофе. 5. Моя бабушка не интересовалась музыкой, но знала группу Битлз (the Beetles). 6. Ты удовлетворен результатами экзаменов? 7. Мы будем рады видеть его. 8. Правда (to be true), что он все еще злится на меня? 9. Он был очень удачлив в бизнесе. 10. Хочешь пить? 11. Ты будешь доволен этим выбором (choice). 12. Она не была больна. Просто плохо себя чувствовала. 13. Чего ты боишься? Ты не ошибешься. Тест очень легкий. 14. Поспеши (Hurry up)! Мы опоздаем. 15. Ты был неправ. Изучение языка – кропотливая (painstaking) работа. 16. Мы будем вовремя. Сейчас нет пробок на дороге (traffic jam). 17. Вся семья была дома, когда мы пришли. 18. Ты женат? Нет, я не женат, но помолвлен (to be engaged). 19. Анны нет дома. Она на работе. 20. Я не интересуюсь классической живописью (classical painting).

THE VERB ‘TO HAVE’

Present Past Future

Per son	Sin gular	Per son	Plu ral	Per son	Sin gular	Per son	Plu ral	Per son	Sin gular	Per son	Plu ral
I	have	we	have	I	had	we	had	I	will have	we	will have
		you	have			you	had			you	will have
he she it	has	they	have	he she it	had	they	had had	he she it	will have	they	will have

I. The verb ‘to have’ has a meaning of‘to possess’.

In affirmative sentences the form of the verb ‘to have’ immediately follows the subject:

I have a dog. They had four lessons today. We will have a day off on the 10^th of September.

In interrogative sentences two variants are possible in the present:

1. the form of the verb ‘to have’ is placed before the subject:

Have you a flat? Has she many friends?

2. the auxiliary verb ‘to do’ is placed before the subject:

Do we have enough money? Does he have free time?

The second variant is more common in modern speech. In the past only the second variant is possible:

Did you have a spare pen? Did they have a book?

In negative sentences also two variants are possible:

1. the negative particle ‘not’ is placed after the form of the verb ‘to have’:

I have not anything to do. She had not any pet.

2. the auxiliary verb ‘to do’ and the negative particle ‘not’ are placed after the subject:

He does not have food. We do not have good equipment.

I did not have your article.

As in interrogative sentences in negative ones the second variant is also more common.

In the futurethe verb ‘will’ is placed before the subject in interrogative sentences and the negative particle ‘not’ is placed after the verb ‘will’ in negative sentences: Will you have enough time to do this task? I will not have free time tomorrow.

II. Got-forms of “have”.

In conversation and informal writing, the double form “have got” is used in British English.

I’ve got a new boyfriend (Sounds more natural in speech than I have a new boyfriend).

I’ve got a headache.

It is less used to talk about repeated and habitual states:

- I have / I’ve got toothache. – I often have toothache.

In forming questions and negative sentences the auxiliary verb ‘to do’is not used: Has your sister got a car? I haven’t got your keys.

Have you got time to go to London this weekend?

Got-forms of ‘have’ are not used in short answers and tags:

‘Have you got a light?’ – ‘No, I haven’t.’ Anne’s got a bike, hasn’t she?

Got-forms of ‘have’ are not used in the past tense:

I had flu last week.

The functions of the verb ‘to have’

The verb ‘to have’ can perform the following functions in the sentence:

1. that of a notional verb:

They have three cars. Have you got any brothers or sisters?

2. that of an auxiliary verb (to form perfect tenses in the active and passive voice):

I have lost my key. I realised that I had met him before.

3. that of a modal verb (it expresses obligation):

You have to finish the translation. I had to work last Saturday.

4. Had better + Infinitivewithout to (in the meaning of It would be better)

is used to give strong advice, or to tell people what to do (including ourselves):

You’d better turn this music down before your Dad gets angry.

It’s seven o’clock. I’d better put the meat in the oven.

5. ‘Have’ + object is often used to talk about actions and experiences:

to have breakfast / tea / coffee / a drink;

to have a bath / a shave / a shower;

to have a rest / a sleep / a dream;

to have a good time / a bad day / a holiday / a day off;

to have good journey / flight / trip;

to have a talk / a chat / a word with smb / a conversation / a row / a quarrel / a fight;

to have a swim / a walk / a ride / a dance / a game of tennis;

to have a look

to have difficulty / trouble (in the meaning of “encounter” – неожиданно встретиться с ч-л)

6. ‘Have’ can be followed by object+ infinitive (without to) and object + past participle.

a) ‘Have’ + object+ infinitivecan mean ‘cause somebody to do something’. This is mostly used in American English, to talk about giving instructions or orders.

I’m ready to see Mr Smith. Have him come in,please.

The manager had everybody fill outa form.

b) ‘Have’ + object+ past participle (=have something done) can mean ‘cause something to be done by somebody else’. The past participle has a passive meaning.

I must have my watch repaired. (= I want my watch to be repaired.)

I’m going to have my hair cutthis afternoon.

If you don’t get out of my house I’ll have you arrested.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Use «to be» or «to have» in the Present Indefinite Tense.

1. You ... welcome. 2. The metro station ... far from my house. 3. Mary and Nelly ... friends. 4. She ... out. 5. It ... 5 o’clock now. 6. She ... a nice flat. 7. We ... a little child. She ... four. 8. They ... a big car. It ... red. 9. How ... you? 10. How old ... Mary? 11. How many children ... they? 12. What country ... she from? 13. We ... well. 14. They... a small cottage. It... far away. 15. She ... at home. 16. She ... no time. 17. He ... bad habits. 18. How far ... it from here? 19. It ... easy to ask him about it. 20. It ... not good of her to say so. 21. She ... two mistakes in the test. Her mistakes ... bad. 22. They ... glad to see her. 23. It... a rainy day ... he an umbrella with him?