Introduction (continuation)

Signaling

It is the responsibilities of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how various parts of the paragraph are connected. These connections can be made explicit by the use of different signaling words. For example, if you want to tell your reader that your line of argument is going to change, make it clear.

Example.The Bristol 167 was to be Britain's great new advance on American types such as the Lockheed Constellation and Douglas DC-6, which did not have the range to fly the Atlantic non-stop. It was also to be the largest aircraft ever built in Britain. However, even by the end of the war, the design had run into serious difficulties.

If you think that one sentence gives reasons for something in another sentence, make it explicit.

Example.While an earlier generation of writers had noted this feature of the period, it was not until the recent work of Cairncross that the significance of this outflow was realized. Partly this was because the current account deficit appears much smaller in current (1980s) data than it was thought to be by contemporaries.

If you think two ideas are almost the same, say so.

Example.Marx referred throughout his work to other systems than the capitalist system, especially those which he knew from the history of Europe to have preceded capitalism; systems such as feudalism, where the relation of production was characterized by the personal relation of the feudal lord and his serf and a relation of subordination which came from the lord's control of the land. Similarly, Marx was interested in slavery and in the classical Indian and Chinese social systems, or in those systems where the ties of local community are all important.

If you intend your sentence to give extra information, make it clear.

Example.He is born into a family, he marries into a family, and he becomes the husband and father of his own family. In addition, he has a definite place of origin and more relatives than he knows what to do with, and he receives a rudimentary education at the Canadian Mission School.

If you are giving examples, do it explicitly.

Example.This has sometimes led to disputes between religious and secular clergy, between orders and bishops. For example, in the Northern context, the previous bishop of Down and Connor, Dr Philbin, refused for most of his period of leadership in Belfast to have Jesuits visiting or residing in his diocese.

(http://www.uefap.com/writing/exercise/parag/paragex12.htm)

Signaling words

Time/order at first, eventually, finally, first, firstly, in the end, in the first place, lastly, later, next, second, secondly, to begin with	Contrast/opposite ideas but, despite, in spite of, even so, however, in contrast, in spite of this, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, whereas, yet
Comparison/similar ideas In comparison, in the same way, similarly	Condition in that case, then
Cause and effect accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for this reason, hence, in consequence, in order to, owing to this, since, so, therefore, thus	Addition apart from this, as well as, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, nor, not only ... but also, too, what is more
Generalization as a rule, for the most part, generally, in general, normally, on the whole, in most cases, usually	Examples for example, for instance, such as, thus, as follows
Stating the obvious after all, as one might expect, clearly, it goes without saying, naturally, obviously, of course	Attitude admittedly, certainly, fortunately, luckily, oddly enough, undoubtedly, unfortunately
Summary/conclusion finally, in brief, in conclusion, in short, overall, so, then, to conclude, to sum up	Explanation/equivalence in other words, namely, that is to say, this means, to be more precise, to put it another way
Condition in that case, then	Support actually, as a matter of fact, in fact, indeed
Contradiction actually, as a matter of fact, in fact	Emphasis chiefly, especially, in detail, in particular,

(http://www.uefap.com/writing/exercise/parag/paragex12.htm)