B) Express your disagreement with the following statements, giving your reasons

1 You should go to bed. 2 You should give him all possible support. 3 You should make a speech at the conference. 4 You should thank him for his advice. 5 You should have a talk with Pete. 6 You should write your course paper as soon as possible 7 You should read this book by tomorrow. 8 You should help him to catch up with the group. 9 You should ring them up in the evening and speak about it. 10 You should buy this computer.

15 Complete the following sentences using should/ought to:

1 I don’t think I … . 2 I think there are many things we … . 3 It was a mistake to have come. I … . 4 Your eyesight is poor. You … . 5 Do you think we … ? 6 Your note escaped my memory. I … . 7 You seem to think everybody … . 8 Of course the house is a nice one and we … . 9 I’ll see and speak with Maurice. He … .

16 Supply should/ought to/ must/need or have to in the correct tense and form. Put the infinitive into the appropriate form:

1 We … (to leave) at 11 o’clock last night because the last bus went at 11:20. 2 I don’t think you … (to offer) to help him. You’ve got enough work to do yourself. 3 They … (not to pay) to stay in a hotel. They can stay with us. 4 You … (to come round) for dinner one evening. We haven’t had a good talk for a long time. 5 We … (to run) all the way to the station because we were late for the train. 6 It’s your own fault that you are so tired. You … (not to go) to bed so late. 7 Hurry up! You … (not to have) a bath now. The taxi is coming in 20 minutes. 8 You … (not to allow) David to walk home from school every day on his own. He’s too young. 9 You … (not to tell) him what happened. He would never forgive us. 10 You … (to go) to that new French restaurant in town. It’s the best restaurant I have ever been to. 11 Paul … (not to get up) early in the morning but everyone else in the house does. 12 If I fail any of my exams, I … (to take) all of them in November. 13 The wedding has been cancelled so I … (not to buy) that new suit. It was a waste of money. 14 I … (to take) the children to school every morning before I go to the university. 15 You (not to eat) in the lecture halls: it’s against the college regulations. 16 The letter … (to be hidden) where no one will ever find it. Its contents … (to remain) a secret forever. 17 … you want (to wear) a uniform? 18 Please don’t say anymore. I already know the truth so you … (not to lie) to me. 19 We .. (not to get up) early this morning because we had no lectures. 20 Passengers … (to fasten) their seat belts.

17 Think what to say using can/could, may/might, shall, must, would, would you like, would you mind:

1 Ask someone to answer the phone for you. 2 Invite a friend to go for a swim this afternoon. 3 Offer to make someone a sandwich. 4 Offer to open the door for a stranger. 5 Give someone permission to use your phone. 6 Suggest going for a picnic this weekend. 7 Ask someone to wait here for you. 8 Give your sister permission to take your player but tell her to return it soon. 9 You are in a train. Ask another passenger if you can open the window. 10 Ask a friend for a pen. 11 Suggest buying a take-away meal tonight. 12 Offer to answer the phone.

18 Complete the replies by giving advice or making a recommendation using should/ought to or had better:

1 I’ve got a toothache. – You … go to the dentist. 2 He failed his exam. – He … have worked harder. 3 Our train leaves in a few minutes. We … take our seats. 4 Peter was involved in an accident with his car. – He … not have been driving so fast. 5 Our tent was always getting blown down when we were on holiday. – You … have stayed in a hotel. 6 Mary got terribly sunburnt yesterday. – She ... not have lain in the sun so long. 7 We’re spending our holidays in Spain next summer. – You … start learning some Spanish. 8 I’ve been feeling rather off colour recently. – You … see a doctor. 9 We all got soaked in yesterday’s downpour. – You … have taken umbrellas with you. 10 There’s ice on the roads this morning. – You … not take the car. 11 My passport expires next month – You … get it renewed. 12 There’s somebody knocking at the door. – You … look who it is. 13 I overslept again this morning. – You … buy yourself an alarm clock. 14 You are always late for your classes. You … get up earlier. 15 Let’s face it! We’re hopelessly lost! We … ask someone the way.

19 Fill in the blanks with necessary modal verbs or their equivalents:

1 20 percent or more above desirable weight … be a significant added burden for the heart and vascular system. 2 Various theories about the difference between the indexes propose that the real answer … lie in a combination of factors. 3 Although smoking is an addiction, people … quit smoking. 4 By smoking, you cause health problems not only for yourself but also for those around you. 5 If children with asthma live with two or more smokers, they … be more than four times as likely to be absent from school with respiratory illnesses. 6 Patients … be more effectively educated about the health consequences of smoking during pregnancy. 7 Although air conditioning … remove the visible smoke it … not remove the particles that continue to circulate and are hazardous to your health. 8 In fact, many of the chemicals in the cigarettes, like nicotine and cyanide, are actually poisons that … kill in high enough doses. 9 When your parents were young, people … buy cigarettes and smoke pretty much anywhere – even in hospitals! 10 When quitting, it … be helpful to realize that the first few days are the hardest, and it’s normal to have a few relapses before you manage to quit for good. 11 Smokers … themselves be aware of the harm of smoking. 12 Chronic bronchitis … change the structure of the respiratory pathways so much that it … curtail lungs and heart function. 13 If both parents smoke, a teenager … be expected to smoke. 14 The best chance to enjoy a healthy and full life … not be done unless we tackle smoking. 15 Researches estimate that one quarter of cot death … be caused by mothers smoking. 16 The addictive power of nicotine is so strong that millions of people continue to smoke (despite multiple attempts to quit), even though they know that cigarettes … kill them.

20 Ask questions using the parenthesized words:

1 The amount and pattern of cloudiness within the eye lens can vary. (Where?) 2 He will have to take some medicine. (Who?) 3 Abuse of cocaine can lead to severe physiological and psychological problems. (What?) 4 Marijuana can be injurious to the lungs in much the same way as tobacco. (What?) 5 Excess iron content can be a risk factor for a set of brain diseases. (What … for?) 6 Massage can even reduce blood pressure. (What?) 7 Patients should be told how any online message system operates. (Who?) 8 Diabetic disease may worsen quickly despite therapy if patients continue to smoke. (When?) 9 Growing, buying and eating the right kinds of foods can reduce the risk of obesity. (What?) 10 During pregnancy some women may experience anterior lower abdominal or pubic pain. (When?) 11 A certified midwife has to be a highly skilled specialist in women’s health care. (Who?) 12 You should contact an experienced surgeon for a consultation. (Whom?) 13 Unexplained dizziness, unsteadiness, and sudden falls should be taken as the warning signal for a stroke. (What?) 14 Patients with cirrhosis should reduce the amount of fluid and salt in their diets. (What?) 15 Such symptoms as complaints about headache, dry eyes, blurred vision, eyestrain, eye irritation, eye fatigued may be called “Computer Vision Syndrome”. (How?) 16 Uncorrected vision conditions, poor computer design, workplace ergonomics, and highly demanding visual tasks can contribute to the development of Computer Vision Syndrome. (What?) 17 Properly trained, you will be able to increase the flow of breath, healing energy, into your body. (How?) 18 Unfortunately, several of the coronary risk factors (chronological age, sex, family history) cannot be controlled. (What?)

21 Read the text. Point out the sentences with modal verbs and their equivalents. Translate into Ukrainian:

Considering that the most regular and the heaviest smokers are presently found among women and men in childbearing years, it is most important that information about the harmful effect of tobacco in reproduction is available and widely disseminated among the general public and, in order to achieve this, the following steps should be taken forthwith:

1) Local Education Authorities should include in their health education curricula specific information about the dangers of cigarette smoking by both partners before pregnancy and particularly when pregnant.

2) Leaflets containing the above information should also be widely distributed and available in all doctors’ surgeries, hospital waiting room, libraries, family planning clinics, etc.

3) The Government should instruct the tobacco industry to alter the current warning “Tobacco seriously damages health” to “Tobacco damages health and causes serious harm to the unborn child. Do not smoke while pregnant”.

The most salient point that can be made about cigarette induced fetal damage is that it is totally preventable and only by informing both prospective parents of the potential dangers of tobacco smoking before conception, and particularly the dangers of maternal smoking while pregnant, can we hope to reduce these ever increasing statistics of the pre-term births, low birth weight infants and children presently suffering from various neurodevelopmental disorders and general ill-health. All expectant mothers should be made distinctly aware that everything they consume during pregnancy is also consumed by their unborn child. Cigarettes are no exception; so when a mother smokes, she likewise invariably forces her unborn baby to consume cigarettes at a similar rate, with all its unpleasant side-effects and frightening consequences. If all would-be mothers were to understand this extremely unpleasant thought, this should most certainly act as the strongest initiative to discontinue the smoking habit, at least while pregnant, and hopefully forever. Furthermore, it should be stressed that both prospective parents should stop cigarette smoking about four months before the planned pregnancy to ensure that both the ovum and sperm are as healthy as possible before the conception takes place. If we could effectively foster the simple fact that both prospective parents are equally responsible for the health of their unborn child, most of the tragedies discussed in this paper could be easily avoided and, at the same time, this could be a major philosophical advance towards recognition of the great importance of preventive medicine.