Engine 7 is a machine or part of a machine that squeezes gas or air and makes it take up less space

Subject 8 is a skilled person who uses scientific knowledge to design and construct machinery, engines, electrical devices or roads and bridges.

Exercise 12

Now let’s play a snowball game. The first student starts the game saying one sentence about your speciality. The second one repeats the first sentence and adds his own. The next student repeats the first and the second sentences and adds his own sentence. The game continues until all the students take the floor. The last student repeats all that has been said on the topic. Try to use short sentences to better memorize them.

Exercise 13

Retell the topic “ My speciality is electric power systems and transport facility complexes”

Exercise 14

Try to explain the choice of your speciality.

- What do you want to be? Why? How did you decide what to be?

- Was it always your ambition to do this?

- What do you have to do to get this job?

- Are you well-suited to your job? Why do you think so?

- What position would you like to get?

LESSON 2

RAILWAY POWER SUPPLY

Exercise 1. Study the meaning of the following words:

1) propel – приводити до руху, просувати

propulsion – рушійна сила

2) power supply - енергопостачання

3) traction (diesel, electric) - тяга (дизельна, електрична)

4) steam locomotives (engines) - парові локомотиви

5) efficient - ефективний;

6) power station (plant) - електростанція;

7) produce electric current - виробляти електричний струм;

8) tractive effort (power) - тягова сила;

9) air pollution - забруднення атмосфери ;

10) air pollutant - забруднюючий агент;

11) turbotrain - турбопоїзд;

12) gas-turbine engine - газотурбінний двигун;

13) power car - ; вагон енергопостачання;

14) horse power (hp, HP) - кінська сила; потужність.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions:

1) What types of engines may trains be propelled by?

2) What types of locomotives - steam, diesel or electric - may be used for heavy mainline service?

3) What type of tractive power did the first locomotives run on?

4) What type of locomotive - diesel or electric - is more expensive to build?

5) Have you heard of trains propelled by gas-turbine engines? Give your

examples, if any.

Exercise 3. Read and translate the text using the words from exercise 1.

RAILWAY POWER SUPPLY.

Trains may be propelled by various types of engines: diesel, electric or

aircraft ones. Hence, railway power supplyis based on diesel or electric

Traction.

First locomotives were steam ones, they made railways the dominant means of inland transport in the last century. Without it we might not have our present national networks of railways. However, nowadays steam locomotives are on their way out in many counties. The reason is that, first of all, diesel and electric locomotives which replaced former steam engines, are available for work over much longer periods, and can maintain a higher average speed and are less

costly. In fact, steam engines were never efficientin turning coal into energy

- only about 7 per cent of the available heat was used (the same coal could

be better used in a power stationto produce electric currentto drive an

electric locomotive.

Diesels or Electrics?

The diesel and electric locomotives have some common features. As well

as the electrics (electric locomotives), the diesels(diesel locomotives) are

always ready for service because the diesel engine can be started within a

minute or two in any weather and can be in operation for perhaps a week

without visiting a depot.As well as the electrics, the diesels are capable of

developing a high tractive effortat low speeds and, therefore,can start and

accelerate heavy trains. These features allow the diesel locos to be used for

heavy mainline service.

On the other hand, the diesel locomotive is more expensive to build and

maintain than the electric of equal power since the diesel locomotive carries a

power planton itself. In addition, the diesel engine is an air pollutant prime

mover,so the diesel traction should not be recommended for use on

suburban lines round large cities. Noise and vibration are also considered the

drawbacks of the diesel locomotive. Another disadvantage of the diesel

locomotive is that the diesel engine runs on organic fuel the supplies of which

are not inexhaustible. Diesel traction is normally employed today on nonelectrified

trunk lines and on lines where traffic is not dense enough to justify

electrification.

The history of railway traction is abundant in types of energy used for

starting trains. In the second half of the 20th century aerospace engineers

designed turbotrains the operation of which was based on the technology of

flight. The new American turbotrain had an aircraft-type gas-turbine engine

and developed a speed of 157 miles/h on standard jointed rail tracks. In

France turbotrains began running between Paris and Cherbourg in 1971.

Each power carof the train carrying a pair of gas turbines contained a

driver’s cab which had been specially designed to give the maximum driving

efficiency and control. On Paris-Lyon route gas-turbine locomotives

developed a maximum speed of 300 km/h. British Advanced Passenger Train

(APT) consisted of two aerodynamically-styled power cars each fitted with

four 300-h.p engines.

Exercise 4. a) Make a list of advantages of diesel locomotives. Use the text

to help you:

1 can start heavy trains

2 _________________

3 _________________

4 _________________

b) Make a list of disadvantages of diesel locomotives. Use the text to help

you:

1 expensive

2 ___________

3 ___________

4 ___________

c) Now name all the common features of diesels and electrics. What are the

advantages of electrics?

Exercise 5. Scan the text and say what type of traction it deals with.

Natural Gas Railcar Debut

German Rail (DB) is claiming world first, by operating passenger

trains powered by natural gas which is said to produce very few harmful

emissions compared with a diesel-powered train. The project has aroused

such interest that DB and French National Railways (SNCF) now plan to

develop a new natural gas lightweight railcar.

Two 30 to 40 year old two-axle lightweight diesel railcars belonging to DB's

subsidiary and operating on the Baltic island of Usedom were converted to

natural gas propulsion. The conversion involved the replacement of the diesel

engine on each railcar with an Otto engine with spark plugs which can be

powered by compressed natural gas.

An advantage of natural gas is that the railcars can travel about 750

km more on a full tank than they could when they were diesel powered.

The environmentally-friendly propulsion concept fulfilled all the expectations

during trials in the foothills of the Alps. Measurements showed that emissions

of nitric oxide were cut by about 97 %. Carbon monoxide by 84 % and

hydrocarbons by about 70%. Another advantage of natural gas over diesel is

that there is no soot emission from the exhaust pipe. The natural gas engines

are also quieter than their diesel counter - parts.

The German and foreign rail vehicle industry has taken notice of this

propulsion technology, and is considering whether to develop and offer new

generation lightweight railcars with natural gas propulsion", said Mr Roland

Heinisch, DB's board member for research, technology and traction.

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to modal verbs and their equivalents:

1. To improve passenger service there must be more ticket windows at

railway stations.

2. The electrified lines of Russia are able to cater more than 50 per cent of the entire cargohaulage.

3. Steam locomotives were built formany different tasks but they were not able to haul very heavy trains at high speeds.

4. It is necessary that the traction motor characteristics should meet

operating conditions.

5. Electrified railways are to be found in different countries of the world.

6. There existed a number of projects of strange railways in the past; according to one of them the power sources were to be installed along the track.

7. All types of locomotives have to satisfy a number of technical and economic requirements.

8. It is quite necessary that electric traction should be widely used in mountains as well as in tunnels.

9. Track circuits should not be influenced by electric supply circuits.

10. A more frequent service ought to be introduced at peak periods on heavily-used

suburban lines.

LESSON 3

Exercise 1. Study the meaning of the following words.

1) capacity – здатність, продуктивність, потужність ;

Syn. productivity;

2) operating parameters – експлуатаційні параметри

3) rolling stock –рухомий склад;

4) eight-axle locomotives – восьміосні локомотиви;

5) overhead (contact) wire – контактний дріт;

6) catenary - контактна мережа;

7) third (conductor) rail – контактна (струмопровідний) рейка ;

8) electrical substation – електрична підстанція;

9) electrical cables – електричні кабелі ;

10) running rails – ходові рейки;

11) density of traffic – напруженість nepeвозок;

12) direct current (D.C.) – nocтоянный струм;

13) alternating current (A.C.) – змінний струм;

14) transmit – nepeдавати;

15) voltage – напруга;

16) rectify – випрямляти (струм);

17) distribute – росподіляти;

18) frequency – частота;

19) transform - перетворювати

Syn. turn (into), convert;

20) feed – забезпечувати (струмом);

Syn. supply

21) emergency – aварІя.

Exercise 2. Make nouns from the verbs with the help of the suffixation and translate them into Ukrainian

transform -перетворювати — transformation -перетворювання

operate , electrify, transmit, rectify, distribute, consider, compete, restrict,

pollute.

Exercise 3. Answer the questions:

1) What does the future of railways depend on? What's your opinion?

2) What kind of traction - electric or diesel - results in the increase in the speed of

trains?

3) Does electric traction provide the improvement of labour conditions?

4) Is the electric power supply system a costly business?

5) What types of current do you know? What current is most often used in our everyday life?

6) Is the high voltage of the substation lowered for transmission over the railway network, to your mind?

Exercise 4. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian.

RAILWAY ELECTRIFICATION

The key to the increase of train capacity in recent years has

undoubtedly been the impressive spread of electrification. Numerous studies

and tests as well as practical railway experience show that electric traction

has many advantages, especially on lines carrying high-density traffic. The

replacement of diesel traction by electric one leads to an all-round

improvement in the main operating parameters and the reduction in cost.

There is an increase in the average speed of trains, a useful increase in

traffic capacity., line capacity., increased automation and hi gher

productivity and a reduction of rolling stock requirements. Thus, as

compared to diesels, under average conditions, the use of eight-axle

electric locomotives results in the increase in the speed of trains by 15-25

per cent.

Undoubtedly, railway future lies in electrification. The conversion of

railways to electric traction provides the improvement of labour conditions,

the reduction ofair pollution the electrification of settlements situated along

the railway lines. Electric traction promotes the automation and

mechanization in track laying and repairs.

The reliability of electric traction is a function of combined reliability of the

locomotives and power supply, especially the overhead contact wire.

Along its whole length the track on which electric locomotives run must

have either an overhead contact wire {catenary) or an extra rail (third or

third and fourth rail) from which the train can continuously pick up power.

Overhead contact wire is connected with electrical substations and cables

to bring the power to the track. As to the extra rail, it is placed in the track

between the two running rails. This power supply system makes railway

electrification a costly business, therefore it is justified only on railways with a

high density of traffic. It should be noted, that the third rail system is

particularly essential for underground railways because of a limited space

available in tunnels.

Electric railways may use either direct or alternating current (D.C. or

A.C).

The current supplied from power stations is always alternating one which can be transmitted at high voltage. This high voltage is lowered at a substation

to one suitable for transmission over the railway network. If the railway uses

the third rail distribution the substation also has to rectify the supply turning

it into direct current at a comparatively low voltage.

When alternating current is supplied, it is distributed by an overhead

catenary at a high voltage, 25 kV, and at the normal industrial frequency of a

country. High voltage is first transformed to a lower voltage in the locomotive

and used to feed a.c. or d.c. motors. (It is important that apparatus for

rectification should be small because of the limited space of the locomotive.)

At the present state of development almost all electrified railways are

supplied by alternating current at 25 kV having frequency of 50 Hz (Herz).

Direct current supply causes restrictions on speed, weight of trains. Hence -

limited traffic and line capacity, increased power supply and high cost.

Electrified lines of alternating current have higher efficiency (power losses for

traction are 5-6 % less), weights of trains are practically unlimited. Fulfilling

the same work a.c. lines require 15-20 less locomotives and locomotive

crews. As has been calculated, traffic expenses on a.c. lines are almost 20

less than on d.c. lines. Instead of formerly used direct current of 3 kV and 1,5

kV many countries nowadays use alternating current as tractive power for

trains.

At present there are the following tractive lines in Ukraine : 3000 V d.c.

line and 3000 V a.c. line, frequency 50 Hz (high-voltage lines); 100 V d.c. and

650 V d.c. (having voltage after the primary transformation of high voltage).

The former two lines are customary for our railways, the 650 V d.c. line is

introduced additionally for reserve supply in case of damage of the main

power supply systems. The line 100 V d.c. using the power of accumulated

batteries is designed for use in emergency situations.

Exercise 5. a) Make a list of advantages alternating current power supply.

Use the text to help you.

1 higher efficiency (power losses 5-6 % less)

2_____________________

3_____________________

b) Make a list of disadvantages of direct current power supply. Use the text to

help you.

1 causes restrictions in speed

2 __________________

3 _________________

Exercise 6. Describe the process of transmission of electric current to the

railway network system by way of the third rail distribution. Your explanation

will consist of several steps. The verbs will help you.

1 _____________ place

2_____________ connect

3 ______________transform

4 _____________ rectify

5______________turn into

6_______________feed

Exercise 7. Try to guess the meaning of the words in bold type. Check your

answers with a dictionary.

It is a well-known fact that electric trains perform valuableservice on trunk

lines with dense traffic. But electric haulageis costly because it needs a

whole system of electrical substations and either a catenary or a conductor

rail. The third rail system is particularly essentialfor underground railways

because of a limited space availablein tunnels.

The conductor rail system proves quite successful under normal

conditions, but a great difficulty arises on open sections. The matter is that

under unfavourablewinter conditions the third rail may be covered with ice

and it becomes difficult to transfer electric current from the conductor rail to

the train.

To eliminatethis difficulty a special equipment was devised which could

remove ice. At first this equipment was manuallyoperated. But the process

was relatively slow and inefficient.

In recentyears, the manually-operated equipment has been converted to

semi-automatic working.

Exercise 8. Define the function of the verb “to have” in the following

sentences, translate into Ukrainian.

1. Every engineer working in the field of signalling has to know the principles

of track circuit operation.

2. Many new electronic devices have been developed to provide the safety of high-speed traffic.

3. One of the new systems proposed for carrying passengers in towns is the “Never-Stop” Railway which has no rails but runs with rubber-tyred wheels.

4. Our country has many locomotive building works producing all types of locomotives.

5.Technical investigations have shown that today it is possible to build very

powerful diesel locomotives.

6. The old bridge had to be moved from piers to carry the diverted traffic during the reconstruction.

7. With the introduction of Computer Traffic Control the safety of railway operation has greatly increased.

8. It was reported by foreign press that multiple-wheel cars would have a bright future.

9. All types of locomotives have to satisfy a number of technical and economic requirements.

LESSON 4

Maglev train

Exercise 1. Study this diagram of a Maglev train. What differences can you

name between this and a conventional train?

Exercise 2. Now read the following text to check how many of the differences

you have noted are mentioned. Add any other differences you find to your list.

Exercise 3. While reading guess the meaning of the following words and

expressions: to float, magnetic attraction, magnetic poles, even distance,

linear induction motor, electromagnetic windings (coils), to interact.

NOTES: to levitate –підійматися; damper – амортизатор; concrete –

бетон; to shift – тут: переміщатися.

MAGNETIC LEVITATION TRAIN

A MAGLEV (magnetic levitation) train does not run along a track in the

normal way. Instead, magnetic fields lift it above the track, so that the train

'floats' along.

Because they have no wheels, axles, suspension, dampers, or brakes,

Maglev vehicles are light and compact. They are also pollution-free, as no

fuel is burned within the train, and cheap to maintain.

The Maglev system at Birmingham Airport carries passengers from the

terminal to the railway station and the National Exhibition Centre. The cars

are made of lightweight fibreglass, carried on an aluminium chassis. All the

electrical equipment which powers the cars is situated under the floors or the

seats. Each car can take 32 passengers and their luggage, up to a weight of

8 tonnes. The trains travel at a maximum speed of 42km/h.

A concrete guideway above the ground supports a T-shaped track for the

two-car Maglev trains. The train is lifted from the track by magnetic attraction.

This is the force by which two opposite magnetic poles attract each other (just

as two of the same poles 20 repel each other). Powerful electromagnets at

each corner of the train exert a pulling force which lifts the train upwards so

that it floats 15 mm above the track.

As people get on and off, the weight of the train varies. It may drop closer to

the track than the required 15mm, or rise further from it. To keep it at an

even distance from the track, the force is varied by a microprocessor.

Each train is driven by an electric motor called a linear induction motor.

Electromagnetic windings, or coils, on the train generate a magnetic field in

which the magnetic poles shift along the train. The field induces electric

current in the track, which in turn generates its own magnetic field. The two fields in the track and the train interact so that the shifting field pulls the floating train along the track.

Exercise 4. Make a list of the advantages of the Maglev train. You may use

the text to help you.

Exercise 5. Now list the disadvantages. You may use the text to help you.

Exercise 6. Look through the text once again and try to find things which can be used with the attribute “magnetic”. Make up your own sentences with

these words and find the ones in the text.

Exercise 7.Dealing with unfamiliar words.

Answer this question using the extract from the text below.

Why are Maglev trains so light?

Because they have no wheels, axles, suspension, dampers, or brakes,

Maglev vehicles are light and compact.

In your answer, you may have used the word damper. Do you know what

it means? Do you need to know its exact meaning.?

We can ignore unfamiliar words which do not help with our reading purpose. Some words we cannot ignore, but often an approximate rather than exact meaning of a word is all that is required. Sometimes we can work out the approximate meaning of a word from its context. For example, we can say that dampers are probably:

1 heavy (not light)

2 large (not compact)

3 part of the undercarriage (same set as wheels, axles, suspension, and

brakes)

Try to work out (to guess) the meaning of any of the words printed in

boldin this text whose meaning you do not know. Check your answers with

a dictionary.

When first introduced, linear motors were seen as a major technological

breakthrough.However, disappointingly few practical applications have

been found for this new development. An earlier innovation,the Wankel

engine, was radicallydifferent from conventional engines, having a rotary

piston and no valves. Wankel engines were adoptedby the Mazda car

company. However, Wankel engines are now rarelyused because of

problems with fuel consumption and maintenance. The Wankel story

illustrates the risksinvolved in developing any new product - success can

mean a market leadover competitors but failure means that expensive

development costs must be writtenoff with no result. Sadly, technological

superiority does not guaranteesuccess. Betamax video tapes, technically

better than their rivals, gave wayto VHS because of better marketing.

Exercise 8. Language study Prediction

Study this diagram. What will be the result of this action?

Action Result

Two magnets are held together with opposite poles facing.

When an action is always followed by the same result, we can link them

like this:

If/When two magnets are held together with opposite poles facing, they

attract each other.

or

If/When two magnets are held together with opposite poles facing, they

will attract each other.

When an action is always followed by the same result, the statement

becomes a general principle or law. Using the law, we can predict what

will happen in particular cases.

Exercise 9. Predict the result of the action illustrated here.

Action Result

Two magnets are held together with like poles facing.

Now write the principle illustrated.

If two magnets —————————————.————

Exercise 10. Predict the results of each of these actions. Then link

each action and result in a sentence.

Action Result

1 A steel bar is subjected to tensile forces. The bar ——————

———— ————

2 We apply an effort at E. The block _____________

3 The switch is closed. __________________

6 V 6 V 3 W

4 The switch is pressed. ______________________

150mA

240 V,

240V 750 W

5 We move the effort by one meter. The load__________________

6 We move the effort by 50 centimeters. ______________

7 The circuit is broken. ________________

8. 120 V ac is applied across the primary. _____________________

10:1

8 We apply an impact load to a brittle body. ___________________

10. We apply 24 V ac to the transformer primary. ______________

1:2

Exercise 11.Explanations

Study this diagram. It shows how a Maglev train is supported without physical

contact with the track. Can you explain how this works?

The explanation consists of a series of at least six steps. The first step is:

1Current flows through the magnet coil.

The last step is:

6The train is lifted.

Can you think of any of the steps in between?

Explanations consist of a series of steps. Some steps in an explanation have

cause and effect links; others have time links. Here are some of the steps

which explain how the train is lifted. What kinds of links are there between the

stages?

1 Current flows through the magnet coil.

2 The current creates a magnetic field round the poles.

3 The field induces a current in the track.

4 The track becomes magnetized.

5 The two magnets attract each other.

6 The train is lifted.

You can show cause and effect links in these ways:

1+2 Current flows through the magnet coil, creatinga magnetic

field round the corners.

3+4 The field induces a current in the track; thereforethe track becomes

magnetized.

5+6 The two magnets attract each other, (thereby) liftingthe train.

Thereby can be omitted from the last example.

Exercise 12. Study these diagrams. They explain how the propulsion system

operates.

The train is propelled by a linear-induction motor mounted under the vehicle.

The current creates a linear travelling field which constantly reacts with the

aluminium secondary track, causing relative motion. To stop the train the

current is moved.

Try to complete the blanks in this set of steps which form an explanation of

the propulsion system.

1 Current ______ through the motor coils.

2 The current creates _______ fields in .he motor.

3 The fields -_______ currents in the track.

4 The track becomes_______.

5 The current through the linear motor _____.

6 The magnetic _______ in the motors shift.

7 There is ______ and repulsion between the new motor fields and the

track fields.

8 The motor pulls the train along the ______ to line up the fields.

9 The ______through the coils changes and the process is repeated.

Exercise 13. Define the function of infinitives in the following sentences,

translate them into Ukrainian.

1. The driving cars of the experimental British train were to be fitted with 4

gas-turbine engines.

2. To put this train into service will be possible only after a series of special tests. 3. High-speed traffic requires the permanent way to be excellently laid and carefully maintained.

4. To increase the speed of trains is a complicated problem.

5. The linear electric motor to be used on the Japanese railways will greatly increase the speed of trains.

6. The new instruments to be introduced on the substations will increase the reliability of the electric machines and the auxiliary apparatus.

7. It should be noted that speed control devices are used to provide definite speeds under certain conditions.

8. An electric locomotive contains electrical control equipment needed to control the electrical energy supplied to the motors.

9. Passenger and freight traffic is supposed to increase.

Exercise 14. Choose the form of infinitives in the following sentences with the help of the table given below.

The Infinitive

	Active	Passive
Indefinite	to take	to be taken
Perfect	to have taken	to have been taken
Continuous	to be taking
Perfect Continuous	to have been taking

1. She was believed (to feel) unwell for some time.

2. He seems (to read) a lot. He seems (to read) now. He seems (to read)

since morning. He seems (to read) all the books in the library.

3. I want (to take) you to the concert. I want (to take) to the concert by my

father.

4. I am glad (to do) all the work yesterday.

5. She seems (to work) at this problem ever since she came here.

6. I am sorry (to break) your pen.

7. He began writing books not because he wanted (to earn) a living: he

wanted (to read) and not (to forget).

8. He seems (to know) French very well: he is said (to spend) his youth in

Paris.

9. The woman pretended (to read) and not (to hear) the bell.

10. They seemed (to quarrel): I could hear angry voices from behind the door.

11. Perhaps it would upset her (to tell) the truth of the matter.

12. Her ring was believed (to lose) until she happened (to find) during the

general cleaning. It turned out (to drop) between the sofa and the wall.

МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ

з з розвитку навичок читання та комунікативної компетенції

для студентів 2 курсу “Мій фах – Електричні системи та комплекси транспортних засобів”

(англійська мова)

Відповідальний за випуск: викл. Пилаєва Т.В.,

викл. Кочина В.В.

редактор

Підписано до друку

Формат папіру 60х84 1/16. Папір писальний.

Умовн.-друк.арк. . Обл.-вид.арк. .

Замовлення № . Тираж 200 . Ціна

Друкарня ХарДАЗТу,

310050, Харків – 50, пл. Фейєрбаха, 7