VI. Read the sentences and decide whether the words in bold are the Gerund or Participle I

1. Freezingan Android phone can help reveal its confidential contents. 2. The advance could speed the development of smarter artificial skin capable of «feeling» activity on the surface. 3. The researchers discovered that quickly connecting and disconnecting the battery of a frozen phone forced the handset into a vulnerable mode. 4. After all, the concept – creating flexible electronics and assembling them on equally flexible plastic – has been touted since the 1960s. 5.Using bundles of vertical zinc oxide nanowires, the researchers built arrays consisting of about 8,000 transistors. 6.Mimickingthe sense of touch electronically has been challenging, and can be achieved by measuring changes in resistance prompted by mechanical touch. 7. They include findingmore efficient ways to sort through nanotubes which are made in a wide variety of sizes and types. 8. This gives a way to gain performance while shrinkingthe device. 9. In the early 1980s viruses depended on humans to do the hard work of spreading the virus to other computers. 10. Some harmful programs can create a backdoor, allowing a remote user to access the victim's computer system. 11. At that point, the system reverts to essentially guessing the location.

Герундиальные обороты

Герундий с относящимися к нему словами образует герундиальные обороты.

Признаки распознавания независимого

Герундиального оборота

( of) the x’s (x)xing +зависимые слова (of) myxing + зависимые слова   – оборот стоит после предлога; – герундий стоит после существительного в притяжательном или общем падеже, притяжательного местоимения

НЕЗАВИСИМЫЙ герундиальный оборот

Придаточным предложением с союзами что; то, что; о том, чтобы; в том, что; Существительным

We all know of their designing a new type of semiconductor device.   Prof. Smith’s studying the properties of fiber attracted our attention.

Мы все знаем, что они проектируют новый тип полупроводникового устройства. То, что профессор Смит изучаетсвойства волокна, привлекло наше внимание. Изучение профессором Смитом волокна привлекло наше внимание.

Признаки распознавания зависимого

Герундиального оборота

(by)xing+зависимые слова   – герундий стоит после предлога

ЗАВИСИМЫЙ герундиальный оборот

Придаточным предложением с союзом то, что (о том, чтобы; в том, что) в том падеже, который определяется предлогом Существительным

This device differs from that one by havinga higher efficiency

Это устройство отличается от того устройства тем, чтооноимеет более высокую производительность. Это устройство отличается от того устройства наличием более высокой производительности.

I. Point out independent and dependent gerundial constructions.

In addition to 1ing…; by 2ing…; of Tom’s 2ing …; in spite of 3ing …; his having 4ed …; of their 5ing …; of our 6ing …; due to the x being 7ed…; without being 8ed…; on the x being 9ed…; from not having 10ed…; owing to the x being 11ed.

II. Find the gerundial construction. Give the Russian equivalents of the following parts of sentences.

1. The molecules because of their being reactive. 2. Having discovered radium enabled to isolate. 3. Substituting this value in the equation. 4. His being late at the conference. 5. Without realizing the outcomes. 6. In spite of preventing from errors. 7. Our aim is studying science. 8. Impeded in making further discoveries. 9. He preferred changing the course of his research. 10. This implies knowing the basics of the theory.

III. Give the Russian equivalents of the following sentences. Pay attention to the translation of the gerundial constructions in the sentences. Find out the sentence without the gerundial construction.

1. In spite of not having the necessary expertise, the scientist made his great discovery. 2. These substances are alike in having high melting points. 3. Adding more turns makes the magnetic field stronger. 4. It is worthwhile considering more carefully the implication of the research results. 5. The scientist investigated the possibility of these rays being charged particles. 6. The analyst’s efficiency may be attributed to his having acquired, by constant training, the necessary technique. 7. To calculate the motion of an electron, we investigate the accompanying wave motion instead of using classical point mechanics. 8. The physicist’s being awarded the Nobel Prize soon became widely known. 9. Being appointed the head of the Department, Dr. Black started his work on atomic collisions. 10. The actual number of electrons depends upon the atom being considered.