Употребление сослагательного наклонения
В современном английском языке сослагательное наклонение употребляется в простых предложениях и в ряде сложноподчиненных предложений с придаточными дополнительными, подлежащими, обстоятельственными (цели, сравнения, условия).
1. В простых предложениях со значением предположения, возможности осуществления действия или наличия определенных условий для совершения действия. В таких предложениях употребляются, как правило, аналитические формы сослагательного наклонения с глаголами should, would и модальными глаголами might, could: It would be useful to read this paper ‘Было бы полезно прочитать эту работу’; Without adding heat the reaction wouldn'tproceed ‘Без добавления тепла реакция не продолжалась бы’.
2. В придаточных предложениях подлежащих после безличных оборотов типа It is necessary that… ‘Необходимо, чтобы…’ употребляются синтетические формы (be, take) и аналитические (should be, would take): It is necessary that all be quiet ‘Необходимо, чтобы все было спокойно’; It is improbable that he should have left so soon ‘Не может быть, чтобы он так рано уехал’.
Синтетические формы характерны для научно-технической литературы: It is necessary that a force be applied to the body ‘Необходимо, чтобы телу сообщалась сила’. В такой конструкции возможен ряд других прилагательных и причастий, такие, как important ‘необходимо’, essential ‘важно’, desirable ‘желательно’, doubtful ‘сомнительно’, probable ‘вероятно’, improbable ‘невероятно’, impossible ‘невозможно’, suggested ‘предполагается’, proposed ‘предлагается’, required ‘необходимо’, demanded ‘требуется’, ordered ‘требуется’.
3. В сложноподчиненных предложениях с дополнительными придаточными предложениями после глаголов, выражающих:
- приказание, с глаголами to require ‘просить, требовать’, to demand ‘требовать’, to order ‘приказывать’, to insist ‘настаивать’; He insists that the work should be finished by the end of the week ‘Он настаивает на том, чтобы работу закончили к концу недели’.
- предложение, с глаголами to suggest ‘предлагать’, to propose ‘предлагать’: I suggest that you should do it now ‘Я предлагаю, чтобы вы сделали это сейчас’;
- желание, с глаголами to wish ‘хотеть’, to desire ‘желать’: I wish it were summer now ‘Жаль, что сейчас не лето (Мне хотелось бы, чтобы сейчас было лето)’.
В предложениях с придаточными в функции дополнения употребляются как аналитические, так и синтетические формы. При переводе таких предложений частица бы входит в состав союза, а глагол в сослагательном наклонении обычно переводится на русский язык глаголом в форме прошедшего времени.
4. В сложноподчиненных предложениях с обстоятельственными придаточными предложениями:
- цели после союзов that ‘чтобы’, so that, in order that ‘для того, чтобы’, lest ‘чтобы не’: I will put down his address lest I forget it ‘Я запишу его адрес, чтобы не забыть его’; They bought dictionaries so that they might use them for translation ‘Они купили словари, чтобы пользоваться ими для перевода’;
- сравнения: She speaks English so well as if she had lived in England for many years ‘Она так хорошо говорит по-английски, как будто прожила в Англии много лет’.
В сложноподчиненных предложениях с предикативными придаточными предложениями после союзов as if, as though ‘как будто, как если бы’: Tom looked as if he were ill (had been ill for a long time) ‘Том выглядел так, как будто был болен (как будто он долго болел)’.
В таких предложениях употребляется глагол-связка (to be, to look, to seem, to feel, to sound и т. д.), после которого придаточное предложение выполняет функцию именной части составного именного сказуемого.
При переводе предложений 4-го и 5-го типа частица бы ставится после союза, а глагол в сослагательном наклонении переводится на русский язык глаголом в форме прошедшего времени.
Упражнения
Упр. 106.Переведите предложения, содержащие аналитические и синтетические формы глагола в сослагательном наклонении в различных типах предложений.
1. I suggest that we should start at once. 2. It looked as if he weren't interested in the problem. 3. It seemed as though he had worked all day. 4. I feel as if I had eaten too much. 5. Try to behave as if nothing had happened. 6. She told me what to do as if she were a doctor. 7. I wish I could speak Spanish. 8. He only wished he could work more. 9. We wish it were sunny and warm all year round. 10. I wish you were listening to me more attentively. 11. Alice wished she were young. 12. I wish I could give up smoking. 13. They demanded that the meeting should be held next week. 14. The teacher recommended that we should do the exercise in writing. 15. She suggested that I consult the professor. 16. It is desirable that he should come to the conference. 17. He insists that the equipment be installed in s week. 18. It is unlikely that it should rain. 19. He put on his warm coat lest he should catch a cold. 20. I was afraid that you might have fallen ill. 21. The woman was afraid that she might lose her job. 22. They took the child to the river so that it might swim a little. 23. The students worked regularly in order that they might make a good progress. 24. I am going to the library in order I may prepare a good report. 25. It's time he had come. I wonder if something has happened.26. He feared lest the weather would change.
Упр. 107.Перефразируйтепредложения, используя одну из предлагаемых моделей c сослагательным наклонением. Используйте слова important,essential, desirable, necessary impossible, advisable, suggested, proposed, required,demanded,orderedи т. д.
Модель: I suggest going to the country. – It is suggested that we should go to the country. – I suggest that we should go to the country. – The suggestion was that we should go to the country.
1. I suggest her helping mother. 2. He insisted on being given time to finish his work. 3. It is necessary for you to make up for the lost time. 4. I suggest our starting off as soon as the car is repaired. 5. It is very important for the students not to miss lectures on material studies. 6. I advise to use new methods in their experimental work. 7. The doctor advised you to cut down on cigarettes. 8. The students were suggested to take the examination at the end of the term. 9. We want you to present your report on Monday. 10. The captain ordered the passengers to leave the ship. 11. It is necessary for you to mention this fact in your report.
Упр. 108.Составьте предложения, поставив инфинитивные словосочетания в нужную форму в сослагательном наклонении.
Модель 1: It is necessary (to take urgent measures). – It is necessary that they take urgent measures. – It is necessary that they should take urgent measures.
1. It is necessary (they / to take the problem seriously). 2. It was essential (the boy / to find some excuse). 3. It was desirable (the president / to sign an agreement). 4. It was vital (me friend / to consult the doctor). 5. It is demanded (the students / to speak clearer). 6. It is impossible (she / to go home alone).7. It is very important (the team / to win the last match). 8.It was recommended (they / to use dictionaries for translation). 9. It is advisable (you/ to see a doctor) before going to the south. 10. It is necessary (the children / to spend more time out of doors).
Модель 2: It's time (to leave). – It's time he left. – It's time he were leaving.
1. It's time he (to return the book to the library). 2. It's high time (to pay the telephone bill). 3. It's about time (to join the students' scientific society). 4. It's time (to visit her mother more often). 5. It is high time (to have a rest). 6. It is about time the children (to go to bed). 7.It's high time she (to inform us about her arrival). 8. It's time we (to be home).
Модель 3: He insisted (to start at once). – He insisted that they should start at once.
1. His wife was very tired and suggested ... (to go home). 2. He proposed ... (to go sightseeing). 3. I prefer the others ... (to voice their opinion). 4. After supper he insisted ... (to go out for a walk). 5. And from that moment I was determined... (to give up thinking about that). 6. She was anxious ... (to see him as soon as possible). 7. The doctor recommended … (keep to a diet). 8. They requested … (the goods/ to be delivered in time).
Модель 4: I wish the boy (to be more polite). – I wish the boy were more polite. – I wish the boy might be more polite.
1. I wish he ... (to give up smoking). 2. I wish I ... (to pass my driving test). 3. I wish I... (to be with him when it happened). 4. They wish I… (to go skiing with them yesterday). 5. He wishes he … (to know more about cars). 6. My aunt wishes she … (to live in the country in summer). 7. Tom wished Alice … (to say those words). 8. I wish … (to have money to buy a new computer). 9. I wish the children … (to spend more time reading). 10. I wish … (to have more spare time). 11. I wish … (to make a report in English). 12. I wish … (to give me this book for a while).
Упр. 109.Составьте предложения по предлагаемой модели, используя глагол в нужной форме сослагательного наклонения.
Модель: Write more clearly ... (to read). – Write more clearly so that I can (could) read your notes. – Write more clearly so that I may (might) read your notes.
1. Can you open the door ... (to take the chair out)? 2. Give me a few more details ... (to be prepared for the discussion). 3. Buy some vegetables on your way home ... (to have some salad for supper). 4. Will you get up earlier ... (to help me with my work about the house)? 5. I'll ring you up ... (to meet her at the airport together). 6. Send her an invitation … (to come to the conference). 7. He gave me money … (to buy a present). 8. The teacher gave the students books … (to prepare for the examination).
Упр. 110.Закончите предложения, используя нужные формы сослагательного наклонения в придаточном предложении.
1. It seems at times as if … (to be a stranger). 2. He looked at me as if … (to say something wrong). 3. He felt as if … (to work hard the whole day). 4. She spoke to me as if … (to be a child). 5. He looked as though … (not to sleep for a week). 6. I told a true story but it sounded as though … (to be a lie). 7. He remembered her as if … (to meet yesterday). 8. "Very well!" he said as if … (to want to start immediately). 9. Bob smiled as if … (to remember something funny). 10. It looked as if … (not to be interested in the discussion).
Упр. 111.Переведите предложения, обращая внимание формы сослагательного наклонения в различных типах предложений.
1. Many scientific problems might be solved with the help of mathematics. 2. It is essential that all friction possible be eliminated. 3. The body behaves as if it were given a supply of energy at the start. 4. Without the force of gravitation there would be no pressure in liquids. 5. The designers suggest that the plant should be built away from the city. 6. He spoke as if he were an expert in information technologies. 7. In order to maintain motion it is necessary that a force should be applied continually to the moving body. 8. Though the calculations might be very complex, the computer will do them in a few minutes. 9. It could be assumed that wear caused by intense local heating would be of a local character. 10. The gauge registers the pressure of the water as if it were acting directly downwards. 11. To meet all production requirements, it is necessary that there be great difference in types of gears. 12. In order that this method might be applied two conditions must be observed. 13. We suggested that his project be discussed in detail. 14. Parts rubbing on each other must be separated by a film of lubricant lest the surface should rapidly wear away. 15. In a brief speech it would be hard to enumerate all the major inventions. 16. The Earth behaves as though it were a huge magnet. 17. We suggested that the device be tested under different conditions. 18. Don't expose hydrogen peroxide to the air lest it should decompose. 19.I wish you explained to me the work of this computer. 20. In this case the crystal acts as if it were compressed by a very great pressure. 21. The laboratory was equipped with modern electronic instruments so that the researchers might carry out their investigations. 22. It is important that safety measures be taken while working with the electric equipment.
Условные предложения
В английском языке различаются три типа условных предложений: реальные условные предложения, в которых используются формы сослагательного наклонения, а также предложения маловероятного условия и нереальные условные предложения (см. табл. 21).
Таблица21
Типы условных предложений
| Условное придаточное предложение | Главное предложение | |
| Real Condition | Present Indefinite (Simple) If I have time, If the weather is good, If he meets her, | Future Indefinite I will go to the meeting. we will go out of town on Saturday. he will tell her the news. |
| Unreal Condition 1 (present and future) | Past Subjunctive (= Past Simple; were) If I had time, If the weather were good, If he met her, | should/would + Simple Infinitive I would go to the meeting. we would go out of town on Saturday. he would tell her the news. |
| Unreal Condition 2(past) | Perfect Subjunctive (= Past Perfect) If I had had time, If the weather had been good, If he had met her, | should/would + Perfect Infinitive I would have gone to the meeting. We would have gone out of town on Saturday. he would have told her the news. |
К первому (реальному) типу относятся предложения, в которых выражается простая зависимость одного действия от другого. Реальные условные предложения выражают выполнимое условие и могут относиться к настоящему, прошедшему или будущему. В предложениях, относящих действие к будущему, в придаточном предложении употребляется сказуемое в простом настоящем времени для выражения будущего действия: If I have time, I will go to the meeting‘Если у меня будет время, я пойду на собрание’; If the weather is good, we willgoout of town on Saturday ‘Если погода будет хорошей, мы поедем за город в субботу’; If he meets her, he willtell her the news ‘Если он встретится в ней, он сообщит ей новость’.
В условных предложениях второго и третьего типов отражается не только обусловленность одного действия другим, но при этом выражается сомнение в возможности выполнения условия. При переводе таких предложений на русский язык мы используем частицу бы.
Условные предложения второго типа (маловероятные) относят действие к настоящему или будущему времени. Условие в предложениях этого типа маловероятно, но возможность выполнения действия еще не утрачена. Сказуемое главного предложения выражается глаголом в аналитической форме сослагательного наклонения со вспомогательным глаголом should, would или модальным глаголом could или might и простым инфинитивом, а сказуемое придаточного предложения – глаголом в сослагательном наклонении, форма которого совпадает в простым прошедшим временем для всех глаголов, кроме глагола to be. Глагол to be употребляется в сослагательном наклонении в форме were для всех чисел и лиц: If I had time, I wouldgo to the meeting‘Если бы у меня было время, я бы пошел на собрание’; If the weather were good, we would go out of town on Saturday ‘Если бы погода была хорошей, мы бы поехали за город в субботу’; If he met her, he wouldtell her the news ‘Если бы он встретился в ней, он бы сообщил ей новость’.
Условные предложения третьего типа (нереальные) относят действие к прошедшему времени. Условие в предложениях этого типа невероятно, т. к. возможность выполнения действия уже полностью утрачена. Сказуемое главного предложения выражается глаголом в аналитической форме сослагательного наклонения со вспомогательным глаголом и перфектным инфинитивом, а сказуемое придаточного предложения – глаголом в сослагательном наклонении, форма которого совпадает с формой предпрошедшего времени (the Past Perfect) для всех глаголов: If I hadhad time, I wouldhavegone to the meeting‘Если бы у меня было время, я бы пошел на собрание (тогда)’; If the weather hadbeen good, we wouldhavegoneout of town on Saturday ‘Если бы погода была хорошей, мы бы поехали за город в (ту) субботу’; If he hadmet her, he wouldhavetold her the news ‘Если бы он встретился в ней, он бы сообщил ей новость (в прошлом)’.
Инверсия (т. е. обратный порядок слов, когда глагол ставится перед подлежащим) позволяет строить бессоюзные английские условные предложения, начинающиеся с глаголов had, were, could, should: Should he come, ask him to wait ‘Если он подойдет, попросите его подождать’. Такие конструкции более выразительны, и они характерны для письменной речи. При переводе на русский язык также возможна инверсия: Had I known about it then, I wouldn'thavedone it ‘Знай я об этом тогда, я бы этого не сделал’.
Помимо союзов if ‘если’ unless ‘если не’, provided ‘если, если только’, providing ‘если, при условии что’, in case ‘в случае если’ нереальное условие может быть выражено союзом but for ‘если бы не’: But for the rain we would go out of town ‘Если бы не дождь, мы бы поехали за город’.
Упражнения
Упр. 112.Переведите предложения, содержащие различные типы условных предложений.
1. If he had more spare time he would help us. 2. We shall do it, provided you support us. 3. Tom would travel if he had more money. 4. If it were not for the storm, we would arrive in time. 5. If only I could speak English! 6. Нad they warned us of the possible changes in advance, there would have been fewer problems. 7. Should you come, I would be very glad. 8. But for the rain they would have gone to the country yesterday. 9. Were I to pass the exam, everyone would be astonished. 10. If I were you I would ask her telephone number. 11. I would have spent less time on this work if I could type faster. 12. But for the fog we would have continued our way. 13. You might find him in the library if you went there now. 14. If we knew you were coming by the 3 o'clock train we would meet you. 15. Unless they offer a better salary I won't accept the job. 16. If I were you I would study Spanish. 17. The accident wouldn't have happened if the driver observed the traffic rules. 18. Had she all the necessary books at home, she wouldn't go to the library. 19. But for your help I should never have finished my work. 20. If there were some vegetables at home, I would make some salad. 21. Were she cleverer she wouldn't have said such a silly thing. 22. If it snowed the weather would get warmer. 23. Unless there were a mistake in his dictation, he would have got an excellent mark. 24. Were I rich, I might help them.
Упр. 113.Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужном времени согласно типу условных предложений.
1. If I (to see) the new textbook I (to buy) it (увижу). 2. I (to give) you the latest issue of Burda-Moden if you (to return) it in a week (дам). 3. If he (to want) he (to study) much better (если бы хотел). 4. They (to return) in May if they (to finish) their contract in time (вернулись бы, но не вернулись). 5. If he (to help) us tomorrow the situation won't be so hopeless. 6. If the weather (to permit) we (to be able) to get there on Sunday (если позволит). 7. He (to write) a good article if the editor (to give) him a good subject during their talk yesterday. 8. If he (to have) money yesterday we (to take) a taxi. 9. If we (to know) him better we (to invite) him to make a little talk last Monday. 10. You (to enjoy) much if you (to attend) the Pushkin readings last week. 11. If my friends (to come) on holiday last year I (to be glad).
Упр. 114.Вставьте вспомогательные глаголы will, would, won't, wouldn't.
1. What … you do if you won lots of money? 2. If the students were studying, … you disturb them? 3. If you make so much noise, I … be able to sleep. 4. They … have to hurry or they … miss the train. 5. They … have missed the last bus if they had hurried. 6. If I were you, I … buy a new bicycle. 7. If she had studied, she … have passed all her exams successfully. 8. If my train is late I … take a taxi. 9. He must build a strong boat, otherwise he … be able to sail round the world. 10. If you are a good girl, I … buy you some chocolate. 11. I … finish the work if you don't help me. 12. If only they … arrive on time. 13. You … understand anything unless you listen carefully. 14. If he hadn't cut his finger, it … not have hurt for weeks. 15. She … play tennis if it were not so hot. 16. If Chris knew Jane was having a birthday party, he … give her flowers.
Упр. 115.Вставьте вспомогательные глаголы would, have/has, had.
1. If she … not driven so fast, she … not … crashed her car. 2. I wish I … washed my clothes yesterday. 3. If he … finished his medical studies, he … be a doctor now. 4. If they … not been late, the teacher … not be angry with them. 5. I only wish I … just a little bit more money. 6. If he … failed his exams, he couldn't study at the university. 7. If he … not come by 6 o'clock, he won't come at all. 8. We … been here earlier if the train … been on time. 9. What … the kitchen look like if we painted it green? 10. If you … a video, you could record it yourself. 11. I wish I … an elephant and could travel through the jungle. 12. I wish they … stop making so much noise so that I could concentrate. 13. … we known your address, we … … written a letter to you. 14. If it … not been for your help, we … … got into real trouble. 15. If you … informed him in advance he … to come to the celebration.
Упр. 116.Перефразируйтепредложения, используя одну из предлагаемых моделей c сослагательным наклонением.
Модель: The weather is bad and we won't go to the country. – If it were not for the bad weather, we should go to the country. – But for the bad weather we should go to the country.
1. You helped me, I have finished my homework. 2. I had a headache and ate little at dinner, so I am hungry now. 3. The children wanted to go, so we all went to the circus. 4. He spoke slowly and I could understand your friend from Italy. 5. The young man helped, she found the way to the theatre easily. 6. The invitation was lost, we didn't come to party. 7. Because of his illness he couldn't go to the conference. 8. He couldn't buy the tickets and they didn't go to the cinema.
Упр. 117.Соедините правую и левую части, чтобы получить условные предложения (припишите к цифре соответствующую букву).
1. ___ If you eat more than you need, A) she wouldn't sing in the bath.
2. ___ If the dog keeps barking, B) what would you do?
3. ___ If I were you, C) he would never get this job.
4. ___ If he had driven carefully, D) the extra calories turn into fat.
5. ___ If you are not doing anything later, E) we will go to the theatre.
6. ___ Had the ice not melted, F) he might have avoided that
accident.
7. ___ Henry spoke to the dog as if G) the neighbours will complain.
8. ___ I wish H) we would have been here earlier.
9. ___ If it were not for your uncle, I) why don't you buy a computer?
10. ___ If I have time, J) it could understand him.
11. ___ If I met a fairy one day, K) I wouldn't buy these jeans.
12. ___ If I had known you were coming, L) we could go skating.
13. ___ If you were in my shoes, M) come and see us.
14. ___ But for the traffic jam N) I would make a wish.
15. ___ If you have enough money, О) I could have met you at the
station.
Упр. 118. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные типы условных предложений.
1. Were silver not so expensive it could be used as a conductor. 2. Were the values known, we could finish our experiment. 3. These two forces would not constitute a couple unless they were equal in amount and opposite in direction. 4.If you had modified the conditions at the very beginning, we would have obtained better results. 5. We could charge an object by induction provided we held a charged body near the body to be charged. 6. We should not be able to charge an object by induction unless we brought a charged body near it. 7. Were there no loss of energy by friction, the motion would continue indefinitely once it had been started. 8. We should not be able to demonstrate the flow of water in a pipe unless we installed a pump somewhere in the pipe-line. 9. Were it not for the high temperature on the Venus, it would be a comfortable planet to live on. 10. Were an Atlantic liner constructed of light weight alloys, it would require engines of much lesser horse power to maintain the same speed. 11. Were it not for such discoveries, we would make no progress in this field of technology. 12. If they had identified the substance at that time, they could have finished the experiment long ago. 13. If helium were obtained only from the air, it would be a rare gas. 14. Hadn't this been discovered, they would not have solved the problem. 15. In case we used this method of attacking the problem, we could have known reactions at the column base. 16. Unless the scientists had developed atomic clocks, we wouldn't have had so accurate standard of time. 17. We should make many articles of such valuable metal as iridium, if it were available in large quantities. 18. But for Newton's gravitational theory people would think of the world as two-dimensional. 19. Had the planes not been equipped with all the necessary instruments, it would have been difficult to maintain reliable two-way radio-communication. 20. Providing we had got all the necessary equipment, we would have completed the experiments last month. 21. In case you are interested in new irrigation methods, particular attention should be paid to the successful experiments made last year. 22. Providing this project were realized, the new train would run through huge tubes at twenty times the speed of sound by means of magnetic drive. 23. But for the high price it would be reasonable to use the system for many domestic purposes.