A list of contracted forms in English

Here is a list of some examples of contraction in English:

Full Forms	Contracted forms
I am	I'm
you / we / they are	you / we / they're
she / he is	she / he's
I am not	I'm not
you / we / they are not	you / we / they aren't
she / he is not	she / he isn't
I / you /we / they have	I / you /we / they've
she / he has	she / he's
they have	they've
I had	I'd
I would	I'd
I will	I'll
I do not	I don't
he does not	he doesn't
I did not	I didn't
I have not	I haven't
I had not	I hadn't
I cannot	I can't
I could not	I couldn't
I will not	I won't
I would not	I wouldn't
I should not	I shouldn't
I must not	I mustn't
There is	There's
where is	where's
who is	who's

Clipping

What is clipping?

Clipping refers to the reduction of a polysyllabic word by dropping a syllable or more from it.Clipping is also called truncation orshortening.

Examples:

· spec = speculation

· vet = veteran

Types of clipping

There are three types of clipping:

Back clipping

In this type the beginning is retained:

Examples:

· ad = advertisement

· cable = cablegram

· doc = doctor

· exam = examination

· fax = facsimile

· gas = gasoline

· gym = gymnastics, gymnasium

· memo = memorandum

· pub = public house

· pop = popular music

Fore-clipping

The final part is retained:

Examples:

· chute = parachute

· coon = raccoon

· gator = alligator

· phone = telephone

Middle clipping

The middle part is retained.

Example:

· flu = influenza

· fridge = refrigerator

Complex clipping

Clipping may also occur in compounds. In complex clipping, one part of the original compound most often remains intact. But sometimes both halves of a compound are clipped:

Examples:

· cablegram= cable telegram

· op art = optical art

· org-man= organization man

· linocut = linoleum cut

· navicert = navigation certificate

When both halves are clipped, as in navicert, it becomes confusing whether to consider the resultant formation as clippingor as blending.

Blending

What are blends?

A blend, in morphology, is a word formed from parts of two or more words. In this sense blending is a process, among other processes, of creating new words.

Examples:

• brunch = breakfast + lunch
• Breathalyzer = breath + analyzer
• camcorder = camera + recorder
• emoticon = emote + icon
• motel = motor car + hotel
• Globish = global + English
• sitcom = situation + comedy
• smog = smoke + fog
• Spork = spoon + fork
• workaholic = work + alcoholic

Demonstratives - This, that, these, those

What are demonstratives?

Demonstratives are words that show which person or thing is being referred to. In the sentence:

'This is my brother',

'this' is a demonstrative

The demonstratives in English are this, that, these, and those

Demonstrative pronouns vs demonstrative adjectives

A distinction must be made between demonstrativeadjectives(or demonstrativedeterminers) and demonstrative pronouns (orindependent demonstratives).

A demonstrative adjective modifies a noun:

Thisapple is good. I like those houses. (This modifies 'apple' and those modifies 'houses')

A demonstrative pronoun stands on its own, replacing rather than modifying a noun:

This is good. I like those. (This and those don't modify any nouns they stand alone and replace other nouns)

Use of demonstratives

Demonstratives differ according to:

• distance: near or far,
• or number: singular or plural.

Here are the main distinctions:

• This modifies or refers to singular nouns that are near to the speaker.
• That modifies or refers to singular nouns that are far from the speaker.
• These modifies or refers to plural nouns that are near to the speaker.
• Those modifies or refers to plural nouns that are far from the speaker.

Demonstratives	Singular	Plural	Near	Far
This		-		-
That		-	-
These	-			-
Those	-		-

Es or No Questions

Types of questions

There are two types of questions:

• Yes or no questions
• Wh questions

Yes-no questions

Yes or no questions are questions whose expected answer is either "yes" or "no".