Америка в мире: космополит, империя или нация?
Каким образом американцы определяют себя — от этого зависит их представление о роли Америки в мире; восприятие миром этой роли также формирует американскую идентичность. В новом столетии и в новых условиях у Америки имеются три возможности позиционирования себя на мировой арене. Американцы могут «открыться миру», то есть открыть свою страну для других народов и других культур; могут попытаться переделать этих людей и эти культуры под «американские ценности»; наконец, они могут поддерживать собственную уникальность и противопоставлять свою культуру прочим.
Первый — космополитический — подход подразумевает возрождение тенденций, существовавших в Америке до 11 сентября 2001 года. Америка приветствовала мир — его идеи, его товары и прежде всего его население. Космополитический идеал — открытое общество с «прозрачными» границами, поощряющее субнациональные, этнические, расовые и культурные идентичности, двойное гражданство и диаспоры, возглавляемое элитами, которые идентифицируют себя преимущественно с глобальными, мировыми институтами, нормами и правилами. Такая Америка будет мультинациональной, мультирасовой и мультикуль-
турной. Многообразие станет приоритетом. Чем больше людей привезет в Америку свои языки, религии и культуры, тем более американской будет Америка. Представители среднего класса все охотнее будут ориентироваться на транснациональные корпорации, на которые они работают, нежели на сообщества, в которых они живут, и на людей, которых недостаток «технологичного профессионализма» привязывает к этим сообществам по роду деятельности. Жизнь общества все в большей степени будет определяться не столько федеральными и местными законами, сколько правилами, устанавливаемыми международными институтами — такими, как Организация объединенных наций, Всемирная торговая организация, Международный суд, а также международным обычным правом и всевозможными международными договорами. Национальная идентичность утратит значимость в сравнении с другими идентичностями.
Космополитическая альтернатива открывает Америку миру, и мир пересоздает Америку. А в имперской альтернативе уже Америка пересоздает мир. «Холодная война» завершилась уничтожением коммунизма как глобального фактора, определявшего роль Америки на международной арене. Тем самым либералы получили возможность проводить внешнюю политику, не опасаясь обвинений в том, что эта политика подрывает национальную безопасность; целями новой политики стали укрепление нации, гуманитарные интервенции и «внешнеполитическая деятельность как социальная задача». Обретение Соединенными Штатами статуса единственной в мире сверхдержавы оказало благотворное воздействие и на американских консерваторов. Во время «холодной войны» враги Америки упрекали США в империалистических замашках. В начале нового тысячелетия американские
ства не-западных наций. Религиозность Америки заставляет американцев рассматривать мир как арену борьбы добра и зла. Представители других обществ нередко находят эту религиозность не просто экстраординарной, но и раздражающей, поскольку она проецирует религиозную этику на политическую, экономическую и социальную деятельность Соединенных Штатов.
В истории Запада религия и национализм изначально шли рука об руку. Как показал Адриан Гастингс, первая часто определяла содержание второго. «Всякий народ определяет себя через религию не в меньшей степени, чем через язык... В Европе христианство привело к возникновению национальных государств»601 . В конце двадцатого столетия национализм ничуть не утратил своей связи с религией. Наиболее религиозные страны, как правило, оказываются наиболее националистическими. В ходе сравнительного анализа сорока одной страны было установлено, что общества, население которых признает значимость религии в человеческой жизни, являются одновременно и теми, население которых в наибольшей степени гордится своей страной (см. рис. 5)602.
В пределах одной страны люди более религиозные чаще всего оказываются и более патриотичными. Анализ пятнадцати стран, преимущественно европейских, проведенный в 1983 году, показал, что «в каждой стране те, кто не признавал ценность религии, демонстрировали невысокий уровень уважения к собственной стране». В среднем количество таких людей в европейских странах не превысило 11 процентов от общей численности населения603. Европейцы в большинстве своем слаборелигиозны и слабопатриотичны. Америка, наряду с Польшей и Ирландией, занимает место во главе обоих списков. Для польской и ирландской
Рисунок 5. Соотношение национальной гордости и значимости религии
национальных идентичностей значим католицизм. Для американской национальной идентичности ключевым элементом является «инакомыслящий» протестантизм. Американцы привержены Богу и своей стране, для них Бог и страна неразделимы. В мире, в котором все лояльности, альянсы и антагонизмы на всех континентах определяются религией, не кажется удивительным, что американцы вновь обратились к вере в поисках национальной идентичности и национального единства.
Часть представителей американских элит достаточно благосклонно относится к превращению Америки в космополитическое общество; другая часть выступает за обретение Америкой статуса империи. Подавляющее же большинство американской публики привержено национально-патриотической альтернативе и сохранению и укреплению существовавшей на протяжении столетий американской идентичности.
Америка становится миром. Мир становится Америкой. Америка остается Америкой. Космополитическая? Имперская? Националистическая? Американцам предстоит сделать выбор, который определит и судьбу нации, и судьбу всего мира.
БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ
1 Luntz Research Co. survey of 1,000 adults, 3 October 2001, reported in USA Today, 19-21 October 2001, p. 1.
2 New York Times, 23 September 2001, p. B6.
3 Rachel Newman, "The Day the World Changed, I Did Too", Newsweek, 1 October 2001, p. 9.
4 Los Angeles Times, 16 February 1998, p. Bl, Cl; John J. Miller, "Becoming an American", New York Times, 26 May 1998, p. A27.
5 Joseph Tilden Rhea, Race Pride and the American Identity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 1-2, 8-9; Robert Frost, Selected Poem's of Robert Frost(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963), p. 297-301, 422; Maya Angelou, "On the Pulse of Morning", New York Times, 21 January 1993, p. A14.
6 Ward Connerly, "Back to Equality", Imprimis, 27 (February 1998), p. 3.
7 Correspondence supplied by Ralph Nader; Jeff Jacoby, "Patriotism and the CEOs", Boston Globe, 30July l998, p. Al5.
8 "Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism", in Nussbaum et al, For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), p. 4; Amy Gutmann, "Democratic Citizenship", in ibid., p. 68-69; Richard Sennett, "America Is Better off Without a 'National Identity,'" International Herald Tribune, 31 January 1994, p. 6.
9 Robert D. Kaplan, "Fort Leavenworth and the Eclipse of Nationhood", Atlantic Monthly, 278 (September 1996), p. 81; Bruce D. Porter, "Can
American Democracy Survive?" Commentary, 96 (November 1993), p. 37.
10 Mehran Kamrava, The Political History of Modern Iran: From Tribalism to Theocracy (London: Praeger, 1992), p. 1; James Barber, "South Africa: The Search for Identity", International Affairs, 70 (January 1994); Lowell Dittmer and Samuel S. Kim, China's Quest for National Identity (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Timothy Ka-Ying Wong and Milan Tung-Wen Sun, "Dissolution and Reconstruction of National Identity: The Experience of Subjectivity in Taiwan", Nations and Nationalism, 4 (April 1998); Gilbert Rozman, "A Regional Approach to Northeast Asia", Orbis, 39 (Winter 1995); Robert D. Kaplan, "Syria: Identity Crisis", Atlantic Monthly, 271 (February 1993);New York Times, 10 September 2000, p. 2, 25 April 2000, p. A3; Conrad Black, "Canada's Continuing Identity Crisis", Foreign Affairs, 74 (March/April 1995), p. 95-115; "Algeria's Destructive Identity Crisis", Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 31 January — 6 February 1994, p. 19; Boston Globe, 10 April 1991, p. 9; Anthony DePalma, "Reform in Mexico: Now You See It", New York Times, 12 September 1993, p. 4E; Bernard Lewis, The Multiple Identities of the Middle East (New York: Schocken, 1998).
11 Gilles Kepel, Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World (University Park,: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994). See also Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Peter L. Berger, ed.,The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1999); David Westerlund, ed., Questioning the Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics (London: Hurst, 1996).
12 Ivor Jennings, The Approach to Self-Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), p. 56, quoted in Dankwart A. Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model", Comparative Politics, 2 (April 1970), p. 351.
13 Charles Tilly, "Reflections on the History of European State-Making", in Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 42.
14 Peter Wallensteen and Margareta Sollenberg, "Armed Conflict, 1989-1999", Journal of Peace Research, 39 (September 2000), p. 638.
15 Bill Clinton, quoted in The Tennessean, 15 June 1997, p. 10.
16 Karmela Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes: A Social Psychological Study: Maintenance and Reconstruction of Ethnolinquistic Identity in Multiple Group Allegiance (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarium Fennica, 1984), p. 42; Erik H. Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis (New York: Norton, 1968), p. 9 and quoted by Leon Wieseltier, "Against Identity", New Republic, 28 November 1994, p. 24; Wieseltier, Against Identity (New York: W. Drenttel, 1996), and Kaddish (New York: Knopf, 1998).
17 Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein, "Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security", in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 59.
18 K. Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes, p. 51, citing Henri Tajfel, "Interindividual behaviour and intergroup behaviour" in Tajfel, H., ed., "Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations", European Monographs in Social Psychology, no. 14 , (London: Academic Press, 1978), p. 27-60.
19 Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationatism (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1987), p. 115.
20 Ibid; Jonathan Mercer, "Anarchy and Identity", International Organization, 49 (Spring 1995), p. 250.
21 Josef Goebbels, quoted in Jonathan Mercer, "Approaching Hate: The Cognitive Foundations of Discrimination", CISAC (Stanford University, January 1994),
p. 1; Andre Malraux, Man's Fate (New York: Random House, 1969), p. 3 cited by Robert D. Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy", Atlantic Monthly, 273 (February 1994), p. 72; Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, "Why War?", in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1964), p. 199-215.
22 Vamik D. Volkan, "The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach", Political Psychology, 6 (June 1985) p. 219, 243, 247; Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: From Clinical Practice to International Relationships (Northvale, N.J. : J. Aronson, 1994), p. 35; Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man(New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 162-177.
23 Mercer, "Anarchy and Identity", p. 242; Volkan, "The Need to Have Enemies and Allies" p. 231; Dennis Wrong, The Problem of Order: What Unites and Divides Society(New York: Free Press, 1994), p. 203-4; Economist, 7 July 1990, p. 29. The form this discrimination takes may, however, be shaped by culture. Mercer, "Approaching Hate", p. 4-6, 8, 11 citing Margaret Wetherell, "Cross-Cultural Studies of Minimal Groups: Implications for the Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Relations", in Henri Tajfel, ed.,Social Identity and Intergroup Relations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 220-21; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, (New York: Basic Books, 1984), p. 110-12, and Michael A. Hogg and Dominic Abrams, Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes (New York: Routledge, 1988, p. 49.
24 Volkan, "The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach", p. 243-44.
25 Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationalism, p. 119. See also Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies, p. 88, 94-95, 103.
26 Michael Howard, "War and the Nation-State", Daedalus, 108 (Fall 1979), p. 102.
27 R. R. Palmer, "Frederick the Great, Guibert, Bulow: From Dynastic to National War", in Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 18.
28 Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 5.
29 Относительно этого разграничения см. William В. Cohen, "Nationalism in Europe", in John Bodnar, Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 323-38; Thomas M. Franck, "Tribe, Nation, World: Self-Identification in the Evolving International System", Ethics and International Affairs 11 (1997), p. 151-69; Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (London: Penguin, 1991), p. 11-14, 79ff; Hans Kohn, Nationalism, Its Meaning and History (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1965); Alan Patten, "The Autonomy Argument for Liberal Nationalism", Nations and Nationalism, 5 (January 1999), p. 1 ff; Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), Introduction; Тот Nairn, "Breakwaters of 2000: From Ethnic to Civic Nationalism", New Left Review,214 (November/December 1995) p.91-103; Bernard Yack, "The Myth of the Civil Nation", Critical Review, 10 (Spring 1996), p. 193ff.; Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies, p. 85, где суммированы данные в подтверждение точки зрения Оруэлла на национализм как на «вывернутый наизнанку патриотизм».
Полевые исследования 2003 г. предоставили многочисленные данные, подтверждающие, что национальная гордость существует в двух формах: «патриотизма», определяемого в гражданских терминах как «самоотносимая» и безоговорочная любовь к своей стране, и «национализма», определяемого как «безусловно сравнительный — и преимущественно высокомерно-сравнительный». Rui J. P. Figuiredo, Jr., and Zachary Elkins, "Are Patriots Bigots? An Inquiry Into the Vices of In-Group Pride", American Journal of Political Science, 47 (January 2003), p. 171-188. Однако это исследование не представило свидетельств относительно того, какие ощущения испытывают патриоты, сравнивая (а они не могут не сравнивать) собственную страну с другими странами. Кроме того, данное исследование упустило из вида то обстоятельство, что в глобализованном мире взаимодействия между отдельными странами и, как следствие, сопоставления этих стран становятся все более час-
тыми и неизбежными. В ежегодных статистических отчетах страны мира выстраиваются по рейтингу внутренней свободы, свободы прессы, коррупции, эффективности производства, степени глобализации, качества образования и по многим другим показателям. Сколь высока будет национальная гордость «патриота», если его страна в этих рейтингах окажется в конце списка?
30 Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1924), p. 94.
31 Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper, 1962), vol. 1, p. 3; Stanley Hoffmann, "More Perfect Union: Nation and Nationalism in America", Harvard International Review (Winter 1997/1998), p. 72.
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt, quoted in John F. Kennedy, A Nation of Immigrants (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), p. 3; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in a Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1992), p. 88; Oscar Handlin, The Uprooted (Boston, Little Brown, 2nd. ed. 1973), p. 3.
33 Wilbur Zelinsky, The Cultural Geography of the United States (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1992), p. 23-4.
34 John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975), p. 6.
35 Herman Merivale, Lectures on Colonization and Colonies Delivered Before the University of Oxford in 1839, 1840, & 1841 (London: Oxford University Press, 1928); Albert Galloway Keller, Colonization: A Study of the Founding of New Societies (Boston: Ginn, 1908).
36 John Porter, The Vertical Mosaic: An Analysis of Social Class and Power in Canada Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1965), p. 60, quoted in Jack P. Green and J.R. Pole, eds., Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), p. 205; Zelinsky, The Cultural Geography of the United States, p. 13-14; Michael Lind, Vietnam: The Necessary War (New York: Free Press, 1999), p. 122-23.
37 Ronald Syme, Colonial Elites: Rome, Spain and the Americas (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), p. 18; Alexis de Tocqueville, letter to Abbe Leseur, 7 September 1831, quoted in George W. Pierson, Tocqueville and Beaumont in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1938) p. 314.
38 David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 6-7; J. Rogers Hollingsworth, "The United States", in Raymond Grew, ed., Crises of Political Development in Europe and the United States (Princeton University Press,
1978), p. 163.
39 Louis Hartz, The Founding of New Societies (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1964). Относительно критики взглядов Харца на распространение американских ценностей и стабильность американского общества см. John Gerring, "The Perils of Particularism: Political History After Hartz", Journal of Policy History, 11 (1999), p. 313-22; Leo P. Ribuffo, "What Is Still Living in 'Consensus' History and Pluralist Social Theory", American Studies International, 38 (February 2000), p. 42-60.
40 George Peabody Gooch, English Democratic Ideas in the Seventeenth Century (New York: Harper, 1959), p. 71.
41 Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (New York: Henry Holt, 1920), p. 1.
42 Peter D. Salins, Assimilation, American Style (New York: Basic Books, 1997), p. 23; U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 2000 Statistical Yearbook of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, p. 18.
43 Richard T. Gill, Nathan Glazer, and Stephen A. Thernstrom, Our Changing Population (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1992); Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: Harper Collins, 1997), p. 283; Jim Potter, "Demographic Development and Family Structure", in Jack P. Greene and J. R. Pole, eds., Colonial British America: Essays in the New History of the Early Modern Era (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), p. 149; Congressman Glover quoted in D. W. Meinig,The Shaping of America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 2, p. 222.
44 Campbell Gibson, "The Contribution of Immigration to the Growth and Ethnic Diversity of the American Population", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,136 (June 1992), p. 166.
45 Richard Hofstadter, quoted in Hans Kohn, American Nationalism: An Interpretive Essay (New York: Macmillan, 1957), p. 13; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 24, 23.
46 Benjamin Franklin quoted in Kohn, American Nationalism, p. 7.
47 Jürgen Heideking, "The Image of an English Enemy During the American Revolution", in Ragnhild Fiebig-von Hase and Ursula Lehmkuhl, eds., Enemy Images in American History (Providence, R.I.: Berghahn Books, 1997), p. 104, 95.
48 John M. Owen IV, Liberal Peace, Liberal War: American Politiucs and International Security (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997), p. 130 and passim.
49 Rogers M. Smith, "The 'American Creed' and American Identity: The Limits of Liberal Citizenship in the United States", Western Political Quarterly 41(June 1988), p. 226; Michael Lind, The Next American Nation: The New Nationalism and the Fourth American Revolution (New York: Free Press, 1995), p. 46.
50 Herbert C. Kelman, "The Role of Social Identity in Conflict Resolution: Experiences from Israeli-Palestinian Problem-Solving Workshops", paper presented at the Third Biennial Rutgers Symposium on Self and Social Identity: Social Identity, Intergroup Conflict, and Conflict Resolution (April 1999), p. 1.
51 George W. Pierson, The Moving American (New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 5; Jason Schacter, "Geographical Mobility: Population Characteristics", Current Population Reports (U. S. Census Bureau, p. 20-538, 2001), p. 1.; Stephen Vincent Benйt, Western Star (New York: Farrar and Rinehart, 1943), p.3.
52 Alexander Mackey quoted in John Higham, "Hanging Together: Divergent Unities in American History", The Journal of American History, 61 (June 1974), p. 17; Gabriel
A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Boston: Little,
Brown, 1965), p. 64.
53 Frederick Jackson Turner, Frontier and Section: Selected Essays (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961), p. 37; Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America, 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 290, n. 3; Lord Dunmore quoted in Pierson,Moving America, p. 51. See generally Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and Myth (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978).
54 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America (New York: Norton, rev. ed., 1998), p. 18.
55 Russell Bourne, The Red King's Rebellion: Racial Politics in New England, 1675-1678 (New York: Atheneum, 1990), p. 23-26; James D. Drake, King Philip's War: Civil War in New England, 1675-1676 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1999), p. 36-37.
56 Alan Taylor, "In a Strange Way", New Republic, 13 April 1998, p. 39-40; Jill Lepore, The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity (New York: Knopf, 1998), p. 240; Eric B. Schultz and Michael J. Tougias, King Philip's War: The History and Legacy of America's Forgotten Conflict (Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press, 1999), p. 4-5.
57 Richard Slotkin, Regeneration Through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier, 1600-1860 (Middletown, СТ: Wesleyan University Press, 1973), p. 79; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 1, p. 352. За этими словами Токвилля следует неожиданно эмоциональное и живописное описание выселения племени чокто, которое автор наблюдал в Мемфисе в 1831 году.
58 James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978), p. 288-300; Peter H. Schuck and Rogers M. Smith, Citizenship Without Consent: Illegal Aliens in the American Polity (New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1985), p. 63ff; Chief Justice John Marshall, The Cherokee Nation vs. The State of Georgia, 30 U.S. 1 (1831).
59 Edmund Randolph, History of Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1970), p. 253; Thomas Jefferson, "The Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson", in Adrienne Koch and William Peden, eds., The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Modern Library, 1944) p. 51; John Patrick Doggins, On Hallowed Ground: Abraham Lincoln and the Foundations of American History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 175-76.
60 Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 134.
61 Lind, Next American Nation, p. 43, 68; Smith, "The American Creed' and American Identity", p. 233, 235; Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny; Hazel M. McFerson,The Racial Dimension of American Overseas Colonial Policy (Westport, СТ: Greenwood Press, 1997).
62 David Heer, Immigration in America's Future: Social Science Findings and the Policy Debate (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), p. 37.
63 Justice Stephen J. Field, Chae Chang Ping v United States, 130 U. S. 581 (1889); Smith, "'American Creed' and American Identity", p. 244.
64 Philip Gleason, "American Identity and Americanization", in Stephan Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 46.
65 Immigration Restriction League, quoted in Madlwyn Allen Jones, American Immigration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1992), p. 222.
66 William S. Bernard, "Immigration: History of U.S. Policy", in Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, p. 493.
67 Gleason, "American Identity and Americanization", p. 47.
68 Alden T. Vaughan, "Seventeenth Century Origins of American Culture", in Stanley Coben and Lorman Ratner, eds., The Development of an American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2nd ed., 1983), p. 30-2; Arthur M.
Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America (New York: Norton, rev. ed., 1998), p. 34.
69 James A. Morone, "The Struggle for American Culture", PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (September 1996), p. 428-429; John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975), p. 180.
70 Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), p. 93ff.
71 Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991), p. 150; Michael Novak, Further Reflections on Ethnicity (Middletown, PA: Jednota Press, 1977), p. 26; Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 14; who levels the same charge against Canada and Australia; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 93, quoted from Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York: Morrow, 1967), p. 256.
72 Benjamin С Schwarz, "The Diversity Myth", Atlantic Monthly, 275 (May 1995), p. 57-67.
73 Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 187, and Chapter 8 generally; Samuel P. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 154; Philip Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), p. 72.
74 Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1955); William Lee Miller, "Religion and Political Attitudes", in James Ward Smith and A. Leland Jamison, eds., Religious Perspectives in American Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 85; Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony, p. 154.
75 Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 38-66.
76 Sacvan Bercovitch, The Puritan Origins of the American Self (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), p. 144ff; Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood, p. 74-5; Morone, "The Struggle for American Culture", p. 426.
77 Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Chicago: Regnery, 1955), p. 125-126 and "Speech on Moving Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies", in Ross J. S. Hoffman and Paul Levack, eds., Burke's Politics (New York: Knopf, 1949), p. 69-71.
78 Morone, "The Struggle for American Culture", p. 429; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 2, p. 32; Huntington, American Politics p. 153; James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (London: Macmillan, 1891), 2, p. 599.
79 David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 787; Kevin P. Phillips, The Cousins' Wars: Religion, Politics, and the Triumph of Anglo-America (New York: Basic Books, 1999), p. xv and passim.
80 John C. Green et al, Religion and the Culture Wars: Dispatches from the Front (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996), p. 243-44.
81 George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 6; Garry Wills, Under God: Religion and American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), p. 19.
82 Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), p. 4; William McLoughlin, ed. The American Evangelicals, 1800-1900; An Anthology (New York: Harper & Row 1968), p. 26, quoted in Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 46.
83 George Gallup, Jr., and Jim Castelli, The People's Religion: American Faith in the 90"s (New York: Macmillan, 1989), p. 93. For other estimates, see Cullen Murphy, "Protestantism and the Evangelicals", The Wilson Quarterly, (Autumn 1981), p. 107ff; Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925, p. 228; Boston Sunday Globe, 20 February 2000, p. Al.
84 Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1954), vol. I, p. 409; Bryce, American Commonwealth, Vol. 2, p. 417-418; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York: Harper, 1944); Vol. 1, p. 495, Daniel Bell, "The End of American Exceptionalism", in Nathan Glazer and Irving Kristol, eds., The American Commonwealth 1976 (New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 209; Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996), p. 63-4.
85 Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Norton, 1973), p. 103.
86 William Lee Miller; John Higham, "Hanging Together: Divergent Unities in American History", Journal of American History, 61 (June 1974), p. 15; Jeff Spinner, The Boundaries of Citizenship (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 79-80.
87 Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 63-4.
88 Francis J. Grund, The Americans in Their Moral, Social and Political Relations (New York: Johnson Reprint, 1968), p. 355-56.
89 Geert Hofstede, Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980), p. 222; Henry van Loon, "How Cadets Stack Up", Armed Forces Journal International (March 1997), p. 18-20; Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 218; Charles Hampden-Turner and Alfons Trompenaars, The Seven Cultures of Capitalism (New York: Doubleday, 1993), p. 48, 57. See also Harry С Triandis, "Cross-Cultural Studies of Individualism and Collectivism", Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1989 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), vol. 37, p. 41-133.
90 Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 76; John G. Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), p. 39ff; Bill Clinton, remarks to Democratic Leadership Council, 1993 quoted in Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream, p. 18.
91 Judith N. Shklar, American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 1-3, 67, 72-5.
92 Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character p. 29; Michael Chevalier, Society, Manners and Politics in the United States; Letters on North America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1967), p. 267-68.
93 Roger M. Smith, "The 'American Creed' and American Identity: The Limits of Liberal Citizenship in the United States", Western Political Quarterly, 41 (June 1988),p.239, citing Eric Foner, Free soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970); Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man, esp. p. 39ff.
94 Cindy S. Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 236; International Labor Organization Study September 1999, cited in The Daily Yomiuri, 7 September 1999, p. 12; Prospect, No. 49 (February 2000), p. 7, citing Boston Review, December 1999-January 2000.
95 Daniel Yankelovich, "What's Wrong— And What's Right — With U.S. Workforce Performance", The Public Perspective, 3 (May/June 1992), p. 12-14; "American Enterprise Public Opinion and Demographic Report"; Jack Citrin, et al, "Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy", International Studies Quarterly,38 (March 1994), p. 13.
96 New York Times, 9 May 1999, p. WK5; Shklar, American Citizenship, p. 98.
97 Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character, p. 29; Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream pp. 228-29; New York Times, 11 February 1999, p. Al.
98 Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 179; Wills, Under God, p. 25.
99 Alan Heimert, Religion and the American Mind, From the Great Awakening to the Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966), p. 14, 19; Ruth H. Bloch,Visionary Republic: Millenial Themes in American Thought, 1756— 1800 (Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. xiv.
100 John Adams, letter to Hezekiah Niles, 13 February 1818, in Adrienne Koch and William Peden, eds., The Selected
Writings of John and John Quincy Adams (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1946), p. 203.
101 Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 44-45.
102 William W. Sweet, Revivalism in America: Its Origin, Growth, and Decline (New York: Scribners, 1944),p. 159-61.
103 Alan P. Grimes, The Puritan Ethic and Woman Suffrage (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), p. 102.
104 Sidney Ahlstrom, "National Taruma and the Changing Religious Values", Daedalus, 107 (Winter 1978), p. 19-20.
105 Al Haber, quoted in Edward J. Bacciocco, Jr., The New Left in America (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1974), p. 228-29.
106 Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World Since 1776 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997); and for a somewhat different view, James Kurth, "The Protestant Reformation and American Foreign Policy", Orbis, (Spring 1998), p. 221-39.
107 Newsweek, 8 July 2002, p. 23-25; New York Times, 27 June 2002, p. Al, A21.
108 New York Times, 27 June 2002, p. A21, 1 July 2002, p. A8, 1 March 2003, p. A2.
109 New York Times, 29 Nov 1999, p. A14.
110 Gaines M. Foster, "A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant", in John Bodnar, ed. Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 121-22; Nathan O. Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty: Republican Thought and the Millennium in Revolutionary New England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 22; Robert Middlekauff, "The Ritualization of the American Revolution", in Stanley Cohen and Lormon Ratner, eds., The Development of an American Culture (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2nd ed., 1983), p. 50-53; Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), p. 75; Michael Novak, God's Country: Taking the Declaration Seriously (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1999 Francis Boyer Lecture, 2000), p. 12-17.
111 Quotations from Walter A. McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State: The American Encounter with the World
Since 1776 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997), p. 38; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1992), p. 180-82; Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 214; Novak,God's Country, p. 25-26; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 1, p. 316.
112 Sidney E. Mead, The Nation With the Soul of a Church (New York : Harper & Row, 1975), p. 78ff.
113 Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, p. 268.
114 Roger Finke and Rodney Stark, The Churching of America: 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1992), p. 16-21 and passim.
115 Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1, p. 45, 316, 319; Philip Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961) p. 14,75-76.
116 James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (London: Macmillan, 1891), vol. 2, p. 278, 577, 583; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper, 1962), vol. 1, p. 11; Paul Johnson, "Writing A History of the American People" (lecture, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C., 13 March 1998), p. 6; Paul Johnson, "The Almost-Chosen People", The Wilson Quarterly, 9 (Winter 1985), p. 85-86.
117 Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 9-12 December 1999, 17-19 February 2003,9-10 December 2002, 2-4 September 2002; Quinnipiac University Poll, 4-9 June 2003;General Social Survey 2002, 6 February-26 June 2002, National Opinion Research Center, Q0118; The National Election Studies (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Center of Political Studies, 1995-2000), V850; Jack Citrin, Ernst B. Haas, Christopher Muste, and Beth Reingold, "Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy", International Studies Quarterly, 38 (March 1994), p. 13, citing 1992 National Election Study.
118 Quinnipiac University Poll,4-9 June 2003; Gallup Poll, 17-19 February 2003, 18-20 March 2002, 22-24 July 2002, 17-29 June 2002; Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 17-19 February 2003, 9-10 December 2002, 3-6 October 2002, 2-4 September 2002,28-30 June 2002,21 -23 June 2002; CBS News Poll, 28 April-1 May 2003; Time/CNN/Harris Interactive Poll, 27 March 2003; Investor's Business Daily/ Christian Science Monitor Poll, 3-8 September 2002; Boston Globe, 16 January 1999, p. A3 citing C. Kirk Hadaway and Penny Long Marler, "Did You Really Go to Church this Week? Behind the Poll Data", Christian Century, 6 May 1998, p. 472-5, and Andrew Walsh, Religion in the News, Fall 1998; Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword, p. 278; Wall Street Journal, 9 November 1990, p. A8; Economist, 29 May 1999, p. 29.
119 Krister Stendhal quoted in William G. McLoughlin and Robert N. Bellah, Religion in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), p. xv; The Gallup Organization, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1999 (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 2000), p. 50-56.
120 Kenneth D. Wald, Religion and Politics in the United States (New York: St. Martin's, 1987).
121 George Bishop, "What Americans Really Believe", Free Inquiry, 9 (Summer 1999), p. 38-42.
122 Ronald Inglehart, Miguel Basanez, and Alejandro Moreno, Human Values and Beliefs: A Cross-Cultural Sourcebook: Political, Religious, Sexual, and Economic Norms in 43 Societies: Findings from the 1990-1993 World Values Survey (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), p. V9, V20, V38, V143, V146, V147, V151, V166.V176.
123 Smith, Civic Ideals, p. 55-56, 56-57; Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, p. 66-69; Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 5-6, 11-54.
124 Smith, Civic Ideals, p. 57; Ernest Lee Tuveson, Redeemer Nation: The Idea of America's Millennial Role (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968), chapter 5; Ruth H. Bloch, Visionary Republic: Millennial Themes in
American Thought, 1756-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 12; Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty, p. 36-44; Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, p. 114.
125 Hatch, The Sacred Cause of Liberty, p. 75-76, 131; Cushing Strout, The New Heavens and New Earth: Political Religion in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 71; Phillips, The Cousins' Wars, p. 91-100; McDougall, Promised Land, Crusader State, p. 18; Garry Wills, Under God: Religion and American Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 360-362; Bloch, Visionary Republic, p. 58-59.
126 Ray Allen Billington, The Protestant Crusade, 1800-1860 (New York: Macmillan, 1938), p. 3-21; Theodore Maynard, The Story of American Catholicism (New York: Macmillan, 1941), p. 115.
127 Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology (Garden City: Doubleday, 1955), p. 151-52,186-87; Schaff, America, p. 73. О влиянии смешанных браков на католическую общину, включая семью епископа Джона Кэрролла, см. Joseph Agonito, The Building of an American Catholic Church: The Episcopacy of John Carroll (New York: Garland, 1988), p. 171-77.
128 Heer, Immigration in America's Future, p. 35-37, 85-86; Billington, Protestant Crusade, chapters 15-16; Perry Miller, The Life of the Mind in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1965), p. 56.
129 Ivan Musicant, Empire by Default: The Spanish-American War and the Dawn of the American Century (New York: Holt, 1998), p. 17; Philip Gleason, "American Identity and Americanization", in Stephen Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 31-38.
130 Цитируется в Johnson, "The Almost-Chosen People", p. 88.
131 Edward Wakin and Joseph F. Scheuer, The De-Romanization of the American Catholic Church (New York: Macmillan, 1966), p. 15-16 and passim; Maynard, The Story of American Catholicism, p. 502; Dorothy Dohen,
Nationalism and American Catholicism (New York: Sheed &Ward, 1967), p. 71.
132 Peter Steinfels, New York Times Book Review, 17 August 1997, p. 20.
133 Ronald Inglehart and Marita Carballo, "Does Latin America Exist? (And is There a Confucian Culture?): A Global Analysis of Cross-Cultural Differences", PS: Political Science & Politics, 30 (March 1997), p. 44; Ronald Inglehart, "The Clash of Civilizations? Empirical Evidence from 61 Societies" (Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, 23-25 April 1998), p. 9-10.
134 Dohen, Nationalism and American Catholicism, p. 171; Schaff, America, p. 72-73; Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew, p. 100, 152-154; Dohen, Nationalism and American Catholicism, p. 171.
135 John Ireland, The Church and Modern Society: Lectures and Addresses (St. Paul: Pioneer Press, 1905), p. 58, quoted in Dohen, Nationalism and American Catholicism, p. 109 and 165.
136 Kwam Anthony Appiah, "The Multiculturist Misunderstanding", New York Review of Books, 9 October 1997, p. 31.
137 Tocqueville, Democracy in America, 1, p. 314-15; Bryce, The American Commonwealth, vol. 2, p. 576-77.
138 The People v. Ruggles, 8 Johns. 295 (1811); Wills, Under God, p. 424; David J. Brewer, The United States: A Christian Nation (Philadelphia: John C. Winston, 1905); Justice Sutherland, U.S. v. Macintosh, 283 U.S. 605 (1931), 633-34; Justice David J. Brewer, Church of the Holy Trinity v. U.S., 143 US 457 (1892), 465, 471; Justice William O. Douglas, Zorach v. Clauson, 343 U.S. 306 (1952), 312; Foster, "A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant", p. 122, 134-135; Thomas C. Reeves, "The Collapse of the Mainline Churches", in Robert Royal ed., Reinventing the American People: Unity and Diversity Today (Washington, D.C.: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1995), p. 204-205.
139 Quoted in Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture, p. 12.
140 Russell Shorto, "Belief by the Numbers", New York Time Magazine, 7 December 1997, p. 60; Barna Research Group results in The American Enterprise, 6 (November/ December 1995), p. 12, 19; CUNY survey, New York Times, 10 April 1991, p. A1; National Election Studies.
141 Diana Eck, "Neighboring Faiths: How Will Americans Cope with Increasing Religious Diversity?" Harvard Magazine (September/October 1996), p. 40; New York Times, 29 January 2000, p. A11.
142 Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 114-115, 223; Jeff Spinner, The Boundaries of Citizenship: Race, Ethnicity, and Nationality in the Liberal State (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 174-75.
143 New York Times, 10 April 1991, p. A1, A16, 24 April 2000, p. A11; New York Times Magazine, 7 December 1997, p. 60; Philip Jenkins, The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 102-05.
144 Trollope quoted in Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Norton, 1979), p. 156; Eisenhower quoted in Johnson, "Almost Chosen People", p. 87, citing Christian Century magazine interview.
145 Irving Kristol, "On the Political Stupidity of the Jews", Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation (Autumn 5760/1999), p. 60, cited by The Wilson Quarterly, 24 (Winter 2000), p. 87.
146 Karl Zinsmeister, "Indicators", American Enterprise, 9 (November/December 1998), p. 19ff.; George Gallup, Jr., and Jim Castelli, The People's Religion: American Faith in the 90"s (New York: Macmillan, 1989), p. 18,91.
147 Wills, Under God, p. 388, n28; Andrew M. Greeley, Religious Change in America, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), p. 8, 44-50, 115-116; Gallup and Castelli, The People's Religion, p. 36.
148 Gallup and Castelli, The People's Religion, p. 6,11 -13, 30, 31, 36; Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll, 9-10 December 2002, 2-4 September 2002; Andrew M. Greeley, "American
Exceptionalism: The Religious Phenomenon", in Byron E. Shafer, ed., Is America Different?: A New Look at American Exceptionalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 99.
149 Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith, p. 238, 268-70; Finke and Stark, The Churching of America, p. 15-16.
l50 Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 2, p. 6; Robert N. Bellah, Varieties of Civil Religion (San Francisco: Harper &Row, 1980), p. 17.
151 Justice Douglas, Zorach v. Clawson, 343 U. S. 306 (1952), 313; President Eisenhower, quoted in Mead, The Nation with the Soul of a Church, p. 25.
152 Conrad Cherry, "Two American Sacred Ceremonies: Their Implications fore the Study of Religion in America", American Quarterly, 21 (Winter 1969), p. 748.
153 W. Lloyd Warner, "An American Sacred Ceremony", in Russell E. Richey and Donald G. Jones, eds., American Civil Religion (New York: Harper & Row, 1974), p. 89-113.
154 Peter Steinfels, "Beliefs: God at the Inauguration: An Encounter That Defies American Notions About Church and State", New York Times, 23 January 1993, p. 7.
155 D. W. Brogan, The American Character (New York: Vintage, 1959), p. 164.
156 Bellah, Varieties of Civil Religion, p. 11-13; Cherry, "Two American Sacred Ceremonies", p. 749-50.
157 Isaiah Berlin, "Nationalism: Past Neglect and Present Power", Partisan Review, 46 (No. 3,1979), p. 348, quoted in John Mack, "Nationalism and the Self", The Psychohistory Review, 2 (Spring 1983), p. 47-48; Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991), p. 143; Wilbur Zelinsky, Nation into State: The Shifting Symbolic Foundations of American Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 1988), p. 1.
158 Benjamin Franklin quoted in Max Savelle, "Nationalism and Other Loyalties in the American Revolution", American Historical Review, 67 (July 1962), p. 903.
159 S. M. Grant, "'The Charter of Its Birthright': The Civil War and American Nationalism", Nations and Nationalism, 4 (April 1998), p. 163.
160 Richard L. Merritt, Symbols of American Community, 1735-1775 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p. 174, 180.
161 John M. Murrin, "A Roof Without Walls: The Dilemma of American National Identity", in Richard Beeman, Stephen Botein, and Edward С Carter II, eds., Beyond Confederation: Origins of the Constitution and American National Identity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), p. 339; Merritt, Symbols of American Community, p. 58.
162 Albert Harkness, Jr., "Americanism and Jenkins' Ear", Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 37, (June 1950), p. 88; E. McClung Fleming, "Symbols of the United States: From Indian Queen to Uncle Sam", in Ray B. Browne, Richard H. Crowder, Virgil L. Lokke, and William T. Stafford, eds., Frontiers of American Culture (Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Studies, 1968), p. 4.
163 Merritt, Symbols of American Community p. 56, 125, 144, Table 8-2.
164 Fisher Ames quoted in Daniel J. Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (New York: Random House, 1966), p. 403,416; Elbridge Gerry quoted in Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787: Proceedings, vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), p. 552; Anders Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansion and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill & Wang, 1995), p. 30; Henry Steele Commager, Jefferson, Nationalism, and the Enlightenment (New York: George Braziller, 1975), p. 162; John Marshall quoted in Paul Johnson, A History of the American People (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 423; John Calhoun, Letter to Oliver Dyer, 1 January 1849; John Bodnar, Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 21ff; Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 218.
165 Commager, Jefferson, Nationalism, and the Enlightenment, p. 159.
166 Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Norton, 1979), p. 18ff.
167 Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 218.
168 Boorstin, The Americans, p. 362-65.
169 Ibid., p. 370, 373, 367.
170 Bodnar, Remaking America, p. 21, 26; Stuart McConnell, "Reading the Flag: A Reconsideration of the Patriotic Cults of the 1890's", in John Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 107; Lyn Spillman, Nation and Commemoration: Creating National Identities in the United States and Australia (New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1997), p. 24; Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 218-19.
171 Abraham Lincoln, "The Perpetuation of our Political Institutions", speech, 27 January 1837, Springfield, IL, in The Speeches of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Chesterfield Society, 1908), p. 9-10.
172 Merle Curti, The Roots of American Loyalty (New York: Columbia University Press, 1946), p. 169-170.
173 Boorstin, The Americans p. 402; Gaines M. Foster, "A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant", in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 123; Spillman, Nation and Commemoration,
p. 24-25.
174 Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), p. 39; Willard Saulsbury quoted in Keller, Affairs of State, p. 69.
175 John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860-1925 (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988), p. 344.
176 Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 384ff, citing Theda Skocpol, "How Americans Became Civic", in Theda Skocpol and Morris P. Fiorina, eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).
177 Cecilia Elizabeth O'Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 49.
178 Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 105-106, 106; McCon