Functions of participle i in the sentence

Attribute

* We admired the stars twinkling in the sky.

* I looked at the smiling child.

Adverbial Modifier

Of Time

* Travelling in Africa, he saw a lot of interesting places.

* Having closed the door on him she entered the room.

Participle I in this fuction is often preceeded by conjunctions when, while.

* When crossing the street, first look to the left.

* While crossing the street, he heard somebody call him out.

Participle I of the verb to be is not used in the function of the adverbial modifier of time. In this case a subordinate clause introduced by when or while is used.

* When he was a child he liked to read books.

Of Cause

* Being a foreigner she couldn`t get accustomed to it.

* Not knowing the language he couldn `t understand the conversation.

* Having lived in England for many years he spoke English well.

* Having been a little in that line myself , I understood it .

Of Manner and Attendant Circumstances

* She was silent looking at her hands.

of Comparison -after as if , as though

* This was said as if thinking aloud.

Note:Participle I Indefinite is used both as an attribute and adverbial modifier.

Participle I Perfect is used only as an adverbial modifier.

Predicative

* The effect of her words was terrifying.

Compare with Gerund: The main thing is getting there in time.

Part of the Complex Object

* I saw his wife talking to you on the stairs.

Parenthesis

* Frankly speaking .....

* Judging by appearance .....

FUNCTIONS OF PARTICIPLE II IN THE SENTENCE

1. Attribute(only of transitive verbs)

* locked door

* broken cup

* a newspaper published in Moscow

2. Adverbial Modifier(in this function Participle II is usually introduced by the conjunctions)

of Time(when, while)

* When questioned, Anny answered about her brother.

* When shown the letter she understood everything.

of Condition (unless, if)

* He never spoke unless spoken to.

* The crime if discovered might cost you a death sentence.

of Comparison, Manner (as if, as though)

* Mr. Kite shook his head as if lost in admiration.

* I did as requested.

of Concession (though)

* Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken.

NOTE : in adverbial function Participle II is mostly used in literary or formal style.

Predicative

* I was impressed.

* You look exhausted.

Part of Complex Object

* I have found her changed.

Russian equivalents of Participles Used as Attributes

читающий

который читает reading

читавший

который читал ( тогда ) reading

прочитавший

который прочитал раньше who + attributive clause

который будет читать

применяющиеся

применяемые ( обычно ) used

применявшиеся

которые применялись ( раньше ) used

примененные

которые были применены ( тогда ) used

применяемые

которые применяются ( в момент речи ) being used

But : которые будут применяться - to be used

Russian equivalents of Participles Used as Adverbial Modifiers

читая

когда читаю ( when , while ) reading

когда читал

прочитав

когда прочитал having read

потому что прочитал

увидев

когда увидел seeing

GERUND AND PARTICIPLE I

Gerund Participle I

1 . can be used as the subject, object, ---------

part of a compound aspect predicate

* Seeing is believing.

* I like singing.

* He kept smiling.

2 . can be used as an attribute can be used as an attribute

but is preceeded by a preposition

* the idea of walking * a walking boy

3 . can be used as an adverbial modifier can be used as an adverbial

modifier

but always follow a preposition may follow when, while

* After writing * Having written

* On singing * ( While ) singing

4 . can follow a possessive pronoun or

a noun in the possessive case -------------

* his reading, boy`s singing

5. If the Gerund is part of the Compound 5. If the Participle is used as a definite

Noun, then a person or a thing expressed person expressed by a Noun, then

By this Noun doesn`t show the action this person carries out the action

expressed by the «ing» form : expressed by the «ing» form:

* A dancing hall (= a hall for dancing) * A dancing girl (= a girl who

dances)

But still there are cases when both variations are suitable and that`s why it is clear only to the speaker what is meant: the Gerund or the Participle.

* A sewing machine ( a machine for sewing and a machine that sews)

Note: The participle clause is immediately followed by the Subject of the sentence, and is separated from it by a comma. The Gerundial clause is itself the subject of the sentence, and is immediately followed by a verb.

Compare:

* Looking hard at the prisoner, he recognized his uncle.

* Looking at pictures in art-galleries was very interesting.

Note: While translating Russian sentences into English with «не + деепричастие», we translate «without doing smth». It is usually an Adverbial Modifier of Attendant Circumstances or Condition. In these cases one should ask a question «In what way? How?»

* He left without saying a word. (Att. circumstances)

* He couldn`t do it without asking for permission. (Condition)

We translate «not doing smth» if it is the Adverbial Modifier of Cause «Why? Because of what?».

* Not knowing her address he couldn`t find her.

СOMPLEXES with the PARTICIPLES

The participle forms three complexes .

The COMPLEX OBJECT

The Complex Object consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and the participle.

The Complex Object with Participle I.

to see

hear

feel

leave smb doing smth

find

imagine

have

keep

* I left her sleeping.

* I found them talking over cups of tea.

NOTE : to see

hear smb doing smth - когда , как кто - то что - делал

feel

to see

hear smb to do smth - что , чтобы кто - то что - делал

feel

to have smb doing smth - довести до ....., заставить

to have smb do smth - распорядиться чтобы

The Complex Object with Participle II.

to see

hear

leave

wish smth done

find

want oneself done

have

get

* We found the picture damaged.

* He left the work unfinished.

* I couldn`t make myself heard.

* How did she get herself invited?

BUT : to order

allow

expect smth to be done

know

enable

The Complex Object with Participle II or the passive infinitive depends on what the verb precedes the complex.

A very frequently used pattern is: to have smth done

* I have my hair done every Friday. Я делаю прическу каждую пятницу.

* You can have your coat cleaned here. Здесь вам почистят пальто.

The COMPLEX SUBJECT

The Complex Subject consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case and the participle.

The Complex Subject with Participle I.

seen

is heard

smb was found doing smth

smth will be left

can be kept

* She was kept waiting for a long time.

* The children were heard singing.

The Complex Subject with Participle II.

found

is left

was considered done

smth will be believed

can be seen

* The picture was considered stolen.

* The car was found missed.

The second element of the construction may be an adjective, a noun, an adverb.

considered

is called clever

was elected a beauty

smth will be chosen over

smb may be named

can be made

* The lesson can be considered over.

* She may be made your boss.