Types of musical instruments
РОССИЙСКИЙ ГОУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ИМ. А. И. ГЕРЦЕНА
ВЫБОРГСКИЙ ФИЛИАЛ
Т. М. Потапова
MUSIC
Учебно-методическое пособие
(для студентов старших курсов филологических факультетов и факультетов иностранных языков)
Санкт-Петербург
Учебно-методическое пособие рекомендовано к изданию кафедрой гуманитарных дисциплин Выборгского филиала Российского государственного педагогического университета им. А. И. Герцена.
Рецензенты:
Шабес В. Я. – доктор филологических наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой гуманитарных дисциплин Выборгского филиала РГПУ им. А. И. Герцена.
Воронцова Т. А. – доктор филологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой фонетики факультета иностранных языков РГПУ им. А. И. Герцена
Потапова Т. М. Music. Учебной пособие.
Цель данного пособия – развитие навыков англоязычного общения в сфере темы «Музыка». Данная тема является важной составной частью жизни общества в целом и каждого человека в отдельности.
Данное пособие включает в себя разнообразные тексты и упражнения, призванные научить изучающих английский язык беседовать на тему музыки. Некоторые из предлагаемых упражнений нацелены освоение тематического словаря, однако значительная часть направлена на углубленного развития General English.
Порядок подачи текстов определяется логикой рассмотрения темы «Музыка», а также чисто хронологическими мотивами.
Пособие может быть использовано средними и высшими учебными заведениями,специализирующимися в области преподавания английского языка или обучающими этому языку углубленно.
Автор-составитель:
Тамара Михайловна Потапова – старший преподаватель кафедры гуманитарных дисциплин Выборгского филиала РГПУ им. А. И. Герцена.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
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| 2. Musical instruments | |
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| 3. Musical professions | |
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| 4. Musical styles. History of development | |
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MUSIC
Introduction
| “Music is the universal language of mankind” Henry Wadsworth Longfellow |
The topical vocabulary.
Concert: concert-goer, symphony. promenade concert, pop concert, jazz concert, recital.
Concert programmes and repertoires: work, item, number, piece. Types of music: classical music, light classical music, modern classical music, serious music, light music, folk music, jazz (traditional jazz), pop music, dance music, film music, background music, instrumental music, vocal music, orchestral music, chamber music. Types of works: symphony, ouverture, suite, sonata, song, aria, cantata, requiem, oratorio.
Performers and instruments: the strings, a violin, a viola, a cello, a double-bass, the woodwinds, a flute, a clarinet, an oboe, a bassoon, the brass, a trumpet, a trombone, a French-horn, the percussion, drums, cymbals, orchestra, symphony orchestra, chamber orchestra, light orchestra, jazz orchestra, variety orchestra, band, group, conductor, resident conductor, visiting conductor, leader (first violin).
singers and choirs: choir, chorus, contraltos, tenors, basses, to sing in parts, to follow the tune, to sing out the tune, to sing in unison.
The possible arrangement of instruments in symphony orchestra
| Organ | |||
| Basses | Tenors | Tenors | Basses |
| Sopranos | Altos | ||
| Percussion | Brass | ||
| Woodwind | Brass | ||
| 1st violins | 2d violins | violas | double bass |
| cellos | |||
| conductor |
Musical instruments.
Text 1. Musical instruments. General information
A musical instrument is a device constructed or modified with the purpose of making music. In principle, anything that produces sound, and can somehow be controlled by a musician, can serve as a musical instrument. The expression, however, is reserved generally to items that have a specific musical purpose. The academic study of musical instruments is called organology.
Types of musical instruments
Instruments are often divided by the way in which they generate sound:
- Wind instruments generate a sound when a column of air is made to vibrate inside them. The frequency of the wave generated is related to the length of the column of air and the shape of the instrument, while the tone quality of the sound generated is affected by the construction of the instrument and method of tone production. The group is typically subdivided into Brass, like the trumpet, and Woodwind instruments, such as the clarinet and flute.
- Percussion instruments create sound, with or without pitch, when struck. The shape and material of the part of the instrument to be struck and the shape of the resonating cavity, if any, determine the sound of the instrument.
- String instruments generate a sound when the string is plucked, strummed, slapped, etc. The frequency of the wave generated (and therefore the note produced) usually depends on the length of the vibrating portion of the string, its mass, the tension of each string and the point at which the string is excited; the tone quality varies with the construction of the resonating cavity.
- Voice, that is, the human voice, is an instrument in its own right. A singer generates sounds when airflow from the lungs sets the vocal cords into oscillation. The fundamental frequency is controlled by the tension of the vocal cords and the tone quality by the formation of the vocal tract; a wide range of sounds can be created.
- Electronic instruments generate sound through electronic means. They often mimic other instruments in their design, particularly keyboards and guitars.
- Keyboard instruments are any instruments that are played with a musical keyboard. Every key generates one or more sounds; most keyboard instruments have extra means (pedals for a piano, stops for an organ) to manipulate these sounds. They may produce sound by wind (organ), vibrating strings either hammered (piano) or plucked (harpsichord), by electronic means (synthesizer) or in some other way. Sometimes, instruments that do not usually have a keyboard, such as the Glockenspiel, are fitted with one. This term is also used to refer to the family of percussion instruments who resemble a piano keyboard. Though they have no moving parts and are struck by mallets held in the player's hands, they possess the same physical arrangement of keys and produce sound waves in a similar manner.
Task: Read the text and answer the following questions:
1. What is a musical instrument?
2. What are the grounds for classifying the musical instruments?
3. How is the science, studying the musical instruments called?
4. What are the main groups of musical instruments?