Conditional conjunctions
I. Introduction to the Category of Mood
The meaning of the category of mood is the attitude of the speaker or writer towards the content of the sentence. The speaker may consider the action real or unreal, desirable, problematic, etc. There are three moods in English:
· the Indicative Mood;
· the Imperative Mood;
· the Oblique Moods.
| Mood | Exemplary Sentence | Function |
| Indicative | She helps me. She helped me. She will help me. | to express a real process in the present, past or future |
| Imperative | Open the window! Don’t go away. Let him finish his task. | to express a command or a request to perform an action |
| Oblique | I wish you were here. If we met, I would tell her the truth. God bless you! | to express an action as unreal, possible, problematic, desirable or hypothetical |
The oblique moods are further classified in the following way:
Conditional Mood Suppositional Mood
E.g.: If he could, he would call me. E.g.: He suggested that we should leave.
Subjunctive I Subjunctive II
E.g.: Long livethe king! E.g.: He looks as if he had fallen ill.
She insisted that he be present.
Task 1.Define the type of mood (Indicative, Imperative, Oblique) in the following sentences:
Type of Mood
1. You look as if you were unwell. _________________
2. Long live the Queen. _________________
3. If I were you, I would do just the opposite. _________________
4. Help me with the annual report. _________________
5. It’s a shame that you should have heard that. _________________
6. We really ought to pay the bill now. _________________
7. Please, wipe your feet on the carpet. _________________
8. Should he change his mind, he’ll let us know. _________________
9. It’s rather essential that this be mentioned in
your reference letter. _________________
10. Heattended her before and that gave her hope. _________________
Task 2.Translate the sentences paying special attention to the constructions of the Oblique moods. Keep in mind that they express an action considered unreal, desirable, hypothetically possible, problematic, etc. Try to define the type of the Oblique Moods:
1. If only he werehere!
2. I would help you if I could.
3. The only goal of the committee isthat the distinction be made between the desired and the possible.
4. It's not really important he take part in this conversation.
5. If it hadn’t been for the pleadings of my wife, you would be dead already.
6. If I had had a car last summer, I would have gone to Miami.
7. Harris was determinedthat the book be authentic.
8. Lord help us.
9. I wish it were enough.
10. This would be wise advice, if only the situation were like that – if the job were done and it were time to rest. If only that were true! But challenges abound, and it’s high time you stopped taking the future for granted.
11. They demand he remain in prison for another five months until the next review of the case.
12. It is extremely urgentthat we speak with you right now, sir.
13. It is very important that the charge nurse and the attending physician work together throughout the shift.
14. I was about to request that their TV sets be turned off.
15. I took all of the necessary information, but I did not insist that we call for a police officer.
16. I am rather anxiousthat she discuss this with me in the nearest future.
17. If he knew the area, he would go alone. He doesn't, so he needs someone to show the way.
18. God guide your decision.
19. The doctor’s recommendationis that the child should take castor oil.
20. It’s desirable that you should come home early.
21. Providing that there are no objections, the decision will be arrived at.
22. It’s only right that we shouldsave our planet from pollution.
Task 3.Translate, interpret and express your opinion as to the quotations given below:
1. “If Beethoven had been killed in a plane crash at the age of 22, it would have changed the history of music... and of aviation.” (Tom Stoppard)
2. “A bank is a place that will lend you money if you can prove that you don't need it.” (Bob Hope)
3. “Youth would be an ideal state if it came a little later in life.” (Herbert Henry Asquith)
4. “Men occasionally stumble over the truth, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing ever happened.” (Sir Winston Churchill)
5. “To achieve great things we must live as though we were never going to die.” (Marquis de Vauvenargues)
6. “If only we'd stop trying to be happy we could have a pretty good time.” (Edith Wharton)
7. “Most people would rather be certain they're miserable than risk being happy.” (Robert Anthony)
8. “I wish people who have trouble communicating would just shut up.” (Tom Lehrer)
9. “It is impossible to enjoy idling thoroughly unless one has plenty of work to do.”
(Jerome K. Jerome)
10. “I am extraordinarily patient, provided I get my own way in the end.” (Margaret Thatcher)
11. “Don't be sweet, lest you be eaten up; don't be bitter, lest you be spewed out.” (Jewish Proverb)
II. Conditional Mood
English conditional sentences can be divided into the two broad classes of factual (real) and hypothetical (unreal), depending on the form of the verb in the condition. Both classes are further subdivided in the following way:
| Real | Zero Conditional | E.g.: If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils. Don’t touch the hairdryer if your hands are wet. |
| First Conditional | E.g.: If I take the flight tomorrow, I will be there in two days. | |
| Unreal | Second Conditional | E.g.: If people had four legs, they would run faster. |
| Third Conditional | E.g.: If you had called me yesterday, I would have come. | |
| Mixed Conditional | E.g.: Stuart would be happy if he had entered the university. Stuart would have entered the university if he were smarter. |
Task 4.Are these real or unreal conditional sentences?
Real/Unreal
1. If we had traveled together, we would have saved up a lot. __________
2. If you’re scared of spiders, don’t go into the basement. __________
3. Where would you choose if you could live anywhere in the world? __________
4. If he recognized me, he certainly didn’t show any sign of it. __________
5. She’ll be furious if she finds out the truth. __________
6. You would know the answer if you had read the book. __________
7. You’ll have to take a taxi home if you want to leave now. __________
8. If you had taken that job in Norway, you’d have been able
to learn to ski. __________
9. If the Pittsburgh Penguins continue to do so well, they will
win the Stanley Cup. __________
10. You’d be happier if you didn’t think about the past all the time. __________
Task 5.Match column A with column B and specify the type of conditional clause:
| A | B | IF-clause (type) |
| 1. Mary would be dancing here now 2. John would have solved the whole exercise 3. Mother would be cooking now 4. If it hadn’t been for the thick fog, 5. If you lost some weight, 6. If you had spread the seeds in autumn, 7. Steve wouldn’t be able to interpret those ads 8. If you meet an alien, 9. If it were not for the aftershave, 10. Do not climb the stairs 11. If you want to construct a wall between you and your students, | a) now you would be able to smell the fragrance. b) the flight wouldn’t have been cancelled. c) if she felt better. d) if he hadn’t attended that course. e) his skin would get dry. f) if the earthquake has begun! g) if the blackboard had been clean. h) if she had bought some meat. i) you would feel more comfortable. j) do not pretend to be smarter than him! k) don’t tear yourself away from the textbook. | 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. |
Zero Conditional
Zero conditional is used to express a certainty, a universal statement or a law of nature. It is formed with both clauses in the present tense:
| If-clause | Main Clause |
| present | present |
| If you heatwater to 100 degrees Celsius, | it boils. |
| If you don't eat for a long time, | you becomehungry. |
| If the sea is stormy, | the waves are high. |
| If meat hasn’t been kept at the right temperature, | it isrisky to eat it. |
We can use modal verbs, especially can and may:
Meat can be risky to eat if it hasn’t been kept at the right temperature.
We use the zero conditional to talk about events or situations that can occur at any time, and often occur more than once, and their results:
If I eatoranges, I get red spots all over my skin.
We can use an imperative in the result clause to give a general instruction:
If a chip pan sets alight, throw a fire blanket on it.
Don’t cross the road if the light isred.
Task 6.Match column A with column B, open the brackets with the correct form of the verb in the Present Simple tense:
| A | B |
| 1. If you ________(heat) water to 100 degrees Celsius, | a) wood _________(not burn). |
| 2. If there __________(be) no air, | b) it ________(float). |
| 3. If you _________(drop) ice in water, | c) it _________(boil). |
| 4. If iron ________(get) wet, | d) you _______(get) pink. |
| 5. If you _______(leave) butter in the sun, | e) it _________(rust). |
| 6. If you ________(mix) red and white, | f) your account _________(be) automatically blocked. |
| 7. If you ________(enter) the wrong password, | g) water ________(turn) into ice. |
| 8. If I _________(set off) at seven, | h) you sometimes ________(see) a rainbow. |
| 9. If you _______(have) a problem with your computer, | i) you _________(feel) tired. |
| 10. If you ________(not sleep) well enough, | j) it __________(take) me twenty minutes to get to work. |
| 11. If it ________(be) rainy and sunny at the same time, | k) you _________(call) a helpline. |
| 12. If it _______(get) below freezing, | l) it __________(melt). |
Task 7.Continue the following Zero conditional sentences. State what they express: a) a certainty or a universal statement; b) a law of nature; c) an instruction:
1. Don’t touch electrical household appliances if ___________________________.
2. Water boils if ____________________.
3. You become really tired if __________.
4. If you don’t have your identification card with you, ______________________.
5. An object falls down if _____________.
6. If you burn yourself, _______________.
7. If you are going to have a job interview, _______________________________.
8. Use a flash if _____________________.
9. If you eat sensibly and keep to an exercise programme, ___________________.
10. If you are injured or become ill suddenly, _____________________________.
11. It is considered to be offensive in Japan if _____________________________.
12. Fish becomes smelly if ____________.
Task 8. Work out a list of instructions for a school-aged child in the following situations:
· If you are in a crowd
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
· If you are about to cross the street
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
· If you smell something burning in the house
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
· If a pack of stray dogs is going to attack you
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
· If an earthquake has started
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
· If you are stuck in a lift
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
Task 9. A: Translate into English using Zero conditional where possible:
Японский этикет  Японская культура не меняется уже много лет. Японцы вежливые и сдержанные люди, и правила этикета для них очень важны. Если Вы хотите поприветствовать человека, не протягивайте руку для рукопожатия.Японцы приветствуют друг друга поклонами. Если приветствуете важного начальника, Ваш поклон должен быть глубже и продолжаться немного дольше. Если в разговоре Вы пытаетесь поймать взгляд японца, он проявляет желание быстрее закончить беседу. Внимательно смотреть в глаза собеседнику считается неприличным и означает агрессию в поведении. Поэтому японские дети, если их ругают, часто стоят, опустив глаза. Если Вы приглашены в японский дом, возьмите с собой небольшой сувенир, при входе поздоровайтесь, поклонитесь, снимите обувь в гостиной и наденьте тапочки. Если Вас пригласили на обед, не накалывайте еду палочками, не используйте их для того, чтобы отодвинуть тарелку. Помните, что японские блюда – не просто еда, а маленькие произведения искусства. | __________________ ____________________ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ |
B: Write similar recommendations for a person travelling to Italy, Germany, Egypt or some other country:
______________________________
First Conditional
First Conditional expresses a hypothetical condition that is potentially true, but not yet verified. The if-clause is in the present and the main one is usually in the future:
| If-clause | Main Clause |
| present | future |
| If I am better tomorrow, | I will get up. |
| If I have a headache, | I will take an aspirin. |
| If she finishes early, | she will go home. |
| If he is standing in the rain, | he will catch a cold. |
| If she has arrived at the station, | she will be here soon. |
| If he has been traveling all night, | he will need a rest. |
| If I can afford it, | I will buy it. |
The if-clause can also be in the past while the main one takes the past, present or future:
If she tookthat flight yesterday, she arrivedat 10pm.
If she tookthat flight yesterday, she is somewhere in town today.
If she took that flight yesterday, we'll see her tomorrow.
We may also use modal verbs in the main clause:
can (we are free to)
could (we would be able to)
may (it's possible)
If it's fine tomorrow, we might(it's possible) go out.
should(it's advisable)
ought to (it's advisable)
must (it's necessary)
‘Will’ is not normally used after ‘if’. However, there are exceptions in which willis used when the action in the if-clause takes place after that in the main clause:
The weather forecast says it's going to rain. Well, if it will rain, we must take umbrellas. If aspirins will cure it, I'll take a couple tonight instead of this horrible medicine.
Other situations in which willcan be used in an if-clause include when willis being used as a modal verb to express willingness, persistence, refusal or a request:
If you'll just hold the door open for me a moment, I can take this table out to the kitchen. If you will keep all the windows shut, of course you'll get headaches. If you will excuse me, I think I will slip into something more comfortable.
If you want to make the request more polite you can usewould:
If you would take your seats, ladies and gentlemen…
We can also use should after if to talk about something which is possible, but not very likely to happen. Should in this case is translated as ‘вдруг’, ‘доведись’, ‘если бы случилось так, что’:
If you should see Nick, tell him to call me. (Вдруг ты увидишь Ника, ...)
We can omit if and use inversion:
Should you see Nick, tell him to call me.
Task 10. A:In the table below you are given some of the most widespread superstitions. Match column A with column B to find the second part of each superstition. Consider the form of the verb in the if-clauses and in the main ones:
| A | B |
| 1. If you open an umbrella in the house, | a) he will soon fall in love with her. |
| 2. If two women pour from the same tea-pot, | b) there will be bad weather. |
| 3. If you stumble going upstairs, | c) you’ll kiss a fool. |
| 4. If you have 13 people at the table, | d) you’ll catch no more that day. |
| 5. If you enter a building left foot first, | e) it will bring bad luck. |
| 6. If a man wipes his hands on a woman’s apron, | f) it will bring bad luck. |
| 7. If ants are very active, | g) there will be a quarrel. |
| 8. If the first butterfly you see in the year is white, | h) somebody close to you will get sick. |
| 9. If a dog is howling, | i) you’ll have good luck. |
| 10. If you count the number of fish you caught, | j) it will bring you bad luck. |
| 11. If your nose itches, | k) you’ll get married soon. |
| 12. If you walk under a ladder, | l) somebody will visit you soon. |
| 13. If your cat licks its tail, | m) it will bring you bad luck. |
| 14. If you find a four-leaf clover, | n) you’ll have good luck all year. |
B:Provide some more examples of superstitions if you know any:
1. ________________________________.
2. ________________________________.
3. ________________________________.
4. ________________________________.
5. ________________________________.
Task 11. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form in the First conditional sentences given below:
1. If I ________ (see) him, I __________ (give) him a lift.
2. The table _________ (collapse) if you _________ (stand) on it.
3. If he _________ (eat) all that, he __________ (be) ill.
4. If I ____________ (find) your passport, I ___________ (telephone) you at once.
5. The police _________ (arrest) him if they ___________ (catch) him.
6. If he __________ (read) in bad light, he __________ (ruin) his eyes.
7. Someone __________ (steal) your car if you __________ (leave) it outdoors.
8. What __________ (happen) if my parachute __________ (not open)?
9. If he __________ (wash) my car, I __________ (give) him £10.
10. If she __________ (need) a radio, she can borrow mine.
11. If you __________ (not go) away, I __________ (send) for the police.
12. I __________ (be) very furious if he __________ (make) any more mistakes.
13. If he __________ (be) late one more time, we __________ (go) without him.
14. She __________ (be) absolutely outraged if she __________ (hear) about this.
15. If you __________ (put) on the kettle, I __________ (make) the tea.
16. If you __________ (give) my dog a bone, he __________ (bury) it at once.
17. If we ________ (leave) the car here, it __________ (not be) in anybody's way.
18. He __________ (be) late for the train if he __________ (not start) at once.
19. If you __________ (come) late, they __________ (not let) you in.
20. If he ________(go) on telling lies, nobody _________(believe) a word he says.
21. If I __________ (lend) you £10, when you __________ (repay) me?
22. We _______ (have) to move upstairs if the river __________ (rise) any higher.
23. If he __________ (work) hard today, can he have a holiday tomorrow?
24. This ice __________ (turn) to water if you __________ (leave) it in the sun.
25. If the house __________ (burn) down, we can claim compensation.
26. If you __________ (not like) this one, I __________ (bring) you another.
27. Tell him to ring me up if you __________ (see) him.
28. If I _________ (tell) you a secret, will you promise not to tell it to anyone else?
29. If you __________ (not believe) what I say, ask your mother.
30. If he __________ (like) the house, he __________ (buy) it?
Task 12. In each of the following sentences cross out any of the underlined verb forms that we cannot use:
1. If you leave/will leave your things lying around, you shouldn’t be surprised if you lose/will lose them.
2. If you wait/will wait here a moment, I’ll tell Mr. Brown you’re here if he is/will be in.
3. If you trust/will trust me, I take/will take the money to him if you have/will have it with you now.
4. If the unit fits/will fit in the corner there, I think it is/will be the best place.
5. If you help/will help me work out whether we need to make another order at the moment, I spend/will spend some time tomorrow helping you with your statistics.
Task 13.Make these requests and suggestions more polite. Begin with ‘If you will/would’:
1. Excuse me. I have to make a telephone call.
__
2. Leave your name and telephone number. I’ll call you back as soon as I can.
__
3. Stay here until I return. I’d appreciate it.
__
4. Keep the window open. I’d like some fresh air.
__
5. Excuse me. I’ll change for the dinner.
__
6. Postpone the meeting. I’ll be grateful.
__
7. Give us a grant to cover extra expense.
__
8. Follow the requirements. It is essential.
__
9. Write us soon. We’ll be grateful to know the verdict.
__
Task 14.Make the following conditions less likely to happen using ‘should’. You may use inverted word order:
1. If he comes, ask him to wait.
__
2. If it rains, we won’t go anywhere.
__
3. If Paul enters the competition, he’ll win.
__
4. If you drink too much coffee, you won’t be able to fall asleep.
__
5. If you drop out of college, you will have to look for a job.
__
Task 15.Translate into English using the First Conditional constructions:
| 1. Если мы не найдем такси, мы опоздаем на поезд. | |
| 2. Пожалуйста, успокойся на минутку, я тебе все объясню. | |
| 3. Если я узнаю правду, я обязательно тебе расскажу. | |
| 4. Вдруг ты узнаешь, где он живет, дай мне знать. | |
| 5. Если он не хочет идти, ты ничего не сможешь с этим сделать. | |
| 6. Если ты уже видел этот фильм, почему не помнишь, кто из известных актеров в нем снимался? | |
| 7. Если ты мне поможешь, мы успеем до начала праздника. | |
| 8. Мы пойдем на прогулку, если завтра будет тепло. | |
| 9. Если они будут продолжать ссориться, это может привести к отрицательным последствиям. | |
| 10. Если мы закончим готовить проект раньше, мы должны отрепетировать наше выступление. |
Second Conditional
Second Conditional is used to refer to a current state or event that is known to be false or improbable. Type 2 conditionals talk about imaginary situations in the if-clause and speculate about their imaginary consequences in the main clause. Though past tenses are used, the reference is not to the past time. (That is why this use of the past tense after ifis often called 'the unreal present'.)
| If-clause | Main Clause |
| past tense | “would” + non-perfect infinitive |
| If you went by train, | you would get there earlier. |
| If you didn't stay upso late every evening, | you wouldn't feel so sleepy in the morning. |
| If I hadlonger legs, | I'd be able to run faster. |
| If she were [colloq. was] at work today, | she would know how to deal with this client. |
In the main clause modal verbs may be used:
could tell us what to do. (ability)
If he were here, he might help us. (possibility)
should try again. (duty)
In second conditional sentences we may use the following expressions:
· If I were you/Were I you(‘на твоем месте’): e.g. If I were you (Were I you), I would accept their offer;
· If it were not for/Were it not for/But for(‘если бы не’): e.g. If it weren't foryour help (Were it not for your help/But for your help), I would still be homeless;
· If…were + to-infinitive/should + infinitive to emphasize that the condition is unlikely to happen or talk about imaginary future situations: e.g. If the technology were to become available, we would be able to expand the business. If he should have a chance of success, he would need to move to London.
However, notice that we can’t use were + to-infinitive with many verbs that describe a state, including know, like, remember, understand:
If I knew they were honest, I’d gladly lend them the money.
We sometimes use this pattern to make a suggestion sound more polite:
If you were to move over, we could all sit on the sofa.
Both ‘should’ and ‘were’ can be put in front of the sentence making it more formal:
Should he have a chance of success, he would need to move to London.
Were you to move over, we could all sit on the sofa.
Task 16.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form in the Second conditional sentences given below:
1. If I __________ (have) a printer, I __________ (print) it myself.
2. If I __________ (know) his whereabouts, I __________ (give) them to you.
3. He __________ (look) a lot better if he __________ (take) care of himself.
4. If you __________ (not play), you __________ (not lose) so much.
5. If he _______ (work) more slowly, he _________ (not make) so many mistakes.
6. I __________ (not drink) that wine if I __________ (be) you.
7. More tourists __________ (come) to this country if it __________ (have) a milder climate.
8. If they __________ (sentence) me for 10 years, you __________ (visit) me?
9. If someone ________ (give) you a helicopter, what you _________ (do) with it?
10. I __________ (buy) shares in that company if I ________ (have) more money.
11. If he __________ (clean) his windscreen, he __________ (be) able to see where he was going.
12. If you ______ (drive) your car into the river, you _______ (manage) to get out?
13. If you _________ (not belong) to a union, you __________ (can not) get a job.
14. If I __________ (win) a big prize in a lottery, I __________ (quit) my job.
15. What you __________ (do) if you __________ (find) a burglar in your house?
16. I __________ (can) tell you what this means if I __________ (know) Latin.
17. If everybody __________ (give) £1, we __________ (raise) enough to help children with cancer.
18. He __________ (may) get fat if he __________ (stop) smoking.
19. If he __________ (know) that it was dangerous, he __________ (not come).
20. If you __________ (see) someone drowning, what you __________ (do)?
21. My business _______ (collapse) if I ______ (buy) her everything she asked for.
22. If you ________ (sleep) under a mosquito net, your body _________ (not itch).
23. I ________ (can) get a job easily if I __________ (have) a degree in linguistics.
24. If she ________ (do) her hair differently, she ________ (may) look quite nice.
25. If we __________ (have) more rain, our crops __________ (grow) faster.
26. The whole machine __________ (fall) to pieces if you __________ (remove) that screw.
27. I __________ (keep) a horse if I __________ (can) afford it.
28. I __________ (go) and see him more often if he __________ (live) nearby.
29. If they __________ (ban) the sale of alcohol at football matches, there __________ (be) less violence.
30. I __________ (offer) to help if I __________ (think) I'd be of any use.
31. What you ________ (do) if the lift _________ (get) stuck between two floors?
32. If you ________ (paint) the walls white, the room _______ (be) more spacious.
33. If you __________ (change) your job, it __________ (affect) your pension?
34. If you __________ (know) you had only one day to spend $ 5,000, what you __________ (buy)?
35. You __________ (not have) so much trouble with your car if you __________ (have) it serviced regularly.
Task 17.Paraphrase the following sentences according to the pattern:
Pattern: I don’t know him. I don’t speak to him.
If I knew him, I would speak to him.
1. I don’t call her every other day. She worries.
__
2. I’m not you. I don’t remember the way.
__
3. I don’t have much time for newspapers. I don’t read them.
__
4. Michael knows a lot about geography. He can help you with your project.
__
5. Mark enjoys surfing. He spends all his free time at the sea.
__
6. David is unwell. He can’t go with us.
__
7. Their employees are not paid enough. They ask for a pay-rise.
__
8. I don’t know the man. I can’t thank him.
__
9. The weather isn’t good. The park doesn’t look beautiful.
__
10. He is a good artist. He often exhibits his paintings.
__
11. I’m a driver. I don’t need driving lessons.
__
12. She doesn’t have the keys. She can’t open the door.
__
13. My boss doesn’t give me a leave. I can’t go on holiday.
__
14. Sarah has a car. She drives to work every day.
__
15. I like pets so much. I have three dogs, a cat and a parrot.
__
Task 18.Complete the following sentences using the Second Conditional:
1. If I lived in Australia, ______________.
2. Should he listen more carefully, ____.
3. If I could choose a car to buy, _______.
4. If I should meet an alien, ___________.
5. If I could fly, _____________________.
6. I wouldn’t avoid meeting Jerry if _____.
7. I would give this information to you if _.
8. I wouldn’t read this book again if _____.
9. I would call the doctor if ___________.
10. I would take part in the competition __.
Task 19.Answer the following questions using the Second Conditional:
| 1. What would you do if you won one million dollars in the lottery? | 2. If people had 200 years to live, how would you spend your life? |
| 3. If you could invite any four people (living or dead) to dinner, who would you invite? | 4. Where would you go if you won three free flights a year? |
| 5. How would life be different if people had four arms? | 6. How would life be different if people could become invisible? |
| 7. If someone gave you elixir of eternal life, would you take it? | 8. If you had a chance to go to any country of the world on holiday, what country would you choose? |
| 9. If you had a chance to get into a fairy tale, which one would you choose? | 10. Would you read people’s thoughts if you could do it? |
Task 20.Replace the infinitives in brackets by the correct form of the verb. All the sentences are about the present:
1. But for your advice it __________ (take) us more time to solve the problem.
2. But for the accident our friends __________ (be) here already.
3. If it were not for Jack’s help, I __________ (not know) what to do.
4. Were it not for his ambitions, he __________ (be) satisfied with his life.
5. If it were not for your investments, our company __________ (not exist).
6. But for Tina’s work she __________ (spend) much more time with us.
7. Were it not for his drinking, he __________ (have) a good job now.
8. But for the computer, Steven __________ (spend) more time on his studying.
9. If it were not for his stubbornness, he __________ (have) a different life now.
10. Were it not for the circumstances, they __________ (live) somewhere else.
Task 21.Choose from these verbs to complete the sentences, using each verb once only. If possible, use the pattern were + to-infinitive.If this is not correct, use the past simple form of the verb:
Find fail like know win understand have
1. If the police __________ him, he’d spend at least five years in prison.
2. If they __________ to reach their target, the operation would be lost.
3. If I __________ how to contact Mike, I’d get in touch with him today.
4. If she __________ the next race, she would be world champion.
5. If I __________ how it worked, I’d explain it to you.
6. If you __________ his first film, I’m sure you’d enjoy this one, too.
7. If she__________ a chance to escape, she would certainly use it.
Task 22.If you were to enter one of the following GB universities to study the English language and literature, which one would you choose? Why?
| University of Birmingham Public, founded in 1900 At students’ disposal: the largest library, free Internet access, consulting centre, foreign students support centre Cost: £ 9000 per year |
| University of Stirling Scotland, public, founded in 1967 At students’ disposal: day and night computer clubs, theatre, cinema, indoor and outdoor sports facilities First-year students are accommodated on campus Cost: £ 10,200 per year |
| University of Buckingham Private, not dependant on state support, founded in 1976 80 km from London, 30 km from Oxford Condensing 3-year standard academic content into 2-year programme At students’ disposal: 2 libraries, day and night Internet access, variety in sports facilites Assistance in job placing Accommodation on campus Cost: 9,420 per year |
Task 23.Translate the following Second Conditional sentences into English:
| 1. Если бы Филипп был сейчас в городе, он бы нам помог. | |
| 2. Если бы ты встретил Джона, ты б его сейчас не узнал. | |
| 3. Если бы у меня были деньги, я бы путешествовал по всему миру. | |
| 4. На твоем месте я бы с ней поговорил. | |
| 5. Если бы мой брат разбирался в компьютерах, он бы мог установить необходимую программу. | |
| 6. Если бы они вдруг попросили меня остаться, я бы согласился. | |
| 7. Если бы не Стюарт, я бы не знал, как решить эту проблему. | |
| 8. Если бы этот актер был талантливее, у него было бы больше ролей в фильмах известных режиссеров. | |
| 9. На твоем месте я бы пожаловался на сервис в этой гостинице. | |
| 10. Если бы ты одолжил мне немного денег, я бы смог купить авто. |
Task 24.Write an essay of 200 words on one of the following topics:
1. If I Lived in Wonderland
2. If Trees Could Talk
3. If People Always Spoke the Truth
______________________________
________
Third Conditional
Third conditional is used to refer to unreal past events, to something that didn’t happen in the past. The Past Perfect is used in the condition clause and “would” + perfect infinitive is used in the main clause:
| If-clause | Main Clause |
| past perfect | “would” + perfect infinitive |
| If I had worked harder at school, | I would have got a better job. |
| If I hadn't put on a raincoat, | I would have got wet. |
| If you had called me, | I would have come. |
| If it had rained, | we would have stayed at home. |
In the main clause of Type 3 conditional sentences we may use modal verbs:
couldhave told us everything.(ability)
If he had been here yesterday, he might have told us. (possibility)
should have thanked her.(duty)
The auxiliary verb ‘had’ can be put in front of the sentence. ‘If’ is omitted:
Had he been here yesterday, we would have discussed the situation.
Had he not forgiven me, I would have got upset.
In third conditional sentences we may use the expression ‘If it hadn’t been for (Had it not been for/But for)’ (‘если бы не’):
If it hadn't been for the rain (Had it not been for the rain/But for the rain), we would have had a good harvest.
Task 25.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form in the Third Conditional sentences given below:
1. If I _________ (know) that you were in hospital, I _________ (visit) you.
2. If the ground _______ (not be) so slippery, my horse _______ (be) the first one.
3. If you _________ (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you _________ (get) a seat.
4. You _________ (see) my garden at its best if you _________ (come) here a couple of weeks ago.
5. If he _________ (not react) immediately, I _________ (be) killed.
6. I _________ (not believe) it if I _________ (not see) it with my own eyes.
7. If he _________ (not slip), he _________ (not fall) 100 meters.
8. If he _________ (propose) to you, you _________ (say) yes?
9. If I _________ (have) a map, 1 _________ (not get) lost.
10. If I _________ (know) that you were coming, I _________ (bake) a cake.
11. I _________ (help) him, if I _________ (realize) that he was ill.
12. If you _________ (leave) that cat alone, it _________ (not scratch) you.
13. If I _________ (realize) what a bad driver you are, I _________ (not join) you.
14. If I _________ (notice) that the traffic lights were red, I _________ (stop).
15. If the fog ________ (not be) so thick, we _________ (reach) our destination long ago.
16. If you _________ (tell) me that he never pays his debts, I _________ (not lend) him the money.
17. If you _________ (not sneeze), he _________ (not know) that we were there.
18. If you _______ (put) some cheese in the sandwiches, they ______(taste) better.
19. The cock _________ (not get) into the house if you _________ (shut) the door.
20. If he _________ (know) that the river was rough, he _________ (not try) to swim across it.
21. If you _________ (speak) more slowly, he _________ (may understand) you.
22. If he _________ (know) the whole story, he _________ (not be) so angry.
23. I _________ (not eat) it if I _________ (know) that there was ginger in it.
24. If I _________ (try) again, I think that I _________ (succeed).
25. You _______ (not get) into trouble if you _________ (follow) my instructions.
26. If you _________ (not be) in such a hurry, you _________ (not put) sugar into the sauce instead of salt.
27. If I _________ (be) ready when he called, he _________ (take) me with him.
28. If she _________ (not have) a headache, she _________ (come) with us.
29. If she _________ (listen) to my directions, she _________ (not turn) down the wrong street.
30. If you _________ (look) at the engine for a moment, you _________ (see) what was missing.
31. Rome _________ (be) captured if the geese _________ (not cackle).
32. He _________ (be arrested) if he _________ (try) to leave the country.
33. I _________ (take) a taxi if I _________ (know) that it was such a long way.
34. You _________ (save) me a lot of trouble if you _________ (tell) me where you were going.
35. If he _________ (be) in, he _________ (answer) the phone.
Task 26.Continue the following sentences using the Third Conditional:
1. If I had woken up just a few minutes ago, ______________________________.
2. If I had been born with a different nationality, __________________________.
3. If I had married a celebrity, _________.
4. If I had been born with four legs, _____.
5. If I had known at 10 what I know now, ________________________________.
6. If I had been late for this English grammar class, ________________________.
7. If I had visited some English-speaking country last year, __________________.
8. If I had been born very rich, _________.
9. If I had never met my first love, ______.
10. If I had been born 200 years ago, ____.
11. If I had studied less at school, ______.
12. If I had received a car for my previous birthday, ________________________.
13. If I had found a case full of money last week, __________________________.
14. If I had got married at the age of 16, _.
15. If I had overslept today, ___________.
16. If I had been born a dolphin, _______.
Task 27. Replace the infinitives in brackets by the correct form of the verb. All the sentences are about the past:
1. If it hadn’t been for my headache, I _________ (enjoy) the party.
2. But for my smile he _________ (believe) me.
3. Had it not been for his help, it _________ (be) impossible to finish in time.
4. But for his accent nobody _________ (think) that he was a Dutch.
5. But for the darkness we _________ (not manage) to escape.
6. I _________ ( be bitten) to death but for his bravery.
7. But for his sneezing, nobody _____ (guess) that he was overhearing.
8. But for the late hour I _________ (stay) longer.
9. Had it not been for the rain we _________ (continue) our journey.
10. But for his look the child _________ (not start) crying.
Task 28.Translate the following Third Conditional sentences into English:
| 1. Если бы Алекс не играл в саду, он бы не испачкался. | |
| 2. Если бы я завела будильник, я бы не проспала. | |
| 3. Если бы Моника последовала совету мамы, она бы закончила школу и поступила в университет. | |
| 4. Если бы ему никто не позвонил, он бы не знал, что заседание отменили. | |
| 5. Он бы очень разозлился, если бы узнал о предательстве своего лучшего друга. | |
| 6. Если бы не дождь, мы бы поехали вчера на море. | |
| 7. Возможно, он бы все рассказал, если бы так не боялся последствий. | |
| 8. Я была бы ею довольна, если бы она выполнила домашнее задание. | |
| 9. Если бы не замечание начальника, он бы так и продолжал бить баклуши. | |
| 10. Если бы Даниэль нашел работу, он бы не пошел сегодня утром на собеседование. |
Task 29. A:Read the text. Make sentences describing how different the singer’s life would be if it were not for/if it hadn’t been for/but for the ups and downs in his career. Use the Second and Third Conditional constructions:
Joe Cocker is one of the brilliant rock and roll's performers. His vocal style and unique stage presence have made him one of the most dynamic singers in the music industry.
He started out in Sheffield, England in the mid sixties, working as gas plumber by day and performing in the clubs by night. With another "Sheffielder," Chris Stainton, they recorded "Marjorine" and "With a Little Help From My Friends". They quickly became popular and received airplay on both sides of the Atlantic. After touring the states, Joe recorded the album, "Joe Cocker!" that was universally lauded by the critics. After two years of touring, Cocker was ready for a break and wanted to go home. But he had already made commitments to appear in concerts throughout the states and the U.S. Immigration Department said the contracts must be honored or he was in danger of never being able to work again in America. With some help from Leon Russell, a group of talented musicians was quickly formed to fulfill the promised concert dates.
The "Mad Dogs and Englishmen" tour produced an album and a movie describing the circus-like atmosphere of the forty three person entourage. They whipped through thirty nine cities in a little less than two months. After this Cocker was physically exhausted, emotionally drained, and in trouble legally and financially. He went into seclusion, traveling in his van around England, making an attempt to find himself again.
In 1971 - 1974 there were numerous reports of Joe’s alcohol and drug abuse. His episodes of public drunkenness were as well known as his talents. The albums released during this period included "I Can Stand a Little Rain," "Stingray," and "Jamaica, Say You Will." None of them were great. There was also a period of about four years when he didn't record at all; instead, he toured constantly, playing mostly in small clubs to pay the bills and to satisfy his need to perform.
Then Joe recorded an album for Asylum Records and his career was once again on the upswing. The release "Sheffield Steel" showed Cocker at his very best. The album is so well rounded, covering everything from rock and roll to gospel. The most notable songs on this one are: "Many Rivers to Cross," "Seven Days," and "Just Like Always." The later releases from Joe Cocker include: "Civilized Man," "Cocker Live," and "Have a Little Faith." These releases have earned him four consecutive Grammy nominations for best male rock vocal performance.
In 1995, A&M Records released "The Long Voyage Home," a four CD box-set with material, some previously unreleased, that encompasses the highlights of Joe's career. This album is a must have for any Cocker fan. Joe Cocker's ability to take a song, rework it from his soul and make it entirely his own is a talent that few performers in the music industry