Intellectual Property Law
Vocabulary
1. intellectual property, IP — интеллектуальная собственность
2. intangible assets– нематериальные активы
3. copyright — авторское право
4. industrial design — промышленный образец
5. infringement — нарушение
6. trade dress — марка упаковки
7. trade secret — коммерческая тайна
8. disclosure — разглашение
9. exclusive rights — исключительные права
Intellectual property, often known as IP, is fast-moving and sometimes complex area of law. It covers a wide range of diverse issues and allows people to own their creativity and innovation in the same way they can own physical property. IP refers to the creations of mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce. The term “intellectual property” is connected with the intangible products of the intellect.
Under IP law owners are granted certain exclusive rights to a variety of intangible assets. Like other forms of property, IP can be bought and sold. IP laws are applicable both to natural persons and legal entities. Some of company’s most important assets are its intellectual property rights, which include patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets must be protected and secured. There are four general types of IP: (1) patents, (2) trademarks and trade dress, (3) copyright, (4) trade secret. The ability to recognize and protect IP is important in businesses. Under Internet networks global expansion intellectual property laws have been updated to provide protection of domain holders, Internet site owners and computer software owners.
A patent is an exclusive right to make, use, and sell a new and useful process, machine, or product, granted to inventor for a certain period of time
Trademarks are generally names, logos or drawings used to indicate the identity of a business. Trademark status may also be granted to distinctive and unique packaging, colour combinations, building designs, and overall presentations. Service-marks also receive legal protection but are meant to distinguish services rather then products
Copyright applies to original creations in the literary, dramatic, musical and artistic fields, sound recordings and broadcasts, including software and multimedia
A trade secret is a business process or information that can’t be patented, copyrighted or trademarked, and that must be protected from disclosure. A trade secret is defined by law as information including a formula, pattern, programme, device, method, technique or process used in a business. This information gives its owner an opportunity to gain advantage over competitors, and thus must not be disclosed.
A domain name is the strings of letters used to name organizations, that is an address of a computer network connection identifying the owner of the address. Industrial designs protect elements of product appearance (that is shape or pattern, not function) resulting from the feature of lines, colours, shape, texture of the product itself or its ornamentation
Each of the areas is governed by statutes which set out conditions for creation, the process of registration, rights of the registered owner, remedies for infringement and rights of the public to use the property.
Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания.
1) fast-moving area of law
2) to grant exclusive rights
3) logos and drawings
4) elements of products appearance
5) o set up conditions
6) to be governed by
7) to be secured
8) remedies for infringement
Закончите следующие утверждения:
1. Intellectual property refers to …
2. The four types of IP are …
3. Under IP law owners …
4. A patent is …
5. Copyright applies …
6. A trade secret is defined …
7. Trade marks are …
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT CHIEF LAW ENFORCERS — THE POLICE
Crime
Vocabulary
1.a breach of rules — нарушение правил
2. to prescribe punishment — назначить наказание
3. to pass a new law — принять новый закон
4. to identify a suspect — установить личность подозреваемого
5. an unauthorized access — несанкционированный доступ
Crime is a breach of rules or laws for which some governing authority can ultimately prescribe a punishment. Individual human societies may define crimes differently. Modern societies generally regard crimes as offences against the public or the state. The word ‘crime’ is generally associated with wrongdoing but not every type of wrongdoing is a crime. Telling lies is immoral wrong but if telling lies is put into practice resulting in physical harm to another, then such action becomes both criminal and immoral
There are some acts which are considered to be crimes in one country but not in another. For example, it is a crime to have more than one wife at the same time in France, but not in Indonesia. There are quite a lot of agreements among states as to which acts are criminal. But such acts as stealing, physical attack or damaging somebody’s property will be unlawful in all countries and the way of dealing with people suspected of crime may be different. Sometimes government “creates” new crimes by identifying a form of behavior and passing a new law to deal with it. Different societies or governments often review their ideas of what should and shouldn’t be a crime. For example, race or sex discrimination hasn’t been considered a crime for a long time. In recent years the Internet has grown explosively and there appeared the new crimes such as unauthorized access or “hacking”, copyright infringements, child pornography, etc. Cybercrimes may intentionally harm the reputation of the victim, they may threaten a nation’s security or financial health.
Most crimes are not reported, not recorded, not followed through, or not able to be proved. When informal relationships and sanctions are insufficient to establish and maintain a desired social order, a state may impose more strict systems of social control.
Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
1. Every violation of law is a crime, isn’t it?
2. Do different societies define crimes in the same way?