Не прибегая к помощи словаря, переведите следующие интернациональные слова на русский язык. Проверьте перевод выделенных слов по словарю
| evolution n continental a local a precedentn determine v | analogous a statuten interpret v ordinary a actually adv | jurisdiction n comment v codify v code n civil a | export v adaptv characteristic n procedure n structure n |
EXERCISE 3
Запомните произношение следующих слов:
| source [sLs] | analogous [q΄nælqgqs] | ancient [΄einS(q)nt] |
| spread [spred] | issue [΄Isju:] [΄ISu:] | distinguish [dIs΄tINgwIS] |
| previous [΄pri:vjqs] | feature ['fJCq] | Napoleon[nq'pquljqn] |
| subsequent [΄sAbsIkwqnt] | equity [΄ekwItI] | procedure [prq'sJGq] |
| determine [dI΄tWmIn] | comment['kOment] | divergent[dai΄vWG(q)nt] |
EXERCISE 4
Прочитайте текст, постарайтесь понять его и расположите пункты плана в соответствии с содержанием текста.
| _____ | Континентальное европейское право. |
| _____ | Возникновение общего права. |
| __1__ | Две мировые системы права. |
| _____ | Взаимодействие правовых систем. |
| _____ | Основные источники общего права. |
| _____ | Общее право и право справедливости. |
Sources of Modern Law
Today's legal systems have had a slow and complex evolution. Most contemporary law is derived from the two great legal traditions of Western Europe, the common law of England and the law of continental Europe. A common-law legal system was adopted by many Commonwealth1 countries and most of the United States. The other legal tradition spread to Latin America and many countries in Asia and Africa.
Historically common law means law common to England and Wales as distinct from local customs. In the twelfth century England King Henry II increased his own power and reduced the power of the local courts by opening the King’s Court. The law that developed from the King’s Court decisions was superior to local laws and became common to the entire realm.
Common law is administered and developed by courts. Decisions of courts in previous cases are considered as a source of law. An earlier decision is a precedent which influences or binds courts in later similar cases. Subsequent courts will follow precedents when they determine analogous issues. Besides the records of cases the law is also found in statutes. But even statutes are often interpreted by the courts and these interpretations become new precedents.
Another important feature of the common law tradition is equity. The ordinary meaning of the word is justice or fairness, but it also covers a system of law developed in England and other countries. Actually the purpose of equity was to supplement the existing common-law rules when they were inadequate or unfair. The common law and Equity courts are now merged in most jurisdictions.
On the Continent2 scholars played a central role in the law’s development. They commented on and expanded the laws of ancient Rome, that is why continental law is sometimes known as Roman law. Continental law is also known as codified law because it is organized into codes which are the primary source of law. Great national codifications of laws, such as the Code of Napoleon of 1804, and the German Civil Code were exported to many countries outside Europe. They were applied in different ways or adapted to local conditions.
The distinguishing characteristics of these two systems lie in the source of law and the procedure used in the courts. However, the two systems are not quite divergent as they borrow from each other. Continental-law courts pay more respect to precedent than in the past, while common-law countries, such as the United States have enacted uniform legal codes. In order to understand why a particular country has a particular legal system it is necessary to look at its history, political structure and social values.
Notes:
1 Commonwealth – Содружество (межгосударственное объединение Великобритании и большинства бывших английских доминионов и колоний).
2 Continent – Европейский материк (в противопоставление Британским островам).
EXERCISE 5
Прочитайте текст еще раз, найдите и переведите на русский язык определение слова прецедент.
EXERCISE 6
Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются данные ниже слова, и заполните таблицу:
fairness, necessary, contemporary, national, analogous, political, precedent, different, subsequent, decision, divergent, previous, meaning, evolution, ordinary, ancient, continental, primary, interpretation.
| Nouns ……………………. ……………………. | Adjectives ……………………. ……………………. |
EXERCISE 7
Найдите в тексте существительные, с которыми следующие прилагательные употребляются как определения, и переведите словосочетания на русский язык:
western, slow, new, different, continental, social, local, important, legal, complex, inadequate, divergent, national, Roman, political, particular,
uniform, unfair, distinguishing.
EXERCISE 8
Подберите из правой колонки русские эквиваленты английских словосочетаний.
| 1) contemporary law | a) | приспособить закон |
| 2) common law | b) | применять закон |
| 3) previous case | c) | для того, чтобы |
| 4) similar case | d) | принимать закон |
| 5) in different ways | e) | отправлять правосудие |
| 6) in order to | f) | вводить закон |
| 7) to adopt a law | g) | подобное дело |
| 8) to adapt a law | h) | предыдущее дело |
| 9) to administer law | i) | суды права справедливости |
| 10) to apply a law | j) | обязывать суды |
| 11) to enact a law | k) | общее право |
| 12) to bind courts | l) | современное право |
| 13) equity courts | m) | различными способами, по-разному |
EXERCISE 9
Прочитайте следующие словосочетания. Обратите внимание на то, что выделенные слова соответствуют английскому слову case. Переведите словосочетания на английский язык, используя схему как подсказку:
1) версия защиты; 2) версия обвинения; 3) судебное дело в сфере общего права; 4) судебное дело в сфере права справедливости; 5) аргументы в пользу кого-либо, чего-либо; 6) чрезвычайное обстоятельство; 7) гражданское дело; 8) уголовное дело; 9) необоснованная версия; 10) обоснованная версия; 11) закоренелый преступник; 12) психически больной; 13) дело, подлежащее рассмотрению по нормам статутного права; 14) доводы против (кого-либо, чего-либо).
 civil |  | for |
 criminal |  | for the defence |
 bad |  | for the prosecution |
    good |     case | in equity |
| hard | in law | |
| mental | of emergency | |
| statutory | against |
EXERCISE 10
Слово order употребляется в нескольких значениях: 1) приказ, команда; 2) заказ; 3) порядок, последовательность; 4) порядок, исправность; 5) хорошее физическое состояние; 6) порядок, спокойствие; 7) орден, знак отличия; 8) in order to– для того, чтобы; и др.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения слова order.
1. The plant had a large order for tanks from India.
2. The officer gave an order to the soldiers.
3. Are your papers in order?
4. The names on the list are in an alphabetic order.
5. Law is based on concepts of order and compulsion.
6. The robber ran fast in order to get the bus.
7. He got an order for his services to the community.
8. As a rule, an alcoholic’s liver is out of order.
EXERCISE 11
Подберите пары близких по значению слов из двух колонок:
| 1) law | a) | problem |
| 2) to determine | b) | Act |
| 3) common | c) | analogous |
| 4) statute | d) | to decide |
| 5) issue | e) | rule |
| 6) to exist | f) | to govern |
| 7) to administer | g) | to be |
| 8) previous | h) | ordinary |
| 9) similar | i) | contemporary |
| 10) modern | j) | earlier |
EXERCISE 12
Заполните пропуски предлогами, где это необходимо, и переведите предложения на русский язык.
| in --- by(2) from to (3) into of at |
1. Most law was derived … English common law and Roman law.
2. Common law was common … both England and Wales.
3. Continental law was influenced … the laws … ancient Rome.
4. A judicial precedent influences … common law courts … later cases.
5. Roman laws were commented … European scholars.
6. Most continental law is organized … codes.
7. Some national codes were exported … other countries and adapted … their conditions.
8. Look … the country's traditions and customs in order to understand its legal system.
EXERCISE 13
Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами и словосочетаниями из правой колонки.
| 1. English common law … the development of law in other countries. 2. Custom is the original … of common law. | precedent influenced |
| 3. The principal sources of English common law are legislation and judicial … . 4. Some lawmakers think that England should … its law. 5. … is the system of law developed in the Roman Empire. 6. The … and equitable systems have merged. 7. Precedents … judges in subsequent courts. 8. English law is a mixture of … and precedent. 9. A code is an enacted body of … . | source statute codify common law rules bind Roman law |
EXERCISE 14
Задайте общие и специальные вопросы по содержанию текста, на которые следующие предложения являются ответами. Обратите внимание на порядок слов в вопросительных предложениях.
1. It means national law in contrast to local law.
2. It is developed by courts.
3. No, they are not. Statutes are interpreted by courts.
4. Its purpose was to supplement common law.
5. It is called so because it was influenced by the ancient laws of Rome.
6. Yes, now they pay more respect to precedent.
EXERCISE 15
Дайте ответы на вопросы по содержанию текста.
1. What are the two great legal traditions of Western Europe?
2. What countries adopted a) a common-law system?
b) a continental-law system?
3. When did common law originate?
4. Why was the law called common?
5. How are new precedents created?
6. Why was Equity developed?
7. What is continental law based on?
8. In what way do the systems influence each other?
EXERCISE 16
Закончите предложения таким образом, чтобы получилось краткое
изложение текста.
1. Most contemporary law is … .
2. Common law was adopted … .
3. Common law is administered … .
4. Precedents bind … .
5. Equity means … .
6. The purpose of equity was … .
7. Much of continental law is … .
8. Continental law spread … .
EXERCISE 17
Переведите текст Sources of Modern Law на русский язык, обращая внимание на юридические термины из раздела Vocabulary.
VOCABULARY
| source | - источник | |||
| law contemporary law common law continental law Roman law codified law | - современное право - общее право - континентальное европейское право - римское право - кодифицированное право | |||
| to adopt to administer to administer law | - принимать - управлять;применять - применять нормы права | |||
| case previous case similar case records of cases | - судебное дело - предыдущее дело - подобное дело - запротоколированные материалы дел | |||
| to consider | - рассматривать;полагать,считать | |||
| decision | - решение;определение (суда) | |||
| precedent to follow precedent | - прецедент - руководствоваться прецедентом | |||
| to influence | - влиять, оказывать влияние | |||
| to bind(bound) | - обязывать,связывать обязательством | |||
| to determine to determine an issue | - определять;решать - решать вопрос | |||
| statute | - статут,закон,законодательный акт | |||
| equity equity court | - право справедливости,справедливость - суд права справедливости | |||
| to supplement | - дополнять | |||
| to merge | - сливаться,объединяться | |||
| to codify | - кодифицировать | |||
| code Code of Napoleon civil code | - кодекс;код - Кодекс Наполеона - гражданский кодекс | |||
| to apply | - применять | |||
| to adapt | - приспосабливать, делать подходящим | |||
| procedure | - процедура; процесс; судопроизводство | procedure | - | процедура;процесс;судопроизводство |
| to enact | - принимать,вводить (в законодательном порядке) |
TEST 1 (Units I, II)