Organization of the French Police
The French Police consists of two highly centralized forces, the National Police and the National Gendarmerie. There is a further independent local force called the Municipal Police. Relations between the two major forces are often described as strained. The Municipal police force operates in theory alongside the National police and the National Gendarmerie. All the French police are armed.
The National Police is considerably larger then the Gendarmerie with some 116,300 officers and is responsible to the Ministry of the Interior. In addition to the uniformed and plain clothes police officers, there are about 10,000 civil support staff working for the National Police.
The National Police has executive and administrative functions which are split between the various units and services, for example: suppression of public disorder, road and motorway patrols, intelligence service, border and air control service, VIP security service. Drugs, vice and forensic work are often covered by specialist squads and there is also an anti-terrorist unit.
Within the National Police there are a few divisions for active policing:
- The Urban Police operates in the 477 big towns. Each district is controlled by a Commissar and consists of uniformed officers and a plain clothes detective and administration division. The tasks of the Urban Police division are to maintain law and order, public safety, security and salubrity, and traffic control.
- The Judicial Police deal with criminal, financial and economic cases.
- The Political Police of approximately 4,000 officers collect and collate information on individuals or groups who are regarded as constituting a danger to the state. Its plain officers are empowered to infiltrate organizations, collect information, tap telephones and open mail, subject to warrants.
- The State Security Service is concerned with the secret activities of foreign states operating in France.
- The Air and Frontier Police is responsible for movement of people across French borders and through airports. It works closely with the Customs Service which has responsibility for supervision of the movement of goods across the frontiers.
There are also other divisions of the National Police including para-military riot police and drug squad.
The National Gendarmerie is a military force under the control of the Ministry of Defence.
Text №2
1.Read and translate the text with the help of dictionary
Organization of the Italian Police
There are four separate police systems in Italy: the Carabinieri, the State police, the treasury police and the local community police.
In addition there are the Corps of Prison Warders and the Corps of Foresters. The latter is responsible for the protection of forestry and environment. In total there are some 302 police officers, giving one officer for every 191 people.
The Italian police all come under the authority of the Minister of the Interior who coordinates the activities of law enforcement agencies. The Minister is responsible for the maintenance of public order and safety, and the services of the Public Security Department are employed to enforce this authority. This department in turn is sub-divided into various departments and agencies headed by the Chief of the Italian Police.
Text №3
1.Read and translate the text with the help of dictionary
What are crimes?
It is very important to know which acts are criminal.
Offences against society
The most fundamental characteristic of a crime is that it is a punishable offense against society. Consequently, when a crime occurs, society, acting through such employees as the police and prosecutors, attempts to identify, arrest, prosecute, and punish the criminal. These measures are designed to protect society rather than to aid the victim of the crime. Victims of almost all crimes can sue identified criminals for civil damages, but seldom do because it is costly and difficult to collect from such defendants.
Elements of crimes
Before anyone can be convicted of a crime, three elements usually must be proved at the trial. They are:
1. a duty to do or not to do a certain thing;
2. a violation of the duty, and
3. criminal intent.
Duty. The duty to do or not to do a certain thing usually is described by statutes which prohibit certain conduct. Generally only conduct that is serious – involving violence or theft property – is classified as an offense against society and therefore criminal.
Violation of the duty. The breach of duty must also be proved in a criminal trial. This is the specific conduct by the defendant, which violates the duty. For example, battery is always a crime. Criminal battery is often defined in statutes as «the intentional causing of corporal harm». Corporal harm means bodily harm. A breach of this duty could be established in a trial by the testimony of witness who swore that she saw the defendant deliberately punch the victim.
Criminal intent. The third element, criminal intent, must be proved in most cases. Criminal intent generally means that the defendant intended to commit the act and intended to do evil.
A few crimes do not require criminal intent. These are generally less serious crimes, for which a jail sentence is very unlikely. Traffic offenses fall within this classification. You may not have intended to speed or have intended evil but you have still committed this crime.
Today, statutes of most states fix the age of criminal liability at 18, but the figure ranges from 16 to 19. Statutes often provide that minors as young as 13 or 16 may be tried and punished as adults if they are accused of serious crimes such as murder. Generally, however, what is a crime for adults is juvenile delinquency for minors.
Ignorance or mistake is generally no excuse for violating a law. A person is presumed to know what the law is. To have criminal intent, one must have sufficient mental capacity at the time one commits a crime to know the difference between right and wrong and to be capable of deciding what to do. Accordingly, insane persons are not held liable for their criminal acts.
Normally neither voluntary intoxication nor drug abuse is a good defense against a criminal charge.
РАЗДЕЛ II
ГРАММАТИКА
- The Infinitive. The Infinitive Construction.
Инфинитив – это неличная форма глагола, которая называет действие и в русском языке соответствует неопределенной форме глагола (инфинитиву), которая отвечает на вопросы: ‘’что делать?’’, ‘’что сделать?’’:
to read – читать, прочитать
to investigate – расследовать
to detect – разыскать, разыскивать
Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to, однако частица to перед инфинитивом в некоторых случаях опускается.
E.g. We must learn how to findcriminal as quickly as possible.
Инфинитив в предложении может быть:
1. Подлежащим:
To detectthe criminal is very often not an easy task.
(Разыскать преступника – это очень нелегкая задача).
2. Составной частью сказуемого:
The main duty of militia officers is to fight crime.
(Главная обязанность сотрудника милиции – это бороться с преступностью).
3. Дополнением:
At our university we are also taught to find evidence.
(В университете нас также учат находить улики).
4. Определением:
He had no intention to commita criminal act.
(У него не было намерения совершитьпреступное деяние).
5. Обстоятельством цели:
I entered the Krasnodar University of the MIA (in order) to become a good lawyer.
(Я поступил в Краснодарский университет МВД,чтобы стать хорошим юристом).
Инфинитив имеет формы залога (Active, Passive), а также формы времени (Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect):
  Active Passive |
| Indefinite to study - to be studied изучать (вообще) быть изучаемым (вообще) Continuous to be studying ______ изучать (в данный момент) Perfect to have studied to have been studied изучить быть изученным |
Наиболее распространенными являются формы Indefinite Infinitive Active и Passive. Остальные формы инфинитива встречаются значительно реже.
Exercise 1. Read and translate the sentences into Russian, underline the infinitives:
1. His duty is to make sure that the place of work is safe.
2. He could not refuse to fulfill demands of court.
3. He has just finished to read the sentence.
4. Please telephone him to send this message.
5. I would like to see this witness again.
6. This is the place to see.
7. To elect and to be elected is the right of every citizen.
Exercise 2. Match a line in A with a verb in B and a line in C.
| A | B | C |
| 1. I went for a walk | to make | the house smell nice |
| 2. I’m going to the library | to buy | a new car |
| 3. I went to town | to get | some friends |
| 4. I phoned the theatre | to change | my books |
| 5. I want to borrow some money | to visit | how to get to my house |
| 6.I bought some flowers | to do | some fresh air |
| 7. I’m going to Paris | to ask | some shopping |
| 8. I wrote to John | to explain | what time the play started |
Passive Infinitive в функции определения.
Пассивный инфинитив, стоящий после существительного, обычно переводится придаточным предложением с оттенком модальности, в котором действие, выраженное инфинитивом, совершается над лицом или предметом, к которому оно относится.
E.g. The case to be investigated by this young officer is rather difficult.
(Дело, которое должно быть расследовано этим молодым следователем, довольно трудное).
Exercise 3. Translate the sentences:
1. The evidence to be found at a crime scene is very important for the investigation.
2. The report to be written by the investigator must include all the facts collected during the investigation.
3. The crime to be investigated by Scotland Yard occurred on the Thames.
4. The criminal case to be tried by our district court next week is much spoken of in our city.
5. Justice in this country to be administered equally by judges often depends on the sum of money a person has.
6. He spoke of the problems to be settled in the nearest future.
7. The article to be discussed by the students is about the American Constitution.
Конструкция for + Infinitive
1. It is necessary for him to consult a doctor.
Ему необходимо посоветоваться с врачом.
2. There is no need for her to worry.
Ей нет необходимости беспокоиться.
3. Here is a job for you to do.
Вот работа, которую вам необходимо сделать.
Exercise 4. Translate into Russian paying attention to the construction ‘’for + Infinitive’’:
1. It is necessary for us to come in time.
2. It is very important for the students to have a good practice in English.
3. Is it difficult for you to answer this question?
4. It was not easy for the scientists to prove their theory.
5. It is only nine o’clock. There is no need for you to hurry.
6. Here is a book for him to read during his trip.
7. There is no hope for me to meet him soon.