Образование грамматических конструкций
Tenses
Present simple
| I/you/we/they like. Do you like? You don't like. Present continuous I am going. She/he/it is going. Are you going? I am not going. She isn't going. Present perfect I/you/we/they have left. Have they left? They haven't left. Present perfect continuous I/you/we/they have been waiting. Have you been waiting? We haven't been waiting. | She/he/it likes. Does she like? He doesn't like. You/we/they are going. Am I going? Is she going? You aren't going. She/he/it has left. Has she left? He hasn't left. She/he/it has been waiting. Has she been waiting? He hasn't been waiting. |
| Past simple 1. I/you/she/he/it/we/they started. (Regular) Did you start? You didn't start. 2. I/you/she/he/it/we/they went. (Irregular) Did you go? You didn't go. | |
| Past continuous I/she/he/it was going. Was he going? She wasn't' going. | You/we/they were going. Were you going? You weren't going. |
| Past perfect I/you/she/he/it/we/they had left. Had he left? They hadn't left. Past perfect continuous I/you/she/he/it/we/they had been waiting. Had they been waiting? He hadn't been waiting. Future perfect I/you/she/he/it/we/they will have finished. Will they have finished? They won't have finished. Future perfect continuous I/you/she/he/it/we/they will have been waiting. Will they have been waiting? They won't have been waiting. Will See Units 4 and 19. | |
| 2. Indirect Speech 'I always drink milk.' I'm leaving.' I'll be back soon.' I've forgotten it.' 'I took it.' 'I was reading.' 'I had left by then.' 'I must go.' 'I can help.' 'I would like to help.' 'If I had a car, I'd go.' 3. Passive tenses He helps. He is helping. He has helped. He helped. He was helping. He will help. He will have helped. 4. Infinitives Present: Passive: Past: Past passive: 5. Participles (-ing forms) Present: Present passive: Past: Past passive: | He said that he always drank milk. She said she was leaving. He said he would be back soon. She said she had forgotten it. He said he had taken it. She said she had been reading. She said she had left by then. She said she had to go/must go. He said he could help. She said she would like to help. He said that if he had a car he would go. He is helped. He is being helped. He has been helped. He has helped. He was being helped. He will be helped. He will have been helped. to like to be liked to have liked to have been liked liking being liked having liked having been liked |
Таблица неправильных глаголов
| Инфинитив | Прошедшее время | Причастие прошедшего времени | Основное значение |
| be become begin break [breik] bring build [bild] burn [bə:n] buy catch [kæt∫] choose [t∫u:z] come [kAm] cost cut [kAt] do [du:] draw [dro:] dream [dri:m] drink drive [draiv] eat fall [fo:l] feel [fi:l] fight [fait] find [faind] fly [flai] forget forgive freeze get give go grow [grəu] hang [hæŋ] have hear [hiə] hide [haid] hold [həuld] hurt [hə:t] keep know lay [lei] lead [li:d] learn [lə:n] leave [li:v] lend let lie [lai] lose [lu:z] make [meik] mean [mi:n] meet [mi:t] pay [pei] put [put] read [ri:d] ring [riŋ] rise [raiz] run [ran] say [sei] see [si:] sell [sel] send set shake [∫eik] shine [∫ain] shoot [∫ut] show shut [∫at] sing sit sleep speak [spi:k] spend spread [spred] stand steal [sti:l] swim take teach tear [teə] tell think throw [qrəu] understand wake [weik] wear [weə] win [win] write [rait] | was/were [o/ə:] became began broke [brəuk] brought [bro:t] built [bilt] burnt [bə:nt] bought [bo:t] caught [ko:t] chose [t∫əuz] came [keim] cost cut [kAt] did drew [dru:] dreamt [dremt] drank drove [drəuv] ate [æt] fell felt [felt] fought [fo:t] found [faund] flew [flu:] forgot forgave froze got gave went grew [gru:] hung [hAŋ] had heard [hə:d] hid [hid] held [held] hurt [hə:t] kept knew [nju:] laid [leid] led [led] learnt [lə:nt] left [left] lent let lay [lei] lost [lost] made [meid] meant [ment] met [met] paid [peid] put [put] read [red] rang [ræŋ] rose [rəuz] ran [ræn] said [sed] saw [so:] sold [səuld] sent set shook [∫uk] shone [∫əun] shot [∫ot] showed shut [∫at] sang sat slept spoke [spəuk] spent spread [spred] stood stole [stəul] swam took taught [to:t] tore [to:] told [təuld] thought [qo:t] threw [qru:] understood woke [wəuk] wore [wo:] won [wan] wrote [rəut] | been become begun broken ['brəukən] brought [bro:t] built [bilt] burnt [bə:nt] bought [bo:t] caught [ko:t] chosen ['t∫əuzən] come [kAm] cost cut [kAt] done [dAn] drawn [dro:n] dreamt [dremt] drunk driven ['drivən] eaten fallen felt [felt] fought [fo:t] found [faund] flown [fləun] forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown [grəun] hung [hAŋ] had heard [hə:d] hidden [hidn] held [held] hurt [hə:t] kept known laid [leid] led [led] learnt [lə:nt] left [left] lent let lain [lein] lost [lost] made [meid] meant [ment] met [met] paid [peid] put [put] read [red] rung [raŋ] risen ['rizən] run [ran] said [sed] seen [si:n] sold [səuld] sent set shaken [∫eikn] shone [∫əun] shot [∫ot] shown shut [∫at] sung sat slept spoken [spəukn] spent spread [spred] stood stolen ['stəulən] swum taken taught [to:t] torn [to:n] told [təuld] thought [qo:t] thrown [qrəun] understood woken [wəukn] worn [wo:n] won [wan] written | быть становиться начинать ломать приносить строить жечь покупать ловить выбирать приходить стоить резать делать рисовать мечтать пить ехать кушать падать чувствовать сражаться находить летать забывать прощать замораживать получать давать идти расти висеть иметь слышать прятаться держать причинять боль хранить знать класть вести учить оставлять одолжить позволять лежать терять делать подразумевать встречать платить класть читать звонить подниматься бежать сказать видеть продавать посылать ставить, класть трясти светить стрелять показывать закрывать петь сидеть спать говорить тратить распространяться стоять воровать плавать брать учить разрывать рассказывать думать бросать понимать просыпаться носить выигрывать писать |
Модальные глаголы (can/could/will/wouldetc.)
This appendix is a summary of modal verbs (can/could/will/wouldetc.). For more information, see Units 18-19.
1. Compare can/couldetc. for actions:
| can could | • I can go out tonight. (= there is nothing to stop me) • I can't go out tonight. • I could go out tonight. (but I'm not very keen) • I couldn't go out last night. (= I wasn't able) |
| canor may | Can I go out tonight? (= do you allow me to go out?) May |
| will/won't would | • I think I'll go out tonight. • I promise I won't go out. • I would go out tonight but I've got too much to do. • I promised I wouldn't go out. |
| shall | • Shall I go out tonight? (= do you think it is a good idea?) |
| shouldorought to | should • I go out tonight. (= it would be a good thing to do) ought to |
| must needn't | • I must go out tonight. (= it is necessary) • I mustn't go out tonight. (= it is necessary that I do not go out) • I needn't go out tonight. (= it is not necessary that I go out) |
Compare could have... / would have...etc.:
| could would shouldorought to needn't | • I could have gone out last night but I decided to stay at home. • I would have goneout last night but I had too much to do. should • I have gone out last night. I m sorry I didn't. ought to • I needn't have gone out last night. (= I went out but it was not necessary) |
2. We use will/would/mayetc. to say whether something is possible, impossible, probable, certain etc. Compare:
| will would | • What time willshe be here?' 'She'll be here soon.' • She would be here now but she has been delayed. |
| shouldor ought to | should • She behere soon. (= I expect she will be here soon) ought to |
| mayor mightor could | may • She might be here now. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she is here) could |
| must can't | • She must be here. I saw her come in. (= I'm sure - there is no other possibility) • She can't possibly be here. I know for certain that she's away on holiday. |
Compare would have… / should have… etc.:
| will would | • She will have arrived by now. • She would have arrived earlier but she was delayed. |
| shouldor ought to | should • I wonder where she is. She have arrived by now. ought to |
| mayor mightor could | may • She mighthave arrived. I'm not sure. (= it's possible that she has arrived) could |
| must can't | • She must have arrived by now. ( I'm sure - there is no other possibility) • She can'tpossibly have arrived yet. It's much too early. (= it's impossible) |
Краткие формы (I'm / you've / didn'tetc.)
1. In spoken English we usually say I'm / you've / didn't etc. (short forms) rather than I am / you have / did not etc. We also use short forms in informal written English (for example, in letters to friends).
When we write short forms, we use an apostrophe (') for the missing letter(s):
I'm = I am you've = you have didn't = did not
2. List of short forms of auxiliary verbs
| 'm = am 's = is or has 're = are 've = have 'll = will 'd = would or had | I'm I've I'll I'd | he's he'll he'd | she's she'll she'd | it's | you're you've you'll you'd | we're we've we'll we'd | they're they've they'll they'd |
'scan be is or has:
· She's ill. (= She is ill.)
· She's gone away. (= She has gone away.)
but let's = let us:
· Let's go now. (= Let us go)
'd can be would or had:
· I'd see a doctor if I were you. (= I would see)
· I'd never seen her before. (= I had never seen)
We use some of these short forms (especially 's) after question words (who/what etc.) and after that/there/here:
who's what's where's how's that's there's here's who'll there'll who'd
· Who's that woman over there? (= who is)
· What's happened? (= what has)
· Do you think there'll be many people at the party? (= there will)
You can also use short forms (especially 's) after a noun:
· John's going out tonight. (= John is)
· My friend's just got married. (= My friend has)
You cannot use 'm / 's / 're / 've / 'll / 'd at the end of a sentence (because the verb is stressed in this position):
· 'Are you tired?' 'Yes, I am.' (not 'Yes, I'm.')
· Do you know where she is? (not 'Do you know where she's?')
3. Negative short forms
| isn't | (= is not) | haven't | (= have not) | shan't | (= shall not) |
| aren't | (= are not) | hasn't | (= has not) | shouldn't | (= should not) |
| wasn't | (= was not) | hadn't | (= had not) | mightn't | (= might not) |
| weren't | (= were not) | can't | (= cannot) | mustn't | (= must not) |
| don't | (= do not) | couldn't | (= could not) | needn't | (= need not) |
| doesn't | (= does not) | won't | (= will not) | daren't | (= dare not) |
| didn't | (= did not) | wouldn't | (= would not) |
Negative short forms for is and are can be:
he isn't / she isn't / it isn't or he's not/ she's not/ it's not
you aren't / we aren't / they aren't or you're not/ we're not/ they're not
Правописание (Spelling)
1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can have the following endings:
| noun + -s/es (plural) | books | ideas | matches |
| verb + -s/-es(after he/she/it) | works | enjoys | washes |
| verb + -ing | working | enjoying | washing |
| verb + -ed | worked | enjoyed | washed |
| adjective + -er(comparative) | cheaper | quicker | brighter |
| adjective + -est(superlative) | cheapest | quickest | brightest |
| adjective + -ly(adverb) | cheaply | quickly | brightly |
When we use these endings, there are sometimes changes in spelling. These changes are listed below.
2. Nouns and verbs + -s/-es
The ending is -es when the word ends in -s/-ss/-sh/-ch/-x:
match/matches bus/buses box/boxes
wash/washes miss/misses search/searches
Note also:
potato/potatoes tomato/tomatoes
do/doesgo/goes
3.Words ending in -y (baby, carry, easy etc.)
| If a word ends in a consonant* + y (-by/-ry/-sy/-vy etc.): y changes to ie before the ending -s: baby/babies lorry/lorries country/countries secretary/secretaries hurry/hurries study/studies apply/applies try/tries y changes to i before the ending -ed: hurry/hurried study/studied apply/applied try/tried y changes to i before the endings -er and -est: easy/easier/easiest heavy/heavier/heaviest lucky/luckier/luckiest y changes to i before the ending -ly: easy/easily heavy/heavily temporary/temporarily |
y does not change before -ing:
hurrying studying applying trying
y does not change if the word ends in a vowel* + y (-ay/-ey/-oy/-uy):
play/plays/played enjoy/enjoys/enjoyed buy/buys monkey/monkeys
An exception is: day/daily
Note also: pay/paid lay/laid say/said
4.Verbs ending in -ie (die, lie, tie)
If a verb ends in -ie, ie changes to y before the ending -ing:
die/dying lie/lying tie/tying
__________________________________________________________________
* a e i o u are vowel letters. The other letters (b c d f g etc.) are consonant letters.
продолжение Правописание (Spelling)
5. Words ending in -e (hope, dance, wide etc.)
| Verbs If a verb ends in -e, we leave out e before the ending -ing: hope/hoping smile/smiling dance/dancing confuse/confusing Exceptions are: be/being and verbs ending in -ee: see/seeing agree/agreeing If a verb ends in -e, we add -d for the past (of regular verbs): hope/hoped smile/smiled dance/danced confuse/confused |
| Adjectives and adverbs If an adjective ends in -e, we add -r and -st for the comparative and superlative: wide/wider/widest late/later/latest large/larger/largest If an adjective ends in -e, we keep e before the adverb ending -ly: polite/politely extreme/extremely absolute/absolutely If an adjective ends in -le(simple, terrible etc.), the adverb ending is -ply, -bly etc. simple/simply terrible/terribly reasonable/reasonably |
6. Doubling consonants (stop/stopping/stopped, wet/wetter/wettest etc.)
Sometimes a word ends in vowel + consonant. For example:
stop plan wet thin slip prefer regret
Before the endings -ing/-ed/-er/-est, we double the consonant at the end. So p→pp, n → nn etc. For example:
| stop | p | → | pp | stopping | stopped |
| plan | n | → | nn | planning | planned |
| rub | b | → | bb | rubbing | rubbed |
| big | g | → | gg | bigger | biggest |
| wet | t | → | tt | wetter | wettest |
| thin | n | → | nn | thinner | thinnest |
If the word has more than one syllable (prefer, begin etc.), we double the consonant at the end only if the final syllable is stressed:
preFER / preferring / preferred perMIT / permitting / permitted
reGRET / regretting / regretted beGIN / beginning
If the final syllable is not stressed, we do not double the final consonant:
VISit / visiting / visited deVELop / developing / developed
HAPpen / happening / happened reMEMber / remembering / remembered
In British English, verbs ending in -l have -ll- before -ing and -ed whether the final syllable is stressed or not:
travel/ travelling / travelled cancel / cancelling / cancelled
For American spelling, see pages 333-334.
| Note that: we do not double the final consonant if the word ends in two consonants (-rt, -lp, -ng etc.): start / starting / started help / helping / helped long / longer / longest we do not double the final consonant if there are two vowel letters before it (-oil, -eed etc.): boil / boiling / boiled need / needing / needed explain / explaining / explained cheap / cheaper / cheapest loud / louder / loudest quiet/ quieter / quietest we do not double y or w at the end of words. (At the end of words y and w are not consonants.) stay / staying / stayed grow / growing new / newer / newest |
Американский английский (American English)
There are a few grammatical differences between British English and American English:
| unit | BRITISH The present perfect is used for an action in the past with a result now: · I've lostmy key. Have you seen it? · Sally isn't here. She's goneout. The present perfect is used with just, already and yet: · I'm not hungry. I've just had lunch. · A: What time is he leaving? B: He has already left. · Have you finished your work yet? have a bath / have a shower Will or shall can be used with I/we: · I will/shall be late this evening. The questions shall I...? and shall we...? are used to ask for advice etc.: · Which way shall we go? You can use needn't (do) or don't need to (do): · We needn't hurry. or We don't need to hurry. After demand, insist etc. you can use should: · I demanded that he should apologise. · We insisted that something should be done about the problem. | AMERICAN The present perfect OR past simple can be used: · I've lostmy key. Have you seen it? or I lost my key. Did you see it? She's goneout. · Sally isn't here. She went out. The present perfect OR past simple can be used: I've just hadlunch. · I'm not hungry. I just had lunch. · A: What time is he leaving? He has already left. B: He already left. · Have you finished your work yet? or Did you finish your work yet? take a bath / take a shower Shall is unusual: · I will be late this evening. Should I...? and should we...? are used to ask for advice etc.: · Which way should we go? Needn't is unusual. The usual form is don't need to: · We don't need to hurry. The subjunctive is normally used. Should is unusual after demand, insist etc.: · I demanded that he apologize*. · We insisted that something be done about the problem. |
* Many verbs ending in -ise in British English (apologise/organise/specialise etc.) are spelt with
-ize (apologize/organize/specialize etc.) in American English.
продолжение Американский английский (American English)
| unit | BRITISH British speakers say 'to/in hospital' (without 'the'): · Three people were injured and taken to hospital. Nouns like government/team/family etc. can have a singular or plural verb: · The team is/are playing well. at the weekend/ at weekends: Will you be here at the weekend? in a street: · Do you live in this street? different from or different to: · It was different from (or to) what I'd expected. write to somebody: · Please write to me soon. | AMERICAN American speakers say 'to/in the hospital': · Three people were injured and taken to the hospital. These nouns normally take a singular verb in American English: · The team is playing well. on the weekend / on weekends: · Will you be here on the weekend? on a street: · Do you live on this street? different from or different than: · It was different from (or than) what I'd expected. write (to) somebody (with or without 'to'): · Please write (to) me soon. |
| основ-ные формы глаго-лов | BRITISH The verbs in this section (burn, spoil etc.) can be regular or irregular (burned or burnt, spoiled or spoilt etc.). The past participle of get is got: · Your English has got much better. (= has become much better) Have got is also an alternative to have: · I've got two brothers. (= I have two brothers.) travel → travelling / travelled cancel→cancelling / cancelled | AMERICAN The verbs in this section are normally regular (burned, spoiled etc.). The past participle of get is gotten: · Your English has gotten much better. Have got = have (as in British English): · I've gottwo brothers. travel → traveling / traveled cancel → canceling / canceled |
Настоящие и прошедшие времена (Present and past tenses)
| simple | continuous | |
| present | I do present simple (Units 1, 4-5) • Ann often plays tennis. • I work in a bank but I don't enjoy it very much. • Do you like parties? • It doesn't rain much in summer. | I am doing present continuous (=> Units 1, 4-5) • 'Where's Ann?' 'She's playing tennis.' • Please don't disturb me now. I'm working. • Hello. Are you enjoying the party? • It isn't raining at the moment. |
| present perfect | I have done present perfect (=Units 1, 3) • Ann has played tennis many times. • I've lostmy key. Have you seen it anywhere? • How long have they knowneach other? • 'Is it still raining?' 'No, it has stopped.' • The house is dirty. We haven't cleaned it for weeks. | I have been doing present perfect continuous (=> Units 1, 3) • Ann is very tired. She has been playing tennis. • You're out of breath. Have you been running? • How long havethey been learning English? • It's still raining. It has been raining all day. • I haven't been feeling well recently. Perhaps I should go to the doctor. |
| past | I did past simple (=> Units 1-3) • Ann playedtennis yesterday afternoon. • I lost my key a few days ago. • There was a film on TV last night but we didn't watch it. • What did you do when you finished work yesterday? | I was doing past continuous (=>Units 1-2) • I saw Ann in the park yesterday. She was playing tennis. • I dropped my key when I was trying to open the door. • The television was on but we weren't watching it. • What were you doing at this time yesterday? |
| past perfect | I had done past perfect (=> Units 1-2) • It wasn't her first game of tennis. She had played many times before. • I couldn't get into the house because I had lost my key. • The house was dirty because we hadn't cleaned it for weeks. | I had been doing past perfect continuous (=>Unit 1) • Ann was tired yesterday evening because she had been playing tennis in the afternoon. • George decided to go to the doctor because he hadn't been feeling well. |
For the passive, see Unit 10.
Будущее (The future)
1. List of future forms
| • I'm leaving tomorrow. • My train leaves at 9.30. • I'm going to leave tomorrow. • I'll leave tomorrow. • I'll be leaving tomorrow. • I'll have left by this time tomorrow. • I hope to see you before I leave tomorrow. | present continuous present simple (be) going to will future continuous future perfect present simple | (Unit 4: 4A) (Unit 4: 4B) (Unit 4: 3A) (Unit 4: 1A, 3B) (Unit 4: 1D) (Unit 4: 1E) (Unit 4: 2A) |
2. Future actions
We use the present continuous (I'm doing) for arrangements:
• I'm leaving tomorrow. I've got my plane ticket. (already planned and arranged)
• 'When are they gettingmarried?' 'Next month.'
We use the present simple (I leave / it leaves etc.) for timetables, programmes etc.:
• My train leaves at 9.30. (according to the timetable)
• What time doesthe film begin?
We use (be) going to... to say what somebody has already decided to do:
• I've decided not to stay here any longer. I'm going to leave tomorrow. (or I'm leaving
tomorrow.)
• Are you going to watch the film on television tonight?
We use will('ll) when we decide or agree to do something at the time of speaking:
• A: I don't want you to stay here any longer.
B: OK. I'll leave tomorrow. (B decides this at the time of speaking)
• That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it.
• I promise I won't tell anybody what happened. (won't = will not)
3. Future happenings and situations
Most often we use will to talk about future happenings or situations ('something will happen'):
• I don't think John is happy in his job. I think he'll leavesoon.
• This time next year I'll bein Japan. Where willyou be?
We use (be) going towhen the situation now shows what is going to happen in the future.
• Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain. (you can see the clouds now)
4. Future continuous and future perfect
Will be (do)ing - will be in the middle of (doing something):
• This time next week I'll be on holiday. I'll be lying on a beach and swimming in the sea.
We also use will be -ing for future actions (see Unit 4):
• What time will you be leaving tomorrow?
We use will have (done) to say that something will already be complete before a time in the
future:
• I won't be here this time tomorrow. I'll have already left.
5. We use the present (not 'will') after when/if/while/before etc. (see Unit 4:2):
• I hope to see you before I leave tomorrow. (not 'before I will leave')
• You must come and see us when you are in England again. (not 'when you will be')
• If we don't hurry, we'll be late.
СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ
- Гузеева К.А., Трошко Т.Г. Английский язык: Справочные материалы: Книга для учащихся. – М.: Просвещение, 1992.
- Alexander L.G. Developing Skills. Интенсивный курс для знающих английский язык на среднем уровне. М.: ТК Велби, Изд-во Проспект, 2004.
3. Carter R., McCarthy M. Cambridge Grammar of English: A Comprehensive Guide, 2006.
- Murphy R. English Grammar in Use. A Self-Study Reference and Practice Book for Intermediate Students. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
- Vince M. First Certificate Language Practice. Macmillan Heinemann English Language Teaching, 2003.
Учебное издание
СусименкоЕлена Владимировна
Grammar of English: Possible and Impossible
Английская грамматика: возможная и невозможная
Отв. за вып. Н.А.Юшко
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