Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the hi phoneme to orthography.
did, lid, gladly, Freely, lynx, courage, village, washes, rouges, boxes, worries, copies, loaded, fountain, biscuit, Friday, sieve, lettuce, forehead, forfeit, coffee
life
*S. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian.
bed, said, help, tell, yet, head, tennis, weather, member, letter, dressed, setter, helping, anyway, envied, pleasure, friendly, dressing, desolate, separate, hesitate, myself, remember, endeavour, hotel, instead, forget, eleven
*6. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /e/ phoneme to orthography.
red, get, ten, seven, head, dead, ate, the Thames, burial *7. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian,
glad, bad, plan, can, swam, blank, drank, act, sat, fancy, gladly, shallow, added, anxious, badly, traffic, happen, Daddy, sadness, began, exactly, imagine, vocabulary, programme, sandwiches, manufactures, balcony, sacrifice
*8. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the' se/ phoneme to orthography.
carry, ample, have, salmon, plaid, champagne, absolutely, abstract, ambition
*9. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian.
are, bar, far, car, arm, ask, card, past, farm, half, part, large, France, grass, dark, guard, park, start, smart, last, hard, mask, dancing, basking, laughing, rather, hardly, harbour, answer, artist, father, basket, classes, articles, archangel, departure, enlarge, at last
*10. Tranicribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /ct/ phoneme to orthography.
mast, answer, last, tar, part, laugh, Berkley, Hertford, heart *11. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them Into Russian.
on, nod, was, rod, want, gone, job, hot, long, song, bother, bonnet, doctor, model, hostel, honest, nodded, body, offer, Holland, rocky, solid, cannot, occupy, cottages, prosperous, geometry, following, holiday, wasn't, seen off
*12. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the Ivl phoneme to orthography.
■ hot, sorry, foreign, quality, almanac, sausage, knowledge, yacht
*13. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian.
more, draw, all, call, bore, thought, horse, talk, sort, bought, George, shore, always, forward, water, walking, morning, before, also, exports, importance, awfully, audience, orchestra, altogether, of course, forty-four
*H. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the Ы phoneme to orthography.
port, fort, floor, door, course, court, four, pour, roar, war, broad, bought, wrath, cause, fall, yawn, paw, thaw
*15. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian.
good, room, would, cook, foot, took, put, soot, shook, looked, bushes, manufactures, wooden, couldn't, wouldn't, woodland, restful, woman, put out, put on, good-bye, naturally, recapitulate, carefully
*16. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /a/ phoneme to orthography.
put, push, pull, worsted, wolf, look, stood, took, could, should, courier 17. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian.
flue, zoo, too, who, two, use, you, few, true, food, soon, school youth, move, rule, huge, knew, usually, absolutely, pneutnona, moving, avenue, humour, beautiful, review, ruined, suicide, value, regular, pupils, human, assumed, constitution
*18. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /u:/ phoneme to orthography.
blue, rude, rule, June, cool, tomb, group, wound, bruise, brew,
als^ribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the /a:/ pho
neme to orthography. , . uliow
tune, humour, use, cue, Tuesday, suit, neuter, few, beauty, Hughes
20. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into Russian.
one, run, fun, shut, bus, much, ton, young, come other rammer, brother, mother/another, currents, chuckle, wor^«ndwd ™ш£ money, funny, lovely, country, compass, must, just, trouble, wonuex ful, wonderland, instructor, introduction, meaning *21. Transcribe these words. Use them to explain the relation of the U! pho-
neme to orthography.
must, unjust, judge, humbug, does, front, among, money, couple, rough, tough
*22. Transcribe these words. Read and translate them into y were, heard, word, workers thirty ^J^S her, years, Burlow, girls, birds, work, turkey, cu worse, Sherlock, certainly, worth, dirt, perfect *23. Transcribe these words. Read them. Use them to explain the relation
the hil phoneme to orthography. stir, myrtle, kernel, heard, worker, turner, nurse, fur *24. Transcribe these words. Read>nd;tramlate them into *ussia".
d again, along, about, across, obey, ^J^'Ä^
Piccadilly, confess, perhaps, suppose, condition, p
to pleasef to stop, the song, to do, to fish, the giris,.P
ably, finally, wonderland, woodland, decorate, gli
ehester, desolate, recognize, traveller, balcony „„stressed
25. Give examples to prove that the sound Ы U the core of the unstressed vocal ism in Modern English.
Control Task
Transcribe and read the passages.1 Underline the vowels, which relate to the founds /i, i, e, ж, а, т>,а,и,1г, л, з:,_ e/. Give their articulatory characteristics.
No. 1 /i:/
1. People seem to like it. 2. They help by sweeping and cleaning the rooms. 3. That doesn't mean sleeping and eating in tents. 4. The hotel at the seaside will cost you at least thirty pounds a week.
No. 2 /i/
I. "What is it?" I asked him. 2. He looked a sick and miserable boy. 3. He left different medicines with instructions for giving them. 4. The medicine w 1 bring down the fever.
No. 3 /el
1. It took him ten minutes to get to Kensington Gardens. 2. There's a special burial ground for dogs there. 3. You forget about Kensington Gardens, you could spend a couple of hours there. 4. They drive on the left side of the road instead of the right.
No. 4 Ы
1. Ann and Mary were happy in their ntw hats. 2. The fact is Mother packed the sandwiches herself. 3, He waved his hand back to> her till he hit his hand on the back edge. 4. She'd have gladly sacrificed1 anything for the family's sake. 5. The plate of sandwiches.' is standing on the mantelpiece.
No. Б
«Arnold laughed at the artist. 2. She started to have classes last autumn. 3. Last time Arnold asked if they could have classes with the artist. 4. Arnold can't enlarge his vocabulary by starting to toss dictionaries into a waste basket. 5. To enlarge your knowledge in art you must start reading at once.
No. 6 Ы
I. I hadn't got a vacancy in my office. 2. Wtio made that offer of a job? 3.1 was shocked when he offered to sell his watch 4. Oh, my godl What a lot of people come to his office to ask for a job. 5 "Do-yon want a job?" He nodded. "At mv office I haven't got anything to offer you."
No. 7
ft.« wSf Ja+leri5ea5i?Sirway is "°^агт- 2- It is very important that the water of the North Sea near England is warm. 3. There are no more good waterways in the north 4 Shall £St |
y is "° he water of the North Sea near England is warm. 3. There are no more
good waterways in the north. 4. Shallow water is warmert£Si deep wat-
I\i^f4Zr^T, l^ftf Course^
IIS
«er and helps to keep the shores from the cold of Norway. 5. The North Sea is not more than 600 feet deep. So the water in the North Sea is shallow and warm.
No. 8 /u/
I. He is a good cook. 2. Should I look for the sugar? 3. He'd put •on weight and looked solid. 4. The woman put on her new dress and asked if it was good. 5. The good woman put on her hat, looked at iierself and said that if she could go, she would.
No. 9 /u:/
The youth soon found two very good seats for the two. 2, The youth is truly fond of new music. 3. Soon the two were through too. 4. You like their new costumes, don't you?
No. 10 /л/
1. Mother is coming to see us this summer. 2. My brother likes running very much. 3. Every summer hundreds of people come to the South, 4. He said he would come another time and I saw he was worried about something.
No. 11 h:l
1. You are perfectly sure to meet factory workers, office woikers and shop girls there. 2. First of all you must know that holiday camps are permanent buildings. 3. Perhaps when you were here last year you heard something about my girl-friend. f
No. 12 hi
1.1 was rather surprised. 2.1 looked at him or a bit. 3. It was such an insane answer to give. 4. I got some glimmering of what he wa*s driving at. 5. He was rather taken aback. 6. It's over three miles an it's rather difficult on'account of the currents roun^ the beacon.
b) Diphthongs, or Complex Vowels
Closing Diphthongs No. 13 /et/
The nucleus of the diphthong /ei/ is vowel No. 3/e/, which is closely connected with the second element of the diphthong — the glide /i/. In the articulation of the diphthong /ei/the bulk of the tongue glides from the /e/ to the hi position, but the full formation of hi is not accomplished. Since the movement of the tongue in the*articu: lation of /ei/ is from a more open to a more close position, /ei/ is called a closing diphthong with the front, mid narrow unrounded nucleus. The lips are slightly spread. The opening between the jaws is rather narrow, wider for the nucleus than for the glide (Fig. 9).
To practise the /ei7 articulation the following exercises are recom- |
mended:
peel—pail—pile weel—wail—while jnean—ma in—mine feet—fate—fight leak—lake—like
pay—paid—pain may—made—mate day—date
able—cable—'table pain—came—game play—plays—pace pen—pain fell —fail sell:—sale men—main
say—same—sake gay—game—gait bay—bait
Graphic Equivalents of the /ei/ Diphthong
/ei/ is pronounced when spelt:
a take /teik/—брать ai wait /weit/—ждать ay say /sei/—сказать ei vein /vein/—жила ey they /Öei/—они ea great /greit/—большой
It is also pronounced in the words: jail /dseil/—тюрьма, gauge /geidg/—мера; измерять, chaos xaoc, aorta /eibtta/—аорта
\Л | |
"К \ | |
\ \ | эй |
\ V | |
\ N |
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
No. И /эй/
The nucleus of the diphthong /эй/ starts at the position for1 vowet No. 11 /3:/,the articulation of the nucleus is closely connected with the second element of the diphthong, the glide /u/. In the articulation of /эй/ the bulk of the tongue glides from the /a/ to the /u/ position, but the full formation of /u/ is not accomplished. Since the movement of the tongue in the articulation of Iml is from a more open to a more close position /au/ is called a closing diphthong with a central1 mid (narrow variation of the medium position of the tongue) nucleus (Fig. 10). The lips are neutral at the beginning of the diphthong and rounded at the end of it for /u/.
To practise the /эй/ articulation the following exercises are recommended:
oak own open old over only go
snow no so show low ago October
Moscow also tempo window flow . coal home
hold cold close telephone Soviet slogan socialist
Graphic Equivalents of the /au/ Diphthong
/эй/ is pronounced when spelt:
о so /sau/—так
oe foe /fau/—враг
oa road /raud/—дорога
ou soul /ssul/—душа
ough though /Ээи/—хотя, dough /dau/—тесто
ew sew /sau/—шить
ow know /neu/—знать
It is also pronounced in the words: omit /s(u)imit/—упускать, Olympic /au'limpity—олимпийский
No. 15 /ai/
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The nucleus of the diphthong /ai/ is the front open /a/ (more open and retracted than vowel No. 4 /seO» which glides to /i/ without reaching it, the glide sounds like a weak Id. In the articulation of /ai/ the bulk of the tongue moves from a more open /a/ position to a more close /i/ position. The amplitude of this movement is bigger than that in the /ei/ and /эй/ articulation.
The opening between the jaws is rather wide for the nucleus and much narrower for the glide.
To practise the pronunciation of the diphthong /ai/ the following exercises are recommended:
Fig. it
I mine tide fight
tie time tile slight
die dime size like
pie pine lies pipe
my nine wide1 might
lie line died night
fine—feign by—bay
line—lain like—lake
fight—fate my—may
mine—mane die—day
Graphic Equivalents of the /ai/ Diphthong
/ai/ is pronounced when spelt:
i time /taim/—время igh night /nait/—ночь
eigh height /hart/—высота, but: eight /eit/—восемь у my' /mal/—мой
It is also pronounced in the words: buy /bai/—купить, guide /gaid/—гид, eye /ai/—глаз
No. 16 /au/
The nucleus of the diphthong /au/ is /a/, which is more back than /a/ in /ai/. According to the data given by foreign authors, the nucleus. of the diphthong /au/ is open, broad, central, unrounded. Vassilyev defines it as a diphthong with a front-retracted nucleus /a/, which
\ \ | |
\ \ | |
Uau |
12
Fig. 13
The opening between the jaws is wide for the nucleus and much narrower for the glide.
To practise the /au/ articulation, the following exercises are recommended:
cow | gown | howl |
now | bow | house |
town | row | mouth |
down | loud | allow |
mice—mouse lied—loud
lice—louse night—now
shy—shout gye—gout
die—doubt rye—rout
I—owl thy—thou
Graphic Equivalents of the /au/ Diphthong /au/ is pronounced when spelt:
ou house /haus/ —дом
otigh plough /plau/— пахать
ow how /hau/ —как
No. 17 /:i/
prop^6 ПА' 7 ^АМЬ0Щ^Э1/ is & which is ndther No- 6 M S'hlanri Ы ть fThe Р08,и]оп of the bulk of ^e tongue is be-TZ direction ÄtOng-Uf'gHfdeS ?,cm the back and low position glide ТЫ?fmbmL^J^lUOvI°l N* ,П(~се83агУ to accomplish the
Definition: /01/ is a closing diphtnong with the back, low (narrow variation) slightly rounded nucleus (Fig. 13).
To practise the /oi/ articulation the following exercises are recommended:
oil voice avoid coil join spoil boy toy destroy
boy —bay foil —fail point—paint doily—daily hoist—haste soil —sail
Graphic Equivalents of the /oi/ Diphthong
/di/ is pronounced when spelt:
oi point /pomt/—пункт, точка, boil /boil/—кипеть, coin /kom/ —
монета °У boy /boi/—мальчик, joy /d3Di/~ радость
Centring Diphthongs1
No. 18 /ia/
\ ' |
The nucleus of this diphthong is vowel No. 2 /i/. The bulk of the tongue moves from the /i/ position to the position, which it occupies in the /э/ articulation, the full formation of it is fully accomplished.
Definition: /ia/ is a centring diphthong with the high (broad variation of the high position of the tongue) front-retracted unrounded nucleus. When /la/ occurs in an open syllable and is followed by a pause, the glide sounds like the vowel /л/. The lips are neutral.
To practise the Лэ/ articulation the follow
ing exercises are recommended: Fig. И
ear, hear, year, dear, near, clear, engineer, really
he —hear me —mere fee —fear tea—tear bead—beard she—sheer be—beer we —weir pea—peer
Graphic Equivalents of the /ia/ Diphthong
/ю/ is pronounced when spelt:
er here /hra/—-здесь eer beer /bia/—пиво
l The term "centring" is connected with the glide /э/, which is considered to be central. In this book it is referred to as mixed. In Gleason's transcription they are represented as /ih/, /eh/, /oh/, /uh/.
ier pier /pia/—набережная ir fakir Дэ'кю, 'fakia/—факир ear year /jis, ja:/—год ea before other consonants:
real /ml/—настоящий e before unaccented a, u: idea /aildia/—идея, geum
-бот. гравилат
No. 19 /еэ/
The bulk of the tongue starts from the position intermediate between vowels No. 3 /e/ and No. 4 /se/, then it glides to articulate /9/, the full formation of which is not accomplished. The
![]() |
\\ | |
1/ | |
Fig. IB Fig. 16
nucleus of /еэ/ is more open than the English /e/ or the Russian /э/ in amo. The lips are spread .or neutral.
Definition: /еэ/ is a centring diphthong with the front, mid-open -(broad, variation of the medium position of the tongue), unrounded nucleus (Fig. 15).
To practise the /еэ/ articulation the following exercises are re-commendedr-
chair ware" hair
care square fair
their mare' pair
dare fare declare
far—fare' mar—mare car—care bar*— bare char^-chair tar—tare
Graphic Equivalents of the /еэ/ Diphthong
/еэ/ is pronounced when spelt:
a before r; care /кед/—забота
ai s> air /еэ/—воздух
e » there /Эеэ/—там
ei » their /5еэ/—их, свой
ea » tear Деэ/—раздирать, рвать
ае » aerate /'еэге^, 'eiareit/—проветривать
ay before or: mayor /теэ/~мэр
124
No. 20 /иэ/
The nucleus of the phoneme /иэ/ is a high back-advanced /u/, which gradually glides to /э/.
Definition: /иэ/ is a centring diphthong with the back-advanced,, high (broad variation of the high position of the tongue), slightly rounded, short and lax nucleus (Fig. 16).
Care should be taken not to confuse the diphthong /иэ/ with /u.*/„ To avoid this mistake the following exercise is recommended:
shoe—sure pool—poor crew—cruel two —tour do —doer grew—gruel
Graphic Equivalents of the /иэ/ Diphthong
/иэ/ is pronounced when spelt:
oo before r: poor /риз/—бедный oe » doer /dua/—деятель ou » tourist /ituanst/—турист u » sure /Jua/—уверенный
It is pronounced in the words: steward /'stjusd/—управляющий, sewer /sju9/—сточная труба
The phoneme /т>э/ which is represented in spelling by -oor, -ore,. e. g. door, more is not obligatory, it is considered to be a free variant of the phoneme /э:/. It is not included in the inventory of vowels.