Put the verbs in brackets in an appropriate tense
JUNK STORY THAT BEAT THE EXPERTS
The strangest story I (a) _____ ever ______ (report)
began one spring morning in Hong Kong. I was born and
brought up in Hong Kong and I (b)_____ just_____ _(start)
working as a radio reporter there.
In March 1981, ninety-five fishing junks (c)____ (spot)
sailing over the horizon. Immediately they (d)________ (surround)
by police launches who thought they were trying
(e)_____ (sneak) into Hong Kong against the law.
One of Hong Kong' greatest problems is trying to keep
out thousands of people who think life there (f)______ (be)
better than in China, and try to smuggle themselves in. Hong Kong is already the most crowded place in the world, and there's no room for more people.
But when the police asked the junk people why they
(g)______ (come) they (h)____ _(get) a shock. They said
(i)_______ (stay) for a few days (j)________ (escape) the
terrible calamity that was about (k)________ (strike) their
villages in China.
They said there was complete panic at home because
everyone (1)______ (believe) an earthquake (m)____ (come).
| (destroy) and |
Throughout its history China (n)____________ (suffer)
terrible earthquakes, cities (o)_
thousands killed. Nowadays, all over the country there are
seismographic centers where earthquakes can easily (p)
_____ (predict).
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The Hong Kong authorities phoned One of these centers
in China to find out whether they (q)_____ (warn) about a
forthcoming earthquake, but the answer was no. Experts in Hong Kong agreed that there was no reason for the junk people's fears.
Consequently the junk people ( r)_______ (send) home.
On their way back an earthquake did indeed (s)___ (strike)
their village. No-one was hurt but the mystery
(t)______ (remain). How did the junk people know, when
the scientists and experts with all their sophisticated machines didn't?
IV. CLOCKWORK HISTORY EXERCISE. MATCH THE NAMES TO THE FACTS.
a. Queen Victoria b. Charles Chaplin c. Frankenstein's monster
d. Leonardo da Vinci e. Tutankhamun f. Robin Hood
g. The three musketeers h. Sherlock Holmes i. Tarzan
j. Charles Dickens k. Davy Crockett 1. Henry VIII
m. Saint Christopher n. V. I. Lenin o. Abraham Lincoln
p. Napoleon Bonaparte q. Guy Fawkes r. Florence Nightingale
s. John F. Kennedy t. Van Gogh u. William Shakespeare
A.______ used to make people laugh.
B.______ used to draw with his left hand.
C.______ used to help travelers.
D. _____ used to rob the rich to give to the poor.
E.______ used to live in the jungle.
F.______ used to write plays.
G.______ used to solve crimes.
H.______ was a nineteenth century American president.
I.______ used to get tired of his wives. He had six of
them.
J.______ used to work as a nurse in the Crimean War
in the 1850s.
K.______ used to paint lots of pictures of himself.
Учебное пособие для философов и политологов
| L._____ |
| battles. М._--____ |
was a famous French emperor. He won many was the Queen of England; she ruled for sixty-five years.
N.______ was a famous Roman Catholic. He tried to
blow up the Houses of Parliament,
0.______ was a famous American. He died at the Alamo.
p.______ used to fight «all for one and one for all".
Q.______ was an American president. Lee Harvey Os
wald shot him.
R.______ used to kill people.
S.______ was an Egyptian king.
T.______ was an English novelist. He wrote Oliver Twist
and David Copperfield.
U.______ used to be one of Russia's most famous leaders.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES FOR DEVELOPING TRANSLATION SKILLS
I. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH PASSIVE VOICE:
1. In ancient times science was treated simply as a sys
tem of statements.
2. This simple rule is followed by the majority of au
thors.
3. This problem has been approached by many scholars
on various grounds in different countries.
4. The method I have been describing in the text is, of
course, one that is followed by all of us.
5. Men are distinguished from other forms of life on earth
by their social production of the material means of life.
6. Sensations are not merely passively received, but are
obtained in the course of human activity.
7. Two answers have been given to this question, nei
ther of them satisfactory.
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8. The investigations of living organisms showed how
all forms of life are developed from cells.
9. 
Most of the studies have been based primarily on
subjective opinion regarding the relationship of attitudes
to the job.
10. Special attention is being given to this phenome
non.
11. Careful consideration has been given to this area of
research communications.
12. The problem cannot be finally solved.
13. Hypotheses have to be tested by all means.
14. All knowledge must be based on sense-impressions,
on the evidence of the senses, on observation.
15. A person's roles are to be understood in the light of
his own pattern of hereditary and environmental influences.
16. There are circumstances which cannot be avoided.
17. Certain acts are labeled criminal and are punished;
certain others though not punished by law are labeled wicked.
18. The individual has to be identified in the situation,
before any situation can be referred — as in psychology — .
to the individual.
19. Nearly all people in the world are being used,
with or without their knowledge, in the struggle between
ideologies.
20. There are books which are still being reprinted, read
and enjoyed, but it may be doubted that many of them will
survive the century.
21. It is never known whether the subject is being given
the control or experimental conditions.
22. Specialized clinics for the children suffering from
mental disorders were being founded in this country.
23. Ideas from medical sciences, especially from physi
ology and neuroanatomy, are continually being used by psy
chologists.
24. The subjects were told to write as many answers as
possible.
_____ Учебное пособие для философов и политологов_________
25. Individual case histories of children and grownups who are being medically treated by psychiatrists show that environment affects the development of personality characteristics.
II. ANALYZE AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES WITH PARTICIPLES:
1. The public opinion poll conducted on the basis of the
latest methods gave positive results.
2. The discovery made and the data obtained were pub
lished in «SCIENCE NEWS».
3. The new achievement made in this field of science is
of certain value.
4. The statement made concerned a new way of investi
gating.
5. The given interaction is a result of close communica
tion.
6. He spoke of the results obtained, conclusions made
and future plans taken.
7. The realized plans were connected with the experi
ments carried out in the experimental laboratory.
8. The analysis of the poll conducted at the plant seemed
rather fruitful.
9. His conclusion founded on the latest statistical data
was quite right.
10. They couldn't agree with his point of view expressed
so illogically.
11. The developing science raises more and more impor
tant questions for the further discussion.
12. To watch the changing world is rather interesting.
13. Polls being defined as the basic tool of social scienc
es help scholars in their research.
14. Observations being made with the help of special
techniques gave different results.
15. When being studied from all the aspects, the event
becomes understandable.
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Political science
16. While criticizing the previous theories, he tries to
understand their relationships.
17. 
Conducting this research he came across some
interesting phenomenon.
18. The recent poll held in the given region revealed a
lot of problematic questions.
19. The data being discussed at the seminar are of par
ticular importance.
20. The political scientists dealing with the problem of
migration made up a number of special questionnaires.
21. Any problem can be attacked in a scientific way
leading either to a right answer or to an explanation of why
an answer cannot be found.
.22. Being thoroughly studied the phenomenon was resolved at last.
23. Leaving the experimental laboratory he felt rather tired.
24. Following up this line of speculation Berkeley was
led to postulate another mode of cognition, additional to
that derived from the senses.
III. TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN, FIND PARTICIPLES AND ANALYZE THEIR FORMS:
1. Having achieved certain success in his life he decided
to get married.
2. Having been recognized as the leading principle the
statement was included into his theory.
3. Having finished one experiment he started another
with the children as the subjects.
4. Having analyzed all in detail she understood the real
picture of the phenomenon.
5. Having made observations on the subject of his in
vestigation her summarized the new data.
6. Having been published the new data produced much
polemic and a great number of discussions.
7. Having been conducted in the southern regions the
poll was transferred to the north regions.
Учебное пособие для философов и политологов
Political science
Part II
8. 
Having discussed the statistical data they came to
the conclusion of their importance.
9. Having taken at last a decision she left for the rail
way station.
10. Having been dismissed from his work he couldn't
find himself for a long time.
11. Having been asked the respondents expressed their
viewpoints quite frankly.
12. Having come to the city late at night she decided to
wait for the sunrise at the airport.
13. Having been invited to the scientific conference he
bought a ticket for the plane at once.
14. Having looked through all the necessary material he
started writing a report on the given problem.
15. Having seen him unexpectedly she crossed the street
to be lost in the crowd.
IV. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH ABSOLUTE PARTICIPLE CONSTRUCTION:
1. He having felt lonely, feelings of depression and
anxiety overcame him.
2. They suffering from fatigue and depression, the doc
tor advised to take cognitive-behaviour therapy.
3. The art of talking being a universal means of conver
sation, it is necessary to learn it.
4. There are many people throughout the country expe
riencing loneliness, teenagers and young adults comprising
a larger group among them.
5. This problem should be solved immediately, specific
techniques being applied.
6. To cope with loneliness you should contact different
people, a circle of friends being of particular importance.
7. There are many ways of expressing our emotions, the
body language being one of them.
8. The definite decision having been taken, they started
discussing the details.
9. They discussed a lot of interesting issues, the prob
lem of nonverbal communication being one of them.
10. People's characteristics differ greatly, with posi
tive ones prevailing over negative traits.
11. He told a lot of interesting stories, some of them
being rather shocking.
12. All the items having been discussed, they sighed
with relief.
13. She is considered to be rather friendly, with many
people surrounding her almost all the time.
14. He is fond of making new friends and acquaintanc
es, all these people representing different circles of society.
15. He being very sociable, it is easy for him to get
along with different people.
16. She having got used to the new conditions of life,
nothing could knock her down.
17. He experienced a lot of troubles in his life, all these
. sorrows having made him only stronger.
18. They quarreled very often, with the topics of their
disputes being senseless.
19. The question of his departure having been solved,
he ordered a ticket by telephone.
20. She would like to be invited to the party, she rely
ing great hopes on this invitation.
21. They having consulted a specialist on their marital
relations, new hopes awaited them.
22. The scientist listened to them very attentively, they
answering his questions rather frankly.
V. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH GERUND:
1. Without knowing these facts it is impossible to build
up a true picture of the world.
2. She answered without hesitating.
3. Without his participating in the concert the pro
gramme will be, I'm afraid, dull.
Учебное пособие для философов и политологов
Political science
Part II
4. 
Не couldn't leave without receiving necessary infor
mation.
5. Without practicing English every day it is impossible
to have a good knowledge of the language.
6. They couldn't come to an agreement without hearing
his opinion.
7. Don't go away without letting us know.
8. Without doubting he took a decision.
9. She had to leave for home immediately without visit
ing her friend.
10. Without consulting her parents she refused from
his proposal.
11. They separated forever without telling each other
some warm words.
12. Without thinking he accepted their offer.
13. He decided to leave without paying his monthly rent.
14. Without investigating this case it was difficult to
find the guilty.
15. Without solving this problem he couldn't leave the
laboratory.
16. They found out the reason rather easily without
making any efforts.
VI. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES WITH GERUND:
1. I can't help sympathizing him, he lost his father.
2. She can't help admiring his starring career.
3. They couldn't help hurrying with this project.
4. He can't help thinking of their nearest meeting.
5. We can't help advising him to take part in the con
ference.
6. I can't help expressing my regret on your leaving so
soon.
7. They couldn't help inviting us to their evening party.
8. She couldn't help promising to write letters regularly.
9. He couldn't help telling her all the truth.
10. They can't help punishing their children for such
behaviour.
11. He couldn't help criticizing her for such strange ideas.
12. I can't help understanding their act of charity.
13. She couldn't help assisting them in moving to a new flat.
14. I couldn't help praising her for assistance in this
affair.
15. She can't help bringing me up all the time. It's so
boring.
16. He couldn't help boasting of his new car of a foreign
mark.
17. They can't help using this favourable situation.
18. I can't help discussing the terms of the agreement
with them.
VII, READ, ANALYZE AND TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN:
1. Children typically are very angry at their parents for
having divorced and can't work it out emotionally.
2. A stepparent is often at a disadvantage in disciplin
ing a child. He may have grown tired of being the enforcer.
3. Keeping silence has its own price: frustration, anger,
even madness.
4. Some taboos cannot be transgressed without paying
an awful price.
5. Their having violated this taboo may lead to tense
relationships.
6. His having misinterpreted their nonverbal behaviour
led to complete misunderstanding and to a quarrel.
7. He heard of her having been given a theme of free
dom for writing an essay.
8. The subjects will be tested individually by being given
simple problems to solve.
9. Knowing and understanding may play an important
role in survival.
_____ Учебное пособие для философов и политологов
10. Without trying to determine the direction of the
discussion we shall mention the problems touched upon in
the papers presented.
11. He did not approve of their having been involved in
this business.
12. His having been invited to participate in the inter
national conference on the problems of violating human
rights is an evident fact.
13. It's no use talking with him about it after his hav
ing been dismissed from his office.
14. Do you mind my having taken a decision of organiz
ing a new firm?
15. She couldn't help discussing with him the terms of
the agreement.
16. I don't remember having met him anywhere be
fore.
17. They are surprised at their having obtained such
unexpected results after having tried a great number of
different methods.
18. There is no special need in using a trial-and-error
method.
- 19. They succeeded in having achieved the desired conclusions.
20. His being an expert in this particular field of
science is known to everybody.
21. She insisted on his having been included into the
working group.
22. He is not a person who can be relied upon in holding
such meetings.
23. I dislike being spoken with in such a manner.
24. He is looking forward to being introduced to her as
soon as possible.
25. She is sure in his having been involved in drug busi
ness.
26. They would like being told all the details of his
having received these data.
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Political science
27. She suspected him of having stolen the documents. 28.I dislike being asked the questions of this or that type.
29. 
By making experiments in compliance with new de
mands you will obtain what you wish.
30. Their having been awarded a special prize for the
research has quickly become known to everybody.
31. We cannot arrive at any conclusion by not analyz
ing such sense-data.
32. This phenomenon is to be studied by comparing it
with other like phenomena.
33. By integrating together separate impulses the brain
represents surrounding objects.
34. Science has advanced by rejecting unsatisfactory
theories.
35. We know about the world by living in it.
36. We shall try to avoid such errors by refusing to
make a-priori speculations.
37. We gain our knowledge by doing things, acting on
things, changing things, producing them.
VIII. READ, ANALYZE AND TRANSLATE IN WRITING THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:
1. Investigating the given problem he came to rather
interesting conclusions.
2. He is informed of their having taken the first prize.
3. The weather being fine, they decided to go into the
country.
4. Having discussed the matter the sociologists took a
definite decision.
5. He couldn't help talking about the experiment at the
symposium.
6. Without contemplating he agreed with the offer.
7. His having come back from the expedition is already
known to everybody.
8. He is greatly interested in collecting and analyzing
the data.
_____ Учебное пособие для философов и политологов_________
9. It was a great forum, scientists of many countries
participating in its work.
10. They would like being warned in time.
11» This achievement founded on empirical principles was the elaboration of a new kind.
12. Having established interaction between these phe
nomena they started to describe it.
13. He received interesting results, his speculation be
ing based on logical analysis.
14. They knew of his having received a good knowledge
of social sciences,
15. They couldn't help verifying his theory of theoreti
cal paradigms.
16. Understanding his starting point is quite necessary.
17. Religion based on ignorance is an unscientific world
outlook.
18. Recognizing his position true he used his method of
analysis in his work.
19. His representation was true, the main idea being
connected with consciousness.
20. He having referred this event to the law of cause,
the method seemed to be true.
21. Having received the necessary data he published the
results of his work.
22. He took the course of doubting everything except
that which was clearly undoubted.
23. In accordance with the old positivist philosophy of
science, social science is limited to stating particular facts
and formulating statistical correlations.
24. Having rejected metaphysics we still require a
theory of man, according to and connecting up different
aspects of social life and experience.
25. Having recognized the futility of philosophical
systems, the linguistic philosophy found in the uses of
language the exclusive sphere of philosophical investiga
tion.
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Political science
IX. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES WITH INFINITIVE:
1. 
To use language is a human activity.
2. To do something, and to know just what you are
doing, are not the same things.
3. To answer these questions requires a general theory
of human life.
4. To think at all it is necessary to abstract.
5. In order to explain this we have to study the facts of
the case.
6. So as to understand development we must understand
the distinction between quantitative change and qualita
tive change.
7. To discover the truth, we must start from personal
experience.
8. The use of language owes its origin to social produc
tion, since to carry on social production people must speak
to one another.
9. In order to understand things so as to change them
we must study them.
10. To know everything is to know nothing.
11. To think dialectically is to think concretely.
12. It is often difficult to avoid a metaphysical way of
thinking.
13. The purpose of this book is to provide a clear under
standing of his theory.
14. Many scholars agree nowadays that metaphysics is
something to be avoided.
15. The only evidence to be accepted is that to be tested
by experience.
16. That is the true conclusion to be made.
17. Research to be carried out now is of great impor
tance.
18. The problem to be solved is under discussion now.
19. The position to be taken by this scientist is rather
strange.
20. The discovery to be made will be of certain value.
Учебное пособие для философов и политологов
21. Psychologists begin to view a man as an active crea
ture.
22. To predict a person's behaviour one must take into
consideration social factors as well.
23. The aim of this lecture is to determine the ties of
philosophy with other disciplines.
24. We have some right to suppose that in this case we
are dealing with a specific aspect of transformation of cog
nitive abilities.
25. The scholars try to find stable principles of man's
behaviour.
26. To understand this method one must know some
thing about its specific principles.
27. He proceeded to carry out careful experiments.
28. To have a good memory is a great advantage.
29. He continued to be influenced by his past experi
ences.
30. To know what a person thinks about himself is of
great importance.
31. The function of scientific theories is to explain em
pirical laws and to predict new ones.
32. The aim of the research was to study the relation
ships of the responses of the subjects.
33. The work has not progressed far enough to give a
complete survey of the poll.
34. It should be noted that his first research was on a
more scientific basis.
35. For science to move forward there must be a con
stant interchange between observation and theory.
36. The investigation to be carried out is of great sig
nificance to the development of the hypothesis.
37. A quality to be expressed can be expressed in terms
of a relation.
38. For Hegel dialectics was not the method to be adopt
ed by scientific thought.
39. The future has to be fought for.
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Political science
40. Some statements require to be corrected, improved
upon, restated in the light of new experience.
41. 
The method of doing anything follows from the na
ture of the thing to be done.
X. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH COMPLEX OBJECT:
1. He believes his subjects to have been trained under
other conditions.
2. They consider psychoanalysis to be very effective in
its versatility.
3. Continuous talking causes the body to release certain
hormones raising blood pressure.
4. Doctors identified escapism to be a disease called as
sociophobia.
5. He maintains this constant fear of social contact to
be often accompanied by many other negative experiences.
6. Most men recognize the need for improved communi
cation to be the woman's responsibility.
7. He insists on things to be changed for the better for
the relationship to work.
8. Many couples have found active listening to spark
spontaneity and increase the satisfaction of a conversation.
9. She states career burnout to occur over a period of
time with everybody.
10. He suggests a social support system to be cultivated
in due time including close friends.
11. They consider brain drain to be a social phenomenon
as well as a psychological one.
12. They say the term diaspora to have been historically
used for characterizing people who are drawn to one another
across a distance.
13. Scientists say the failings of memory to run much
deeper than an inability to recall your neighbor's name.
14. Some people suggest their personal recollections to
be confused with outside sources of information.
Учебное пособие для философов и политологов
15. 
Graphologists are sure the hidden traits of friends
and business associates to be discovered by means of care
ful examination of their handwriting.
16. Analysts of the Russian Research Center maintain the
proportion of the middle class to have reached 10 percent.
17. It is known the first hospice to have been organized
with the assistance of philanthropists.
18. They expect medical and social assistance to be pro
vided for those who are in need.
19. They know stepfamilies to deal with anger and dis
appointment.
20. They should appraise social disorders to be connect
ed with emotional wounds.
21. I don't bear the children to be treated badly.
22. They would like the public opinion poll to be carried
out as soon as possible.
23. He insisted the subjects to give answers distinctly
and in writing.
24. They want the problems of juvenile delinquency to
be discussed at the coming session.
25. I should like you to participate in the research in
the near future.
26. In Britain, J. S. Mill elaborated what was called
«inductive» logic and formulated what he considered to be
the reliable scientific methods.
27. Man can visualize alternatives and animals probably
cannot, but in both, action means choice, whether we suppose
the choice to be free or circumscribed.
28. While the view that pure geometry is concerned
with physical space was plausible enough in Kant's day,
when geometry of Euclid was the only geometry known, the
subsequent investigation of non-Euclidean geometries has
shown it to be mistaken.
29. One will naturally think that such course of events
to be disastrous not only for science but for the future of
mankind.
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Political science
XI. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH COMPLEX OBJECT:
1. They felt the atmosphere in the room grow tense and
left.
2. She felt his words sound insincere as he avoided eye
contact.
3. I have heard the professor mention about this unex
plained phenomenon several times.
4. He has never made his subjects participate in the
experimental procedures without their wish.
5. The unexpected circumstances made them refuse from
the business trip and send a message with apologies.
6. They saw her prepare for the experiment under new
conditions.
7. The scholar noticed his coworkers look exhausted and
fatigued after this complicated experiment.
8. The scholars made the polled respond to the ques
tions spontaneously.
9. She noticed somebody attentively examine her face
and looks.
10. He observed her change the subject of the conversa
tion from time to time avoiding unpleasant topics.
11. She heard somebody call her name several times, in
surprise she turned back but saw nobody familiar to her.
12. The situation made them change their plans imme
diately lest they should fail in the given affair.
13. They saw a shabby person come up to them with a
smile on his face as if he were their old friend.
14. She has heard him occupy a leading position in the
research center.
15. Nobody saw him come back after his hasty decision
to migrate abroad.
16. His managerial position made him change his out
look of a number of things and values.
17. They noticed him overcome his troubles and restore
his moral forces.
_____ Учебное пособие для философов и политологов
18. Не watched at a distance her climb a career ladder
and was proud of her in his heart.
19. The scholar felt his disciple get nervous and tense.
20. He noticed a strange look appear in her half-closed eyes.
21. The critic made us share his attitude towards the
work as a whole.
XII. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH COMPLEX SUBJECT:
1. His theory is said to have been developed for half a
century.
2. He is likely to have made a full review of the article.
3. He proves to be a leading scientist in this field of
political science.
4. The experiments are reported to have been over suc
cessfully.
5. The conference is supposed to be held at the end of
June.
6. The translation of the article is certain to be pub
lished next month.
7. Many foreign delegates appeared to know Russian.
8. All the groups happen to be divided into primary and
secondary.
9. His interest is believed to have increased in this joint
venture.
10. Everybody is sure to know at least one foreign lan
guage.
11. His poll proved to be conducted on the basis of the
latest questionnaire.
12. Less attractive personalities are likely to experience
less rewards in the social situations.
13. She is said to be impressed by his manner of speaking.
14. Discovering the cause of social phenomena is said to
be the task of social scientists.
15. The present is known to be involved in the past and
the future to be involved in the present.
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Political science
16. Our knowledge of the world is believed to be limited
in time and space.
17. The problem of science and religion is known to
have been the subject of long discussions.
18. His ideas are considered to be truthful as they give
a right explanation of the world.
19. A master status is regarded to have great impor
tance for shaping a person's entire life.
20. A social group is said to have been defined as a
group of people with common interests and duties.
21. The groups are believed to be divided into primary
and secondary ones dependent of the roles they play within
the society.
22. This science is known to be concerned with social
groups and institutions.
23. Auguste Comte is considered to be the father of the
social studies.
XIII. READ AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES WITH COMPLEX SUBJECT:
1. The effects of family structure and break-up are said
to be indirect and may be influenced by the quality of parent
ing a child.
2. A heavy diet of violent images in the media is sup
posed to do nothing positive for child development.
3. By taking care of the pets children are likely to grow
not only into non- violent adults, but also into positive
parents in their turn.
4. Inequality in the given context is held to mean in
justice.
5. He is unlikely to break with the family tradition.
6. I am in a consistent state of frustration, and those
things which once gave me such pleasure no longer seem to
matter.
7. All of these statistics are widely believed to underes
timate the true situation by 10 percent.
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8. Politicians are sure to be the greatest liars in the
world.
9. The problem itself appears to be primarily a physical
disorder in that certain people are predisposed to stutter.
10. Most of lies told by the average person are known to
be harmless and they are called white lies.
11. Speech therapy seems to be very effective in helping
people overcome the problem of stuttering.
12. Water and air pollution is recognized to have caused
dramatic changes in the environment.
13. The climate is certain to be changing with each year
as a result of atmospheric pollution.
14. Human activity turned out to destroy a great number
of exotic animals and plants.
15. Environmentalists are likely to do their best so that
to restore the ecological balance on the planet.
16. Single motherhood is known to have produced some
negative effects on the formation of a personality.
17. Such children are sure to experience hardships in
their childhood by being teased by their classmates.
18. Drug and alcohol abuse happened to lead to unem
ployment and isolation.
19. Npbody is certain to like being called a liar.
20. Emotional losses are believed to be shared by spous
es in the marital situations.
21. Middle age is considered to present a watershed: the
first half of one's life is spent in moving into life, the
second half — in preparing for death.
22. Semantics is conceived to have the most important
application in the sphere of logic.
23. Thales is said to have brought the science of geo
metry to Greeks.
24. The results seem to correspond to the aim.
25. Metaphysics is supposed to be above and apart from
the problems of special sciences.
26. The method may be said to be based on two postulates.
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Political science
27. Theory is seen to arise out of practice.
28. Anaximander is reported to have maintained that
the primary substance was not water.
29. Many explanatory theories appear to have no direct
practical application at all.
30. These entities are known to exist and their exist
ence is verified.
31. The problem is shown to take two different forms.
XIV. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN. PAY ATTENTION TO DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS OF THE VERBALS.
1. According to Locke, government originates from pro
perty, and its function is to preserve and protect property.
2. They ask me some very simple questions that are
much more difficult to answer.
3. Natural laws commonly represent for H. Spencer not
only facts to be recognized, but ideals which have a moral
claim upon it.
4. Pythagoras was one of the first great philosophers to
support dualism.
5. To discover the truth, by which we live, we must
start from personal experience and base our ideas on it, and
vice versa.
6. This difficulty is as concrete and real as that result
ing from different genetic constitutions in different indi
viduals.
7. The two statements do not contradict each other when
seen in this light.
8. Each new statement is compared with the totality of
existing statements previously co-ordinated.
9. Thinking about man and thinking about nature have
always gone together.
10. This means understanding things always in their
action and change, and in their complex interconnection.
11. He could see no reason for accepting this verdict.
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12. It is not philosophy as such that is here objected to
but any philosophy other than the one that is supposed to
be good for us to believe.
13. In advancing scientific knowledge of the various
objects which enter into the objective processes of nature,
we advance from knowledge of those which are known to
knowledge of others previously unknown, by the help of
hypotheses which suggest just as much as is necessary for
explaining observed facts.
14. Pure empiricists regard sensations as being the ulti
mate given data of knowledge, then knowledge is derived
through the mental activity of analyzing, comparing, com
bining, ordering, etc., our sensations; so that whatever re
sults can be so obtained by contemplating sensations, con
stitute knowledge.
XV. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN PAYING ATTENTION TO THE VERBALS:
1. The problem is not to oppose decisions after they
have been taken, but to ensure in decision that the right
decision is taken and if there are problems to ensure they
are solved.
2. It is usual to say that the Greeks were saved from a
religion of the Oriental type by their having no priesthood;
but this is to mistake the effects for the cause.
3. Having now examined in some detail what I take to
be the principal teaching of the contemporary linguistic
philosophy, I shall try to reach as balanced an estimate as
my preoccupations allow of this philosophy as a whole.
4. Having now secured a firm foundation, Descartes
sets to work to rebuild the edifice of knowledge.
5. Locke did not accept Hobbes' idea of man in a state of
nature being a kind of wild beast. He considered that men were
naturally industrious — and had to be so, in order to live.
6. Parliament has been elected. But in deciding how to
vote the electors had only promises of the parties to go on.
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Political science
7. The influence of geometry upon philosophy and scientific method has been profound. Geometry, as established by the Greeks, starts with axioms which are (or are deemed to be) self-evident, and proceeds, by deductive reasoning, to arrive at theorems that are very far from self-evident. The axioms and theorems are held to be true of actual space which is something given in experience. It thus appeared to be possible to discover things about the actual world by first noticing what is self-evident and then by using deduction. This view influenced Plato and Kant, and most of the intermediate philosophers.
XVI. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING RUSSIAN SEN
TENCES INTO ENGLISH USING COMPLEX SUBJECT:
1. Известно, что логический позитивизм является
лишь повторением чистого эмпиризма Беркли.
2. Оказывается, что логический позитивизм отвер
гает исторический спор между материализмом и идеа
лизмом.
3. Как видно, Рассел считает, что философия не от
крывает новых фактов.
4. Полагают, что логика есть основа философии.
5. Утверждают, что наука является основополагающей
для любой отрасли знаний.
6. Известно, что философия считает своей основной
проблемой отношение бытия и сознания.
7. Вероятно, его анализ основывался на глубоком зна
нии прошлого и представляет большой вклад в полити
ческую философию.
XVII. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONAL
SENTENCES:
1. The problem would be very simple if that solution
were possible.
2. If we had analyzed the results of the experiment in
time we should have taken another course in pur studies.
Political science
Part II
3. 
Provided we had at least two experimental groups we
should start the investigation at once.
4. If the subjects were given all the necessary instruc
tions they would respond in a right way.
5. If he had chosen a definite aim he would have suc
ceeded in research.
6. Unless the poll were carried out on a national level
the data would not be true.
7. If he had been more careful he would have received
more concrete results.
8. If I were you I should never accept his offer.
9. I could have agreed with you if you had been right.
10. But for the circumstances they would not have taken
such a decision.
11. They would be only glad if you participated in the
work at this project.
12. In case of his success he would be invited to take
that office.
13. If he had more time at his disposal he would do this
job with pleasure.
14. If the ecological problems had been solved in due
time we should not have spoken too much of the pollution.
15. If his story had been told about beforehand some
urgent measures would have been taken.
16. If you came in time I should be much obliged to you.
XVIII. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING CONDITIONAL SENTENCES:
1. If your ideas did not contradict the facts, the result
would be correct.
2. If these interests were protected the independence of
every individual and every nation would be guaranteed.
3. If the inflation were on the same scale the economic
situation would be a bit stabilized.
| • |
4. If the workers won in their fight against employers,
the strike might be supported by other trade-unions.
5. If they succeeded in their joint venture affairs, they
would overcome the crisis situation.
6. If he spoke in favour of market economy, they would
get majority at the elections.
7. If his business were under progress, they would not
become debtors.
8. Provided they received a necessary credit, their
matters would be regulated.
9. If this conference had been successful, the Prime
Minister would have pursued the other policy.
10. If they had applied modern technology in due time,
their industry would have progressed.
11. If the circumstances had been different, the other
forms of policy would have been developed.
12. They would have arrived at the knowledge of the
idea, had they examined all the data about it.
13. Were their theory consistent, nobody would doubt
its value.
14. Had the author concentrated upon a single aspect of
his subject, his study would have been proved easier to
read.
15. Were I you, I should never accept their proposal.
16. Had it been so urgent, they would have taken all the
opportunities to react accordingly.
17. If he had been to the Stock Exchange on that particu
lar day, he would not have missed his chance to earn money.
18. If he had bought the enterprise shares at that time,
he would not have been ruined.
19. Had you known about it before, he would have taken
appropriate measures.
20. Were you one hundred percent right, I should agree
with you without hesitation.
21. Provided they were wrong, nobody would support
their ideas.
| 16-Английский язык для философов |
22. If we observed this event we should discover in
teresting phenomena in it.
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23. If your references did not contradict the facts the
demonstration would be correct.
24. If in this case the testimony of our senses were true
we should know the cause of this effect.
25. If we always reasoned a-priori we should never find
results of operations of causes.
26. If one imagined some event ascribed to the object as
its effect this invention would be entirely arbitrary.
27. If every effect were not distinct from its cause it
would be easy to discover the cause.
28. If it were not observation and experience we should
not infer any cause of effect.
XIX. READ, ANALYZE AND TRANSLATE:
1. She speaks as if she were an expert in this particular
field of psychology.
2. They look as if they were working at this problem all
night long.
3. His survey was so accurate and detailed as if he had
been investigating this subject all his life.
4. They are discussing this matter as if they were en
gaged in this project for a long time.
5. The effect of this enterprise was so successful as if it
had been calculated up to the slightest details.
6. His business turned out to be a success as if he had
had a great experience in such affairs before.
7. She knows a lot of tricks in economic policy as if she
were a graduate of the Economics Academy.
8. Their life goes on rather well as if they were pro
gressing in their own business.
9. She loves her work so much as though she were an
inborn specialist in fiscal policy.
10. He speaks English so fluently as though he had lived
in England since his childhood.
11. He spoke in favour of bankers as though he had
always defended their interests.
| Part !l |
Political science
12. He was reasonable in his offer as though he had
been taught to communicate effectively.
13. The situation at the labour market is so drastic as
though nothing could be done to relieve it.
14. He was so pleased with his mission as though he had
fulfilled the conditions of their trade treaty.
15. He hesitated a little before taking a decision as though
he did not know what I was speaking about.
16. His arguments seem rather surprising as though he
were not sure in the outcome of their joint venture.
17. I want to conclude an agreement just now lest I
should lose direct contacts.
18. They hurried with taking urgent measures lest they
should miss this chance.
19. He decided to insert all the agreed appointments
into his diary lest he should forget about the necessary
meetings and invitations.
20. He decided to check up once more all the aspects of
this important order lest it should happen to be a failure.
21. They left the town in a hurry lest they should be
caught by police for this dishonest deal.
22. He tried to avoid his former friends lest he should
be involved in the drug business.
XX. READ AND TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:
1. It should have been noted that the emotional reac
tions had varied in intensity and duration.
2. One may have guessed that his experiment was not
close to the task.
3. Practically any non-language task could be adapted to
the scientific study of motor learning, provided the perform
ance of the subject could be accurately measured and recorded.
4. None of these problems could have been investigated
unless the investigators had had at their disposal adequate
apparatus.
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5. If there were improved performance, then clearly
learning would be taking place.
6. Had we analyzed this phenomenon ahead of time, the
misfortune would have been prevented.
7. The Congress recommended that the research in this
field should be expanded.
8. It is necessary that the instrumental responses be
received in the process of experimentation.
9. The problem would be very simple if that solution
were possible.
10. I am sure that the problem would have been solved, had not only philosophers but political scientists as well investigated it.
11. One should suggest his conclusion be a subject of
prolonged debates.
12. Were his presence necessary, he would be called out
immediately.
13. The scholar proposed his hypothesis should be treat
ed with care.
14. Nobody demands that this survey should be carried
out on the national level.
15. The conditions would have been changed if the ex
perimenter had insisted on it.
16. Should you ask me, I would never refuse.
17. The situation required the couple should consult a
highly qualified family therapist.
18. But for his behaviour under the given circumstanc
es the issue would not have arisen.
19. Had you wished you would have participated in the
round- table discussion.
20. If that were the case, the whole point of the exercise
would be lost, for it is memory that makes us human.
21. It's in our nature to try to prolong life, but we
should also face up to the distinct difficulties that we'd
encounter if we succeeded.
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Political science
22. It could happen only if we would find the ways of preventing incurable diseases.
XXI. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
WITH SUBORDINATE CLAUSES:
1. What the Greeks achieved in art and literature is
familiar to everybody, but what they did in the purely in
tellectual realm is even more exceptional.
2. This is what science in its latest development teaches us.
3. One of the most fundamental questions in philosophy
is what we understand by knowledge and how valid is our
knowledge of reality.
4. An interesting feature of this conclusion is that it
accords with what many theists are accustomed to say to
themselves.
5. Moral obligations are then what persons owe to each
other on account of their social association.
6. What is distinctive about linguistic philosophy is not
what it asserts but what it denies.
7. The point is that with respect to facts there exists
another alternative that does not belong to the same propo
sitions.
8. He describes the perplexing crises modern society
faces as a result of the loss of the meaning of the tradition
al key words of politics: justice, reason, responsibility, vir
tue, glory.
XXII. TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES PAYING AT
TENTION TO THE FOLLOWING EMPHATIC CONSTRUC
TION:
1. It is to this conclusion thatevery argument leads.
2. It is from this position that linguistic philosophy
now operates.
3. It was at Miletus thatthe earliest school of scientific
cosmology had its home.
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4. It is to the consideration of the ideas of sensation
thatthe inquiry is devoted.
5. It was not until the later half of the nineteenth cen
tury thatthe attempt was made to define the idea of progress
with some precision and to link it with scientific and philo
sophical theories of development.
6. It was John Locke whoplaced particular emphasis
upon God-given rights of liberty and property.
7. It was Locke whose views had a considerable impact
upon the American Revolution.
8. It was John Stuart, philosopher and politician, who
developed a human philosophy influenced by the German
idealists.
9. It was Edmund Burke whowas seen as the father of
the Anglo-American conservative tradition.
10. It is according to human nature that people try to
prolong life in spite of distinct difficulties to achieve it.
11. It is a desire to escape death which is considered as
a sign of health.
12. It is a collective struggle which may make life
easier for ourselves.
13. It was the struggle for existence that helped people
survive.
14. It was due to the joint efforts thatthe difficulties
were overcome.
15. It was his merit thathelped to cope with the situation.
16. It is to this position and its significance for the
political realm that we must now turn our attention.
XXIII. TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. PAY PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO THE UNDERLINED WORDS AND WORD-COMBINATIONS:
1. Is it of thevery essence of truth to be impotent and
of the veryessence of power to be deceitful?
2. The onlygreat thinker who dared to go against the
grain of the question was Immanuel Kant.
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Political science
3. Human right must be held sacred, regardless of how
much sacrifice is required.
4. 
If we understand political action in terms ofthe means-
end category, we may even come to the onlyparadoxical
conclusion that lying can serve to establish the conditions
for the search after truth.
5. The modern age believes that truth is neither given
to nordisclosed to but produced by the human mind.
6. This distinction is used for the sake of convenience
without discussing its intrinsic legitimacy.
7. Facts and events constitute the verytexture of the
political realm.
8. The conflict between truth and politics was first dis
covered and articulated with respect to rational truth.
9. The opposite of a rationally true statement is either
error and ignorance or illusion and opinion.
10. It is the sophist rather than the liar who occupied
Plato's thought.
11. The philosopher opposed the truth about those things
which in their very nature were everlasting.
12. Every claim in the sphere of human affairs to an
absolute truth strikes at the very roots of all politics and
all governments.
13. Traces of this original conflict can be still found in
the earlier stages of the modern age, though hardly in the
world we live in.
14. In terms ofpre-modern philosophy, Man is not ca
pable of truth.
15. The argument that human reason needs communica
tion with others and therefore publicity forits ownsake is
conspicuous.
16. The only guaranteefor the correctness of our think
ing lies in that we think in the community with others.
17. Neitherthe truth of revealed religion northe truth
of the philosopher interferes any longerwith the affairs of
the world.
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18. In respect to the formerand as to the latterthe
truth ceased long ago to claim dominion.
19. Thinking in terms ofthe tradition, one may con
clude that the old conflict had been settled.
20. To be sure,state secrets have always existed.
21. The clash of factual truth and politics has — in
some respects, at least— very similar traits.
22. Factual truth, on the contrary,is always related to
other people.
23. It exists only to the extentthat it is spoken about.
24. The views of the formerare immovable, while the
lattercan always be persuaded to change their minds.
25. This is a question neitherof empathy, norof join
ing a majority.
26. The morepeople's standpoints I have in my mind
and thebetter I can imagine my feelings, the strongerwill
be my thinking and the morevalid my opinion.
27. Thevery process of opinion formation is determined
by those who think and use their own minds.
28. On the contrary, under certain circumstances the
feeling of belonging to a majority may encourage false tes
timony.
29. Factual truth is at leastas vulnerable as rational
philosophical truth.
30. This is the only chancefor an ethical principle