State system of the Republic of Belarus

Study the information about the state system of the Republic of Belarus. Open the brackets, using English words from the box below the text instead of Russian ones.

The Republic of Belarus is a unitary democratic law-governed state.

In conformity with the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus the only source of the state power is the people who exercise it directly and through (представительный ) bodies.

The Constitution (утвердила) the principle of division of power into legislative, executive and judicial powers. The supreme and representative body is the Parliament, the National Assembly of the Republic. The Parliament consists of two (палата): the Chamber of Representatives and the Council of the Republic of Belarus. The Chamber of Representatives is formed on the basis of universal, free and direct (голосование) by secret ballot. The Council of the Republic is the chamber of territorial representation.

Belarus is a presidential republic. The President of the Republic of Belarus is the (глава) of state and of (исполнительный) power. Executive power is exercised by the Government (возглавляемый) by the Prime Minister.

The (юридический) power in the Republic of Belarus belongs to courts. The control over the constitutionality of regulatory acts in the state is exercised by the Constitutional Court. (Надзор) over precise and uniform execution of laws by all bodies of state government is executed by the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Belarus.

verb	noun	adjective	participle I
represent approve chamber ----- head execute judge supervise	representation approvement chamber suffrage head executer judge supervision	representative approving chamber ------ heading executive judicial supervisory	represented approved ---- ---- headed executed ---- supervised

Made in Belarus

The Republic of Belarus is one of the most economically developed states of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Its major industries are machine-tool construction, electrotechnical equipment production, motor-car production, tractor building, agricultural machine building, synthetic fiber production, mineral fertilizers production, pharmaceutics, construction materials production, and light and heavy industries. Belarus has a large and sophisticated food processing industry and processed foods have accounted for a growing proportion of total domestic demand for food in recent decades. The structure of Belarus exports is dominated by mineral products, vehicles, mechanical and electrical equipment and machinery, chemical products, ferrous metals and textiles.

15. Work in groups. Belarus has quite a few companies with very high name-brand recognition abroad. The creation of a brand demands great intellectual and material input and therefore it should be protected. Examine the following table and speak about the Belarusian products characteristic features.

GEFEST Brest	For almost 50 years now the company has been playing on the market of kitchen appliances. Over the years the company has drawn up its own strategy for success, which comprises, first of all, superior production quality, stylish design and effective marketing. The company produces gas, electric and gas-electric cookers and building-in kitchen appliances – total of 14 models and 90 modifications.
AMKODOR Minsk	The current range of products includes almost 40 types of machines – road building and construction machines and airfield sweepers, forestry and farming machinery, etc. The company got the right to CE mark its 4-ton loaders which means they are sold in the EU market without any restrictions. Belarusian road machinery and utility vehicles are exported to 32 countries. One more distinctive feature of the plant’s relationship with customers is timely implementation of orders.
RATON Gomel	Raton focuses on making electrotechnical equipment: factory-assembled switcher, chamber assembly of one-sided service, high voltage linear cells, pole-and mast-mounted transformer substations, controllers and many other things. Raton electrotechnical products exclude human related malfunctions.
Elema Minsk	Elema is one of the biggest producers of outer clothing. Its product range includes warm light and short coats, jackets, suits, trousers, skirts, dresses. Modern materials, excellent quality and reasonable prices individualize our products allowing the company to satisfy most captious demands.The company has gained rich experience in working on a give and take basis.
Orsha Flax Mill	It is fortuitous that flowers of flax are an element of the National Emblem of Belarus since flax has been traditionally cultivated throughout the centuries in the country and has remained one of its most important agricultural plants. It possesses unique hygienic and exploitation qualities.The enterprise manufactures table and bed linen, fabrics for suits and shirts, decorative fabrics, ready-made garments, technical fabrics, bags and yarn.

16.Work in pairs. MAZes, tractors Belarus, Horizont and Vityaz TV sets, Milavitsa, lingerie are among the Belarusian products recognized on the foreign markets far beyond the CIS countries. What characteristic features make our products so popular?

17.Work in groups. Today about three million people live in the rural areas-almost one third of the population of Belarus. Social aspects give agriculture greater importance though its share in GDP makes only 9 per cent. For example, one man working in agriculture secures employment for eight people in other branches of economy. Moreover, village is a spring of ethnic traditions and folk art. To preserve and hone this source is also one of the fundamental tasks of the Belarusians.

Speak about the strategy to achieve the target using the following table.

To make a product desirable it All necessary living conditions The republic’s enterprises Settlements adjacent to the agro-town Deepening of specialization in the production sphere The agricultural production The economically insolvent organizations All agro-towns The system of farming and feedstock zones Agro-industrial institutions, trade and credit-financial establishments

are must be will be

connected to gas supply systems; able to get consumer services; keen to exploit innovative technology; ensured; located in most favorable geographical-economic zones; optimized; reequipped technically and technologically; turned around; continued; produced at the lowest possible cost, with the best quality possible; integrated.

18. Work in pairs.The Belarusian energy branch is being rebuilt to accommodate the local environment and untap its potential to ensure energy security of our republic. Discuss the problems of our republic energy balance. To reach the goals use phrases in the box and the statements that follow.

According to scientists, …; Some people believe…; On one hand…; On the other hand…;…because…; Besides…; But in my opinion…;

1. Some generally used indicators of energy security remain critical.

2. The country needs to retool the majority of its energy equipment and to develop a system of new mini combined heat and power plants running on local fuels.

3. Belarus seeks to reduce the share of natural gas in the energy balance from 90% to 47% by 2010.

4. A nuclear power plant, provided it is built and operates in compliance with all safety standards, does emit thousands of tons of CO2, water vapor and attributable harmful substances.

5. Phytomass is of a bigger interest as a source of energy.

6. Therefore, while being promising energy sources, the biomass, solar and wind energy, municipal waste and biodiesel fuels require big investment while their share in the total energy balances remains insignificant.

7. Today Belarus is intensifying consumption of natural gas both nation-wide and in the energy industry in particular. This strategy is justified by the fact that natural gas is the most economically efficient and ecologically friendly fuel.

8. The more intense we use fire-wood, the sooner we will be left with no forests as such.

9. It makes no economic sense to use hydrogen to generate energy today.

10. Therewith of natural gas prices will outpace that of oil. Thus, in the long run the prices for these fuels against a ton oil equivalent will equalize.

11. A radical solution for the Belarusian energy balance issue would be to construct a nuclear power plant.

12. Scientists are putting effort into modernization of traditional fuel-fired installations (boilers, furnaces, dryers, etc).

13. Another fuel to challenge the dominance of natural gas is coal which will catch up with the natural gas in price and heating value already by 2010.

14. We are set to launch construction of power generating plants running on coal in the near future.

15. The republic should reckon on its own finances first of all.

19. Read the article “Education in Belarus”. Characterize the educational system of our republic.

The present day Belarus is the country of a high intellectual potential. The rich and specific scientific school of Belarus has creatively absorbed the experiences of various schools and countries. In Belarus a lot of original thinkers, technical researchers, gifted surgeons and physicians performed their creative activity. Our country brought to the world`s area a lot of talented persons of science and culture whose names were included in encyclopedias and biographical reference books.

Among the key advantages of Belarus is the excellent education system inherited from the Soviet times when a strong focus was consistently made on natural sciences and applied research. Education is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 15. Higher education institutions include universities, a variety of specialized academies and institutes for studies in technical art, agriculture, medicine, electronics, and other fields. Belarus is among the few countries in the world whose specialists have been involved in construction of space stations, global communication systems, and nuclear development projects.

According to the Human Development Report 2005 of the United Nations Development Programme, Belarus remains the leader among CIS states in terms of education and takes the lead over a number of developed countries on such indicators as public expenditure on education (6 % of GDP), adult literacy (99.6 %) and youth literacy (99.8 %).

Minsk is famous for its perfectly functioning educational system. There are 34 universities and colleges, 28 vocational schools, 258 secondary schools and over 500 pre-school institutions. The most important educational establishments are the Belarus State University, Belarus State Polytechnic Academy, Belarus State Economic University, Belarus State University of Radio Electronics and Minsk State Linguistic University. Minsk also hosts the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus.

National universities today act as both educational institutions and large research centers especially in the branches which rely on local feedstock and shape the country’s economy. Developing and upgrading material and technical basis is one of the most important factors promoting the quality of education. The universities’ R&D labs are fitted with cutting-edge equipment for research analysis allowing to derive information of practical and fundamental significance.

20. Quiz “Do you know the history of motherland?”

1. The term “Belaya Rus” was used for the first time? a) 13th century; b) 12th century; c) 14 century.	6. What lake is often called “Belarusian Sea”? a) Narach Lake, b) Braslave Lakes, c) the Blue Lakes.
2. The ancestors of the Belarusians lived in the Basins of a) the Dnieper and the Zapadnaya Dvina rivers where they grew rice and fished; b) the Dnieper and the Zapadnaya Dvina rivers where they hunted, fished and farmed; c) the Dnieper and the Bug rivers where they grew cotton and hunted.	7. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania a) helped to form a new state in the second half of the 13th century; b) annexed Belarus in the second half of the 13th century; c) annexed Belarus in the second half of the 12th century.
3. The Brama that had several functions: a chapel, a customs house and city guards, was built in a) Polotsk; b) Slutsk; c) Mir.	8. In 1224 Neswizh was first mentioned in the chronicles a) as a small settlement; b) as a trade center; c) as a town with strong fortifications.
4. 4.The oldest Orthodox Church in the country is a) the Sophia Cathedral; b) Saint Savior Church, founded by venerable Yevfrosiniy of Polotsk; c) The Cathedral of Sts. Peter and Paul in Gomel.	9. This vivid example of gigantomania in the architecture was built in 1938. It was a) the National Academy of Sciences; b) the National Opera and Ballet Theatre; c) the Museums of Arts.
5. Who was born in the Trinity Suburb in Minsk? a) Yanka Kupala; b) Maksim Bagdanovish; c) Yakub Kolas.	10. The real … repsenting Vitebsk is a) the festival of medieval culture; b) the All-Belarusian festival of humor: c) the annual international music festival “Slaviansky Bazaar”.

21. Work in groups. Show your knowledge of Belarusians traditions. Read and decide which of the following characteristic features belong to each of the given folk feasts. Do these folk feasts have similar traits?