Read and translate the following lexical chain.

Survival – survive – survivor – survivability;

Susceptible – susceptive – susceptibility;

Vulnerable – vulnerary – vulnerability;

Recover – recovered – recovery – recoverability;

Function – functional – functionary – functionality.

Read and translate the text.

Survivability denotes the ability of a ship and its onboard systems to remain functional and continue designated mission in a man-made hostile environment. The vessels are designed to operate in a man made hostile environment, and therefore the survivability is a vital feature required from them. The vessel’s survivability is a complicated subject affecting the whole life cycle of the vessel, and should be considered from the initial design phase of every ship. The classical definition of ships survivability includes three main aspects which are susceptibility, vulnerability, and recoverability, although recoverability is often subsumed within vulnerability. Susceptibility consists of all the factors that expose the ship to the harmful effects in an operating environment. These factors in general are the operating conditions, the threat and the features of the ship itself. The operating conditions, such as sea state, weather and atmospheric conditions, vary considerably and their influence is difficult to address (hence they are often not accounted for in survivability assessment). Vulnerability refers to the ability of the vessel to withstand the short term effects of the threat environment. Vulnerability is an attribute typical to the vessel and therefore heavily affected by the vessel’s basic characteristics such as size, subdivision, armouring and other hardening features. Recoverability refers to vessel’s ability to restore and maintain it’s functionality after sustaining damage. Thus recoverability is dependent on the actions aimed to neutralize the effects of the damage. These actions include fire fighting, limiting the extent of flooding and dewatering. It shall be noted that besides the equipment also the crew has a vital role in recoverability.

Vocabulary

Survivability – живучесть, выживаемость

To denote – вызывать, указывать на что-то

Hostile environment – агрессивная внешняя среда, неблагоприятная обстановка

Definition – определение

Susceptibility – восприимчивость, подверженность

Vulnerability – уязвимость, низкая степень защищенности

Recoverability – восстанавливаемость, возможность восстановления

To subsume – относиться к какой-либо категории

Armouring – бронирование, покрытие защитной оболочкой, армирование

Hardening features – усиление защитных свойств

Dewatering – удаление (откачка) воды, осушение

Make up word combinations from given words.

Onboard conditions

Man features

Hostile fighting

Vital system

Harmful effect

Operating made

Sea damage

Hardening feature

Sustaining environment

Fire state

Answer the questions.

1. What ability of a ship does survivability denote?

2. Why is survivability a vital feature for vessels?

3. What aspects does the classical definition of ships survivability include?

4. What does susceptibility consist of?

5. What does vulnerability refer to?

6. What does recoverability refer to?

7. What aspects play a vital role in recoverability?

Translate the following word combinations into Russian.

The International Convention for the Safety of life at sea, safety, non-slip walking surfaces, be supplied with, service conditions, to withstand a critical damage, the boundaries of the watertight compartments, the margin line, without the consent of the Master, bilge pumping plant, maximum astern speed.

Read and translate the text.

SAFE OPERATION OF SHIPS

The International Convention for the Safety of life at sea is concerned with safety and health on ships. It had been adopted in 1948 in London. The Regulation include all aspects such аs: safe conditions of workplaces, keeping ladders and companionways clear of obstructions, provision and maintenance of non-slip walking surfaces, adequate lighting, heating and ven­tilation, appropriate instructions.

The master of the ship shall be supplied with data necessary to maintain sufficient intact stability under service conditions to enable the ship to withstand the critical damage.

There shall be permanently exhibited, for the guidance of the officer in charge of the ship, the plan showing clearly the boundaries of for each deck, hold and the watertight compartments, the ope­nings therein with the means of closure and position of any controls thereof, andthe arrangements for the correction of any list due to a casualty whether the ship is upright or listed.

All sidescuttles the sills of which are below the margin line, other than those required to be of a non opening type shall be of such construction as will effectively prevent any person opening them without the consent of the Master of the ship.

Ships shall be provided with an efficient bilge pumping plant capable of pumping draining from any watertight com­partment which is neither a permanent oil compartment nor a per­manent water compartment.

The main steering gear shall be of adequate strength and sufficient to steer the ship at maximum service speed. The main steering gear and rudder stock shall be so designed that they are not damaged at maximum astern speed.

Vocabulary

Sides cuttles - иллюминаторы

sills - нижние кромки

consent - разрешение

Intact stability - остойчивость

Upright - прямее положение

margin line - предельная линия

rudder stock - баллер руля

companionway - сходный трап

keeping … clear of obstructions - содержать …. свободными от помех