Контрольную работу следует выполнить до начала сессии и принести с собой на первое по расписанию занятие по иностранному языку.
Студентам, пропустившим практические занятия по иностранному языку в период сессии по любым причинам, необходимо самостоятельно проработать и усвоить весь материал, предназначенный для аудиторной работы. По требованию преподавателя Вы должны быть готовы выборочно сдать данный материал. Только после этого Вы можете быть допущены к защите контрольной работы.
Зачет выставляется по результатам:
– успешной защиты контрольной работы;
– устной презентации подготовленного монологического высказывания по заданной теме с дальнейшей беседой с преподавателем;
– сдачи не менее 50% лексического материала;
– сдачи пропущенного материала (в случае отсутствия на аудиторных занятиях).
Экзамен
К экзамену по иностранному языку допускаются студенты, получившие зачет за 1, 2, 3 семестры, выполнившие весь объем работ за четыре семестра.
Экзамен включает следующие задания:
1. Чтение и перевод текста по специальности или по профилю вуза, пользуясь словарем. Формы проверки понимания: письменный или устный перевод всего текста или его фрагмента. Объем –1200 п.з. Время подготовки 40 минут.
2. Чтение и передача содержания прочитанного текста общеэкономического направления на иностранном языке. Объем – 2400 п.з. Время подготовки 10 минут.
3. Ведение беседы по пройденным темам.
Рекомендуемая литература
Английский язык
Основная
1. Шевелева С.А English on Economics.Учебное пособие - М.: Юнити-Дана, 2006.
2. Бонк Н. Учебник английского языка. Часть 1, 2. Де-Конт. – Рыбинск, 1995.
3.Петрова А. Самоучитель английского языка.– Москва, 1994.
Дополнительная
1. Market Leader: Course book: Учебник английского языка, 2002.
2. Котляр Т. English grammar in action. – М.: Международные отношения, 1999.
3. Тарнаева Л.П. Бизнес-английский: Тесты и словарь. – СПб.: КОРОНА принт, 2001.
4. АгаповаГ.Г. Business English. – М.: Дрофа, 2003.
5. Миньяр-Белоручева А.П. 300 тестовых заданий по английской грамматике. – М.: Московский лицей, 1996.
6. Англо-русский и русско-английский словарь. / Под ред. проф. Ахмановой.
7. Berezina O. English for University students. – СПб.: Изд-во «Союз», 2004.
8. Swan M. How English works. – Oxford Univ. Press, 1997.
Немецкий язык
1) Носков С.А. Самоучитель немецкого языка. Минск, 2006 и др. издания.
2) Басова, Н. В. Немецкий язык для экономистов : учеб. пособие / Н. В. Басова, Т. Ф. Гайвоненко. – 9-е изд.-е. - Ростов н/Д : Феникс, 2009
3) Васильева, М. М. Немецкий язык для студентов-экономистов : учебник / М. М. Васильева,Н. М. Мирзабекова, Е. М. Сидельникова. – 2-е изд-е, перераб. и доп. - М. : Гардарики, 2009
4) Нарустранг Е. В. Практическая грамматика немецкого языка. – СПб, 1998 (или любое другое более позднее издание)
5). Г.Н. Россихина. Немецкий глагол в упражнениях. М.-2004
Французский язык
Основная
1) Попова, И. Н. Французский язык: учебник / И. Н. Попова, Ж. А. Казакова, Г. М. Ковальчук. – 21-е изд., испр. – М.: «Нестор Академик», 2006.
2) Тихонов, С. П. Приобщение к экономике: учебник французского языка для студентов экономических факультетов университетов / С. П. Тихонов. – СПб.: Издательский дом «АРС Лонга», 2001.
Дополнительная
1) Миньяр-Белоручев, Р. К. Французский язык. Курс устного перевода : учеб. пособие / Р. К. Миньяр-Белоручев. – 2-е изд. – М. : Экзамен, 2003.
2) Шиянова, Е. Ю. Практикум по французскому языку. Тематическое пособие по развитию навыков устной и письменной речи / Е. Ю. Шиянова. – СПб. : Союз, 2004
ЧАСТЬ 1 Английский язык
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1
Для выполнения контрольной работы № 1, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:
1. Имя существительное. Множественное число существительных.
2. Указательные местоимения this, that, these, those.
3. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, no и их производные.
4. Образование времен активного (действительного) залога (Simple, Continuous,Perfect, Perfect Continuous).
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст на русский язык.
Text 1. HIGHER EDUCATION
Higher education has undergone a massive expansion in Britain nowadays. The aim of the government is to increase the number of students who enter into higher education. The driving force for this has been mainly economic. It is assumed that the more people who study at degree level, the more likely the country is to succeed economically.
A large proportion of young people – about a third in England and Wales and almost half in Scotland – continue in educationat a more A-level beyond the age of 18.
The higher education sector provides a variety of courses up to degrees and postgraduate degree level, and carries out research. It increasingly catersfor older students; over 50% of students in 1999 were aged 25 and over and many studiedpart-time.
Nearly every university offers access and foundation courses before enrolment on a course of higher education of prospective students who do not have the standard entry qualifications.
Higher education in Britain is traditionally associated withuniversities, though education of University standard is also given in other institutions such as colleges and institutes of higher education, which have the power to award their own degrees.
The only exception to state universities is the small University of Buckingham which concentrates on law, and which draws most of its students of overseas.
All universities in England and Wales are stateuniversities (this includes Oxford and Cambridge).
Задание 1.2. Дайте письменно эквиваленты выделенным словам в тексте №1.
Задание 2. Пpочитайте и переведите устно текст на русский язык.
Text 2. OXBRIDGE
Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and most prestigious universities in Great Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge. Both universities are independent. Only the education elite go to Oxford or Cambridge. Most of their students are former public schools leavers.
The normal length of the degree course is three years, after which the students take the Degree of Bachelor of Arts (В.А.). Some courses, such as languages or medicine, may be one or two years longer. The students may work for other degrees as well. The degrees are awarded at public degree ceremonies'. Oxford and Cambridge cling to their traditions, such as the use of Latin at degree ceremonies. Full academic dress is worn at examinations.
Oxford and Cambridge universities consist of а number of colleges. Each college is different, but in many ways they are alike. Each college has its name, its coat of arms. Each college is governed by a Master. The larger ones have more than 400 members, the smallest colleges have less than 30. Each college offers teaching in а wide range of subjects. Within, the college one will normally find а chapel, а dining hall, а library, rooms for undergraduates, fellows and the Master, and also rooms for teaching purposes.
Oxford is one of the oldest universities in Europe. It is the second largest in Britain, after London.
There are now twenty-four colleges for men, five for women and another five which have both men and women members, many from overseas studying for higher degrees.
The local car industry in East Oxford gives an important addition to the city’s outlook.
There а great deal of bicycle traffic both in Oxford and Cambridge.
Задание 2.1. Дайте письменно английские эквиваленты к следующим словам и выражениям:
Образование, длительность, преподавание, предметы, экзамены, выпускники школ, предлагает широкий выбор, директор, частные школы, дипломы о высшем образовании.
Задание 2.2. Дайте письменные ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. Who studies at Oxford and Cambridge Universities?
2. How many years do students study to get a Bachelor degree?
3. What language is used at degree ceremonies?
4. Do students have to wear an official dress at the ceremony?
5. What rooms can be found in the colleges?
6. Who governs the colleges?
7. Do men and women always study together?
8. Would you like to study in Oxbridge? Why?
Задание 3. Образуйте письменно множественное число данных существительных:
tourist, tax, woman, team, tooth, telephone, friend, manager, laboratory, foot, man, wife, city, fax, shelf.
Задание 4. Вставьте указательные местоимения this, that, these или those в пробелы.
1. Who was ___ boy you were dancing with at the party yesterday?
2. ____ shoes are killing me. I can’t wait to take them off.
3. Hello. ___ is Beth. Can I speak to Kate?
4. I knew Jenny at university. In ____ days she had long blond hair.
5. You can’t get proper cheese ____ days.
6. I was in the pub last night when ____ bloke came up and hit me.
7. ___ was a wonderful film, wasn’t it?
Задание 5. Выберите нужное притяжательное местоимение в скобках.
1. Is that (your/yours) new car?
2. This is (my/mine) favorite actor.
3. Whose dog is it? It isn’t (our/ours).
4. What is (your/yours) position in the company.
5. Is this (your/yours) umbrella? No, (my/mine) is there.
6. This is (their/theirs) new flat.
7. Is it your seat? No, it’s (her/hers).
Задание 6. Заполните пропуски неопределенными местоимениями some, any, anything, anywhere, anybody, something, somewhere, somebody.
1. ‘Have you bought ___ souvenirs yet?’ ‘Yes, I’ve bought ___ presents for my family But I haven’t sent ___ postcards yet.’
2. ‘I’ve just done ___ shopping.’ ‘Have you bought ___ new things?’ ‘Yes, I’ve bought a pair of jeans and ____ a pair socks. I wanted to get __ shoes too, but I didn’t have ___ money left.’
3. Would you like ___ to eat?
4. Do you live ___ near Jim?
5. There’s ___ at the door. Can you go and see who it is?
6. The film is really great. You can ask ____ who has seen it.
7. With this special ticket you can go ___ you like on any bus you like.
8. Do you know ___ about politics?
9. There isn’t ___ in the box. It’s empty.
Задание 7. Поставьте глаголы в скобках во врeмена Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous. Вставленные слова подчеркните.
James (be) a taxi-driver. He (work) in London. He (know) the city very well. He (work) as a taxi-driver for 25 years.
‘I (love) my job, because every day I (meet) new people. Many tourists (visit) the city, especially in summer and I (tell) them about every street.’ Now James (have lunch) in a café. He usually ( have) two breaks a day for a short rest. At the weekends he (go) to the seaside. He (spend) his holidays at the same place for many years.
James (be) a good worker. He (earn) about 2000 pounds a month. This month he (get) even more – there are many tourists in the city now. Next Monday he (meet) his friends. They (come) to see London. He ( be) going to show them the city .
Задание 8. Поставьте глаголы в скобках во времена Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous.
John works in a real-estate agency. Three years ago he (be) unemployed and (search for) any job. Every day he (read) advertisements about jobs. He (decide) to try. At first it (be) difficult and he (not, do) deals alone. But soon he (learn) job well and last year he (become) the best agent. By the end of the year he (sell) many apartments and (receive) a big bonus. Yesterday he (work) with a client who (want) to buy a huge flat in the very centre of the city. They (discuss) details of the deal for one hour. At last they (sign) the documents. Once John (look for) a flat for a very bossy man. He (look for) it for two months, but in the end the client (refuse) because he (buy) a better one through another agency! Although the job is nervous, John likes it very much.
Задание 9. Поставьте глаголs в скобках во времена Future Simple, Future Perfect или Future Continuous.
1. I (cook) dinner by the time I leave for the pub.
2. Tomorrow I (be) at the studio all the day.
3. By the time he is thirty five he (become) a professor.
4. I won’t be able to answer the phone in the afternoon. I (give) a talk at the conference.
5. We (have) coffee after Martin has finished eating.
6. I hope I (become) a good specialist in the future.
7. Don’t call me in the morning tomorrow. I (sleep).
Задание 10. Выучите следующие слова и выражения к зачету по теме «EDUCATION».
1. Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет сервиса и экономики - St.Petersburg State University of Service and Economics
2. студент первого курса - first-year student
3. дневная форма обучения - full-time study
4. вечерняя форма обучения - part-time study
5. студент заочного отделения - correspondent-student
6. высшее образование - higher education
7. окончить (учебное заведение) - graduate from
8. выпускники - graduates
9. аспиранты - post-graduates
10. факультет, кафедра - department
11. высококвалифицированный - highly qualified
12. преподавательский состав - teaching staff
13. диплом государственного образца - state –standard diploma
14. общественная деятельность - social activity
15. сессия - session
16. сдавать зачеты и экзамены - to take credit-tests and exams
17. сдать/ провалить экзамены – to pass/fail exams
18. диплом бакалавра – Bachelor’s Degree
19. диплом магистра – Master’s Degree
20. диплом кандидата наук – Doctor’s Degree
21. сфера сервиса - service industry
Задание 11. Подготовьте устное высказывание по теме “I am a student” Будьте готовы к активной беседе с преподавателем по данной теме.
Эти вопросы помогут вам составить рассказ о себе:
What is your name? How old are you? What is your marital status? What is your family like? What course are you doing at university? What department are you in? What is your job? What is your typical working day?
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2
Для выполнения контрольной работы № 2, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:
1. Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий.
2. Образование времен пассивного (страдательного) залога.
3. Модальные глаголы
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст на русский язык.
Text 1. MOST POPULAR TYPES OF BUSINESS ENTITIES IN THE USA
Sole Proprietor
Most businesses in the US are sole proprietorships - that is, they are owned and operated by a single person. In a sole proprietorship, the owner is entirely responsible for the business's success or failure. He or she collects any profits, but if the venture loses money and the business cannot cover the loss, the owner is responsible for paying the bills - even if doing so depletes his or her personal assets.
Sole proprietorships have certain advantages over other forms of business organization. They suit the temperament of people who like to exercise initiative and be their own bosses. They are flexible, since owners can make decisions quickly without having to consult others. By law, individual proprietors pay fewer taxes than corporations. And customers often are attracted to sole proprietorships, believing an individual who is accountable will do a good job.
This form of business organization has some disadvantages, however. A sole proprietorship legally ends when an owner dies or becomes incapacitated, although someone may inherit the assets and continue to operate the business. Also, since sole proprietorships generally are dependent on the amount of money their owners can save or borrow, they usually lack the resources to develop into large-scale enterprises.
Business Partnership
One way to start or expand a venture is to create a partnership with two or more co-owners. Partnerships enable entrepreneurs to pool their talents; one partner may be qualified in production, while another may excel at marketing, for instance. Partnerships are exempt from most reporting requirements the government imposes on corporations, and they are taxed favorably compared with corporations. Partners pay taxes on their personal share of earnings, but their businesses are not taxed.
States regulate the rights and duties of partnerships. Co-owners generally sign legal agreements specifying each partner's duties. Partnership agreements also may provide for "silent partners," who invest money in a business but do not take part in its management. A major disadvantage of partnerships is that each member is liable for all of a partnership's debts, and the action of any partner legally binds all the others. If one partner squanders money from the business, for instance, the others must share in paying the debt. Another major disadvantage can arise if partners have serious and constant disagreements.
Corporation
A corporation is an entity that is separate from its owners, so that regardless of what happens to shareholders, the corporation continues until it is legally dissolved. The owner(s) of a corporation are known as shareholders. The shareholders elect directors to set the policies of the corporation and represent their interests. The directors appoint the officers of the corporation to manage day to day operations. Corporations are legally required to follow more formalities than any of the other entities, including annual meetings of the shareholders and directors, as well as board approval of most significant acts by the corporation.
There are two main types of for-profit corporations, known as a C corporation and an S corporation. While most corporations are set up as C corporations, some elect to function instead as an S corporation in order to avoid double taxation.
In addition to these two types of for-profit corporations there are also nonprofit corporations, which are often used by charities. Finally, in limited circumstances, a corporation may be set up as a professional corporation, where the business is owned and operated by certain licensed professionals.
LLC
A limited liability company (LLC) is a form of enterprise that blends elements of partnership and corporate structures. It is a legal form of company that provides limited liability to its owners.
It is often more flexible than a corporation and it is well-suited for companies with a single owner.
Задание 1.1. Ответьте письменно на вопросы к тексту:
1. What are the main types of businesses in the USA?
2. What are the advantages of sole proprietorships? What disadvantages do they have?
3. Partnership involves collaboration between two or more parties. When do problems sometimes arise?
4. How is C corporation different from S corporation?
5. Who is a corporation run by?
6. A limited liability company is new type of business in the USA, but it is very popular.
Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите устно текст на русский язык. Выпишите выделенные слова из текста, запишите их транскрипцию и перевод.
Text 2. MICROSOFT
Microsoft, the software giant from Redmond, Washington, was born in 1975 as Micro-Soft, a partnership between two high school friends, Bill Gates and Paul Allen, to write software for what they regarded as the first practical computer for the consumer market, the MITS Altair 8800.
When that market exploded with the introduction of the I.B.M. personal computer in 1981, the main beneficiaryturned out to be the now unhyphenated Microsoft, which had developed the software for the PC's operating system — and had held onto the rights to the program.
The most popular Microsoft products are the Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office suite of applications. Microsoft also produces popular hardware products, such as the Microsoft mouse and the XBox video games product line. With over 70,000 employees worldwide and annual sales of over $44 billion, Microsoft is a leader in the global tech industry.
Microsoft is still a powerhouse supplier of the specialized software that meets the complex needs of large corporations, but it does not receive the adoring attention that its chief rival Apple draws with products like the iPad.
In the summer of 2010, Microsoft remained more profitable than Apple, but Apple's market valuation has allowed it to surpass its rival to become the world's most valuable technology company.
Microsoft has often been criticized for their drive to dominate world markets. "Embrace, extend, extinguish" is a phrase often used to describe Microsoft's market strategy. The company has been sued several times for copyright infringement, and was sued by the US Justice Department for anti-trust violations.
Conversely, Microsoft is considered by many to be an ideal place to work. The company has won awards for innovation, for their commitment to diversity, and for their flexible work arrangements. Their compensation is competitive, and employees with seniority are often very wealthy as a result of Microsoft stock options. Benefits are outstanding, and the company has a notoriously casual dress code.
Задание 3. Поставьте прилагательные в скобках в сравнительную или превосходную степени сравнения .
1. The life of this battery is (long) than most of its rivals at almost half the price.
2. Our mineral water is (pure) in the market.
3. He is (good) student in our group.
4. I would recommend this jacket. It’s (stylish) than the other one and it really suits you.
5. This is (low) price I can offer.
6. You’ll really like these chips. They are (tasty) than any others on the market.
7. I can’t recommend this DVD player. Its results were (bad) than the others.
8. That is (silly) suggestion I’ve ever heard.
Задание 4. Переведите письменно предложения на русский язык. Укажите видовременную форму сказуемого в страдательном залоге.
1. Your enquiry is being dealt with.
2. Make sure that your mobile phone is switched off during important meetings.
3. All tenders and supporting documents must be returned by 31 March.
4. Your hotel booking has been confirmed.
5. As requested, the sum of $75,000 has been credited to your account.
6. The full conference programme has not yet been printed.
Задание 5. Употребите правильную форму глагола в пассивном залоге.
1. Chinese (speak) in Singapore.
2. The Taj Mahal (build) around 1640.
3. The new hospital (open) next year.
4. She (interview) now.
5. I realised I (follow).
6. (you invite) to Andy’s party?
7. He found that all his money (steal).
8. These computers (make) in Korea.
9. Passengers (ask) not to speak to the driver.
10. Sorry about the noise - the road (mend).
11. The village church (burn down) last year.
12. A Roman pavement (just find) under Oxford Street.
Задание 6. Составьте предложения по образцу. Переведите письменно предложения на русский язык.
Образец: If you are computer literate you can use different types of software.
| If you | you can |
| 1 are computer literate | a) work well on your own. |
| 2 are trilingual | b) use different types of software. |
| 3 are good at mental arithmetic | c) solve problems rationally. |
| 4 are autonomous | d) be a good leader. |
| 5 have a creative personality | e) calculate quickly in your head. |
| 6 have a logical mind | f) speak three languages. |
| 7 are decisive and people accept your authority | g) bring new ideas to the project |
Задание 7. Переведите письменно предложения на русский язык.
1. Can I leave the door open for a while?
2. He could ski very well when he was young.
3. They can’t be strangers. They must know each other.
4. Could I borrow your pen, please?
5. Your salary is very low. You should look for another job.
6. Jack always has difficulty getting up. He shouldn’t go to bed so late.
7. I’m feeling sick. I shouldn’t have eaten so much.
8. ‘May I come in?’ ‘Yes, please do.’
9. This must be our stop.
10. This can’t be our stop.
11. You mustn’t throw litter in the park.
12. You should have told me.
Задание 8. Выучите следующие слова и выражения к зачету по теме «Overview: Economy, Culture, Business».
1. владелец - owner
2. отвечать (за) - to be responsible (for)
3. нести убытки - to lose
4. покрывать, обеспечивать денежным покрытием - to cover
5. оплачивать счета - to pay the bills
6. движимое имущество - personal assets
7. зависеть от - to depend on
8. занимать, брать в долг – to borrow
9. предприятие – venture, enterprise
10. совладелец - co-owner
11. предприниматель - entrepreneur
12. превзойти (других) - to excel
13. освобождать от налогов - to exempt from taxes
14. облагать налогом - to impose taxes
15. доля, часть - share
16. регулировать, регламентировать - to regulate
17. подписывать - to sign
18. юридическое соглашение - legal agreement
19. инвестировать деньги – to invest money
20. обязывать, связывать обязательством - to bind
21. вернуть долг - to pay the debt
22. акционер - shareholder
23. определять стратегию - to set the policies
24. одобрение, утверждение - approval
25. основывать, открывать (дело, предприятие ) - to set up
26. некоммерческий - nonprofit
27. благотворительность - charity
28. общество с ограниченной ответственностью - limited liability company
Задание 9. Подготовьте устное высказывание по теме “ Economy of the UK ”.Будьте готовы к активной беседе с преподавателем по данной теме.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 3
Для выполнения контрольной работы № 3, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:
1. Сложные предложения. Согласование времен.
2. Косвенная речь.
3. Условные предложения.
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст на русский язык.
Text 1. MONEY
Money is indispensable in a society in which commodity exchange takes place. In commodity exchange money plays the role of a universal equivalent, that of commodity expressing the value of all the other commodities.
Gold is the generally accepted money commodity. Because of its natural properties gold is the most convenient substance to carry out the social function of money. It can be easily broken into pieces and melted and «recombined» without anyloss of value. It can also be kept safely as it does not become oxidized. In addition it has relatively small volume for its weight while denoting a considerable value.
Money performs a number of functions. First of all, it serves as a measure of value; that is, it is used to measure the value of all other commodities. Each commodity is sold for a certain sum of money, which expresses its value. The value of a commodity in terms of money is called its price.
Money is an ideal unit for expressing the value of all other commodities. What this means is that to measure the value of commodities it is not necessary to have cash. As acts of sale and purchase (i.e. the exchange of commodities for money) are repeated many times, the seller and buyer mentally equate the commodity to a certain amount of money (or gold) corresponding to its value.
When commodities are exchanged with the aid of money, the latter also serves as a means of circulation. To perform this function money has to be real, not ideal. What is important is that anyone receiving these symbols of value must be assured that they will be accepted from him too, when he pays for other commodities. That is why states declare paper money to be legal tender.
Money also serves as a means of accumulation or a way of hoarding treasures. This function stems from the fact that money can buy any commodity. Therefore, money is a universal embodiment ofwealth and a means of accumulating it. Taken out of circulation, however, money becomes treasure only if it is gold, or money converted into articles of gold, silver and other precious metals or stones.
Задание 1.1. Дайте письменно эквиваленты выделенным в тексте словам.
Задание 2. Прочитайте и переведите устно текст на русский язык.
Text 2. WHAT IT TAKES TO RUN A BUSINESS
Most of us fantasize at one time or another about starting our own business, but few of us have the courage to make it happen. The prospect of going into business for ourselves, while appealing, is a risk few of us are willing to take.
But times have changed. More people than ever before are leaving their 6-figure salary jobs and starting their own businesses. In fact, experts estimate that some 1.500 new businesses are launched every day and that by 2000 70 percent of all businesses will be entrepreneurial.
Choosing the business that's right for you isprobably the most important business decision you'll ever make. Maybe you already have a great idea for a product or service. Or perhaps you're still exploring some ideas. In either case, before you launch your business you'll need to assess your strengths and weaknesses, your likes and dislikes.
It may help to make a list of what you like and dislike. You'll also want to consider your non-tangible attributes, such as stamina, determination and resourcefulness. These qualities alone may be the determining factor of whetheryour business succeeds or fails.
Experts agree that two of the most important qualitiesan entrepreneur should possess are tenacity and perseverance. Getting a business off the ground can be extremely frustrating, and if you're the type who gives up easily, chances are you won't make it as an entrepreneur.
As a business owner you also must have the stamina and self-discipline to work long hours, the willingness to take risks and the confidence to make decisions. These traits will go a long way in helping your business thrive and flourish.
Don't worry if it takes you a while to determine what kind of business you want. It's much better to take your time and thoroughly investigate your options than rush into something. Some of the most successful entrepreneurs have spent time researching the market before finding their niche.
Special training or education is not required to start a business. Only one-fifth of new business owners have college degrees and more than one-third have never taken a business course.
Much of the knowledge you'll need to run a business can be learned through books, seminars and workshops. You may also want to consider taking a few business or marking courses through your local university or community college.
One of the best ways to learn about business is by talking to as many entrepreneurs as you can. Join a professional organisation in your area that is geared to your particular industry.
In addition, there are several organisations that can provide assistance. Contact your local Small Business Administration office or the Service Corps of Retired Executives. Both groups can provide professional advice and counselling and help you get your business off the ground. You may also want to consider hiring a business consultantto help you build a solid business plan.
One of the most important factors you'll need to consider before starting a business is your financial resources. If you are the sole provider for your family and have little savings stashed away, this may not be the time to give up a steady source of income.
Studies show that more businesses failbecause of under financing and poor management than for any other reason. That's why experts say you should have enough saving put aside to support you for at least a year before you have to dip into your new business for income.
If you're having trouble raising the capital needed to launch your business, try the Small Business Association. The organisation often makes small-business loans to start-up companies or at least will refer you to the institutions that will. You may also want to consider obtaining independent investors or taking out a home equity loan.
Starting a new business not only demands a lot of hard work, but also requires financial and emotional sacrifice. Be prepared to give up vacations, weekends and evenings and to spend less time with friends and family. Entrepreneurship is not without drawbacks, and many people discover (often too late) that they are not cut out to run a business.
Harvey Mackay, the best selling author of "Sharkproof: Get The Job You Want. Keep The Job You Love In Today's Frenzied Market " (Harper Collins), offers these suggestions for anyone considering a business venture.
· Think small. Keep your overheads low by starting your business from home. Purchase only the essentials. Hold on to your day job as long as possible or at least until your business has started to take off.
· Get advice. Talk to other entrepreneurs. Find out how they got started, how much money it took and what they would do differently. Put together an advisory team that you can turn to for help.
· Adapt to change. In business, anything can happen. Be prepared for the unexpected.
· Draft a business plan. Analyze your market and study your competition. Determinewho your potential clients will be and make sure there is sufficient demand for your product or service. Set goals for your company and review them periodically to see if you're meeting your expectations.
· Depend on yourself. Whether your business succeeds or fails depends on you alone. Make sure you have the temperament to work harder than you've ever worked in your life.
Задание 2.1. Дайте письменно эквиваленты выделенным в тексте словам.
Задание 2.2. Ответьте письменно на вопросы:
1. What things should be done to start your own business?
2. Can you prove that the following qualities are essential (or not needed) for a businessman: stamina, determination, resourcefulness, tenacity, self-discipline, willingness to take risks, confidence?
3. What recommendations would you give to those who would like to start their own business?
Задание 3. Переведите предложения письменно на русский язык, обращая внимание на согласование времен.
1. He said he had forgotten the code.
2. She said she had been trying to get through.
3. She said they would never agree.
4. She said that Martin had sent them the invoice.
5. She said that she should go.
7. He asked me how much it had cost.
8. They asked how many people would attend the confenence.
9. She advised her colleague to keep quiet.
10. He warned me not to sell my shares yet.
11. She wondered if I had received a message.
Задание 4. Переведите предложения письменно в косвенную речь.
1. Tom said, ‘If I were you, I’d wear a new tie for the interview.'
2. 'We've decided to spend our holidays in Jordan,' they told us.
3. Jill said, ‘I'll go to the bank tomorrow.’
4. Keith said, 'There is a letter for you on the table.'
5. 'They delivered the letters this morning,' she said.
6. He said, ‘Don’t forget to type the letter to Mr Brown.’
7. Jane said, 'I haven't finished my homework yet.'
8. 'My mother is coming to visit us,' I said.
9. She told me, 'You must leave early tomorrow.’
10. She said to him, ‘Send the report just now, please.’
Задание 5. Употребите правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.
1. It rained all day. If the weather (not be) so bad we (go out).
2. We expect Mary to be here soon. If she (not arrive), we (phone) her.
3. I sleep badly. If I (not get) enough sleep I (not get) much work done.
4. We went to Paris. If we (not go) to Paris, we (not have) such a good time.
5. My brother doesn't do any work. If he (work) harder, he (pass) his exams.
6. Jane and John like each other. If he (ask) her to dance, she (say) yes.
7. This is an old computer. If you (not press) 'Save' you (lose) your work.
8. I did German at school. If I (do) English, I (get) a better job?
9. There's a bus. If we (get on) that one, we (arrive) in time.
10. I can't see a bus. But even if we (catch) a bus now, we (be) late.
Задание 6. Переведите письменно на английский, употребив правильную форму глагола в условных предложениях.
1. Мы сумеем купить машину при условии, что они не поднимут цены.
2. Если бы я знал в то время, что процент так высок, я не брал бы кредита.
3. Если бы я мог, я бы поехал в Европу этим летом. Но у меня слишком много работы.
4. Позвони мне, как только узнаешь результаты экзаменов.
5. Ты узнал бы его, если бы встретил его сейчас?
6. Вы должны быть в офисе пораньше на тот случай, если шеф придет к девяти.
7. Если бы он не учился в то время в Оксфорде, он бы не встретил Мери.
8. Он закончит всю работу, прежде чем начнется конференция.
9. Если не будешь тренироваться много, ты не выиграешь это соревнование.
10. В случае если вам понадобится помощь, обращайтесь к полицейскому.
11. Позвонишь мне, когда будешь в городе?
Задание 7. Выучите следующие слова и выражения к зачету по теме «PEOPLE AND ECONOMY».
1. активы - assets
2. валовой национальный продукт - gross national product (GNP)
3. валовой внутренний продукт - gross domestic product (GDP)
4. бухгалтер - accountant, book-keeper
5. административный - executive
6. валюта - currency
7. средства производства - means of production
8. товар (ы) - goods
9. товар, предмет потребления - commodity
10. прибыль - profit
11. выгода, польза - benefit
12. затраты - costs
13. расход, трата - expense
14. повседневные нужды - daily needs
15. проценты от вкладов - interests
16. вознаграждение - reward
17. зарплата - wages
18. сбережения - savings
19. банкротство - bankruptcy
20. долг - debt
21. зарабатывать на жизнь - to earn one's living
22. сокращать, уменьшать, снижать - reduce
23. увеличиваться - increase
24. филиал - offshoot, branch
25. наблюдать - to supervise
26. конкурент - competitor
27. кредит - loan, credit
28. наем - hire
29. ставить цели - to set objectives
30. потребитель - consumer
31. спрос - demand
Задание 8. Подготовьте устное высказывание по теме «My future profession». Будьте готовы к активной беседе с преподавателем по данной теме.
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 4
Для выполнения контрольной работы № 4, необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:
1. Образование и функции Participle I, Participle II.
2. Неличные формы глагола (The Infinitive, The Gerund).
Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и переведите его устно на русский язык.