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A.: It is interesting to know if the use of gas is growing fast.

B.: As is known, it certainly is.

A.: What are the reasons, I wonder?

22. Английский юмор:

When did Socrates live?

The teacher asked: “When did Socrates live?” After the silence had become painful, she ordered: “Open your history book. What does it say there?”

Pupil: Socrates, 469 B.C.

Teacher: Now, why didn`t you know when Socrates lived?

Pupil: Well, I thought 469 B.C. was his telephone number.

painful – зд. удручающий

B.C. – Before Christ – до нашей эры

* * *

Teacher: John, why are you late?

John: Please, madam, I had to wash my neck and ears, but, honest, it won’t happen again.

УРОК 5

Грамматика: 1. Герундий.

2. Причастие II.

3. Инфинитив.

4. Функции глаголов to be, to have в предложении.

Текст: The Search for Oil

1. Прочтите вслух следующие слова:

– evidence, method, develop, investment

– fracture, balance, gravity

– discovery, construct, substructure, recover, duster

– world, search, earth, surface, commercial

– geologist, geophysicist, geographic, knowledge

– measure, explosion

– composition, configuration, exploration, observation

– location, accumulation, basic, space, operator, great.

2. Прочтите следующие слова, обращая внимание на ударение:

either [ ], generally [ ], knowledge [ ], observation [ ], aware [ ], sufficient [ ], beneath [ ], seismograph [ ], enough [ ], though [ ], technique [ ], magnetometer [ ], perhaps [ ], between [ ], actual [ ].

3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

search – поиск, разведка

seek – искать

evidence – признак, доказательство

oil seep – выход нефти на поверхность

up-dip – вверх по восстанию пласта

seepage – просачивание

fracture – разлом, разрыв

discovery – открытие

locate – обнаруживать

reservoir – коллекторская порода

investigation – исследование

gain – получать

substructure – подземная структура

dome – купол

seep – выход нефти на поверхность

anticline – антиклиналь

surface map – карта поверхности

devise – изобретать

torsion balance – вариометр, крутильные весы

subsurface structure – погребенная структура

deduce - прослеживать

measure – измерять

transit time - время пробега

sound wave - звуковая волна

gravity meter - гравиметр

magnetometer – магнитометр

remote sensing - телеметрия

to be commercially feasible – быть рентабельным

recover – получать обратно, возмещать

investment – инвестиция, капиталовложение

to make a profit – получать прибыль

assure – уверять, гарантировать

rich strike - богатое месторождение

duster – непродуктивная скважина, скважина, не давшая ни нефти, ни газа.

4. Определите значение интернациональных слов:

observation, construct, geologist, geophysicist, structure, specific, method, globe, reservoir, generate, balance, basic, form, configuration, commercially, technique, actual, composition.

5. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод глаголов «to find» и «to found».

Запомните: to find (found, found) - находить

to found (founded, founded) - основывать

1. The missing expedition has not been found yet. 2. I found it difficult to understand him. 3. St. Petersburg was founded by Peter I in 1703. 4. Peter I founded this city to defend the northern borders of Russia. 5. His theory found no acceptance among scientists. 6. His theory is founded on very superficial (поверхностный, неглубокий) knowledge. 7. Petroleum is generally found in porous sedimentary rocks. 8. The geological party found vast resources of natural gas here last year.
9. Do you know who founded the Moscow University? 10. Before a mineral deposit can be worked, it must first be found.

6. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и словосочетаний:

1) to look for evidence 1) подземная структура Земли

2) present configuration 2) рентабельный

3) are likely to contain 3) богатое месторождение

4) earth’s substructure 4) непродуктивная скважина

5) remote sensing 5) уменьшают риск

6) oil accumulation 6) современная конфигурация

7) lessen the risk 7) вероятно, содержат

8) commercially feasible 8) получить прибыль

9) make a profit 9) искать признаки

10) rich strike 10) нефтяная залежь

11) duster 11) телеметрия

7. Герундий (Gerund) образуется путем прибавления суффикса –ing к основе глагола. Помните, что в предложении герундий может выполнять все синтаксические функции:

1) в функции подлежащего герундий переводится на русский язык существительным или инфинитивом:

Reading such books is difficult.

2) герундий может быть частью сказуемого:

а) в функции именной части сказуемого (после глагола-связки to be) он переводится инфинитивом или существительным:

My favourite occupation is reading.

б) в функции части составного глагольного сказуемого (после глаголов “to begin”, “to start” – начинать; “to keep on”, “to go on” – продолжать; “ to stop”, “to give up” –прекращать) переводится инфинитивом или существительным:

The student began translating the text.

3) в функции дополнения (прямого и предложного) герундий переводится инфинитивом, существительным или придаточным предложением:

He likes listening to music.

He thinks of going to see his parents.

4) в функции определения ( после существительного с предлогом of или for) он переводится существительным в родительном падеже; инфинитивом или придаточным предложением:

The problems of getting oil out of the ground are colossal.

5) в функции обстоятельства после предлогов:

“on (upon)”, “after” переводится деепричастием или существительным с предлогами «по», «после».

After (on) returning to Moscow he resumed his work.

«by» - деепричастием, сочетанием предлогов «путем», «при помощи» с существительным или придаточным предложением:

He solved the problem by inventing a new kind of plastic.

“in” – деепричастием или существительным с предлогом «при»:

You must be very careful in making such experiments.

“without” – деепричастием с частицей «не» или существительным с предлогом «без»:

It is impossible to know English well without reading books in the original.

Итак, герундий в различных функциях переводится на русский язык существительным (с предлогом или без предлога), инфинитивом, деепричастием или придаточным предложением. Способ перевода зависит не столько от функции герундия в предложении, сколько от его лексического значения и сочетаемости слов в русском языке.

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия в функции:

а) подлежащего:

1. Changing the volume of a substance changes its density. 2. Exploiting the deposit means the extraction of mineral in it. 3. Measuring resistance is necessary in many experiments. 4. Fracturing of the area can also cause secondary porosity.
5. Using automatic control made it possible to increase productivity. 6. Maintaining constant pressure during the test was absolutely necessary. 7. Prospecting is the search for mineral deposits that can be exploited.

б) части сказуемого:

1. The work of these geologists is looking for oil and gas in new areas.
2. Their aim is finding new ways to increase oil production. 3. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is prospecting. 4. They continued testing until the sample was destroyed. 5. Oil production kept rising from the 1950s up to the 1980s.

в) дополнения:

1. As a rule prospecting includes 3 stages: finding evidence of the mineral, finding the deposit and exploring the deposit. 2. For making tools man of the Stone Age used only stones. 3. Thank you for coming. 4. The drilling equipment needs repairing. 5. We suggested drilling an exploratory well to prove the existence of oil at the location. 6. The chief engineer spoke of organizing a new laboratory. 7. They succeeded in locating a rich oil accumulation. 8. Our oil engineers have made good progress in drilling wells.

г) определения:

1. There are different ways of discovering underground oil. 2. Porous solids have a great capacity for absorbing gases. 3. The idea of using this technique was new and unexpected. 4. The American program provided for a number of alternative sources of synthetic fuels including ways of converting coal to gas as well as extracting liquid fuel from oil shale. 5. Highly effective serial methods of prospecting from aircraft have come into wide use. 6. He solved the problem of inventing a new device for measuring reservoir pressure.

д) обстоятельства:

1. We can produce heat by burning oil, gas or any other fuels. 2. It is difficult to understand the nature of oil without studying its origin. 3. After finishing the experiment inform the laboratory assistant about its results. 4. Many different factors are taken into consideration in choosing a prospecting method. 5. Organisms, on dying, fall on the bottom of the sea and are buried there. 6. He solved the problem by inventing a new device for measuring reservoir pressure. 7. Some types of deposits were discovered by using data from air photographs. 8. You cannot increase oil production without modernizing drilling equipment.

8. Переведите предложения, определите, каким членом предложения явля-ется герундий:

1. Reading English technical magazines is important for an engineer. 2. I remember attending his lectures on chemistry. 3. He remembers adding some water to the mixture. 4. After failing in the examination in January he had to take it again in February. 5. At the meeting they discussed different ways of improving their work.
6. The problem of obtaining power was solved. 7. As it was late she went away without waiting for us.