Reigning style of the industrial age
Of all the Victorian house styles, Queen Anne is the most elaborate and the most eccentric. The style is often called romantic and feminine, yet it is the product of a most unromantic era – the machine age.
Queen Anne became an architectural fashion in the 1880s and 1890s, when the industrial revolution was
building up steam.
North America was caught up in the excitement of new technologies. Factory-made, precut architectural
parts were shuttled across the country on a rapidly expanding train network. Exuberant builders combined these pieces to create innovative, and sometimes excessive, homes.
In addition, widely published pattern books touted spindles, towers, and other flourishes we associate with
Queen Anne architecture. Country folk yearned for fancy city trappings. Wealthy industrialists pulled out all
stops as they built lavish "castles" using Queen Anne ideas.
Although easy to spot, the Queen Anne style is difficult to define. Many are lavished with gingerbread, but
some are made of brick or stone. Many have turrets, but crowning touch is not necessary to make a house a
queen. So, what is Queen Anne?
Fanciful and flamboyant, Queen Anne architecture takes on many shapes. Some Queen Anne houses are
lavishly decorated. Others are restrained in their embellishments. Yet the flashy "painted ladies" of San Francisco and the refined brownstones of Brooklyn share many of the same features. There is an element of surprise to the typical Queen Anne home. The roof is steeply pitched and irregular. The overall shape of the house is asymmetrical.
Queen Anne architecture is not an orderly or easily classified. Bay windows, balconies, stained glass, turrets,
porches, brackets and an abundance of decorative details combine in unexpected ways. Even the history of
the style is bewildering. These homes were built during the age of Queen Victoria. So, why are they called
Queen Anne?
Popular during the time of Britain's Queen Victoria, Queen Anne architecture has little to do with the 18th
century Queen Anne. Moreover, the exuberant style bears little resemblance to the formal architecture, which was popular during her time.
Rather, British architects borrowed ideas from the earlier medieval era. In the United States, Queen Anne
houses became lofty, sometimes fanciful, expressions of the machine age. From New York to California, rows of imposing Queen Anne homes stand as monuments to the industrialists who prospered there.
However, Queen Anne flourishes may also be found on less pretentious houses. In American cities, smaller
working-class homes were given patterned shingles, spindle work, extensive porches and bay windows. Many turn-of-the-century houses are in fact hybrids, combining Queen Anne motifs with features from earlier and later fashions.
Ironically, the very qualities that made Queen Anne architecture so regal also made it fragile. These expansive and expressive buildings proved expensive and difficult to maintain. By the turn of the century, Queen Anne had fallen out of favor. In the early 1900s, architects favored smaller Edwardian ("Princess Anne") and more austere Colonial Revival styles.
While many Queen Anne have been preserved as private homes, others have been converted into apartment
houses, offices and inns. In San Francisco, flamboyant homeowners have painted their Queen Annes a rainbow of psychedelic colors. Purists protest that bright colors are not historically authentic. However, the owners of these "Painted Ladies" claim that Victorian architects would be pleased.
Active Vocabulary
1) elaborate – искусно сделанный, детально разработанный
2) steam – паровой двигатель, пар
3) to shuttle – передвигать в разных направлениях
4) to tout – назойливо предлагать что-либо
5) spindle – веретенообразный предмет
6) to yearn for – тосковать по
7) trapping – украшение
8) gingerbread – показная пышность, вычурность
9) turret – башенка
10) touch – штрих, оттенок, прикосновение
11) fanciful – причудливый
12) flamboyant – яркий, вычурный
13) embellishment – украшение
14) flashy – дешевый, показной, бросающийся в глаза
15) bay – изогнутый
16) bracket – полочка на стене
17) bewildering – ставящий в тупик, смущающий
18) shingle – обшивка, дранка
19) fragile – хрупкий
20) authentic – подлинный, достоверный
21) owner – владелец, хозяин
Exercises on the Text
Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English
1. новые технологии
2. трудно определить стиль
3. небольшое сходство
4. романтичный стиль
5. ярко украшенный
Fill in the gaps with the words given below
1. Of all the Victorian house styles, Queen Anne is the most … and the most …
2. Exuberant builders combine many ways to create … homes.
3. Wealthy industrialists pulled out all stops as they built … "castles" using Queen Anne ideas.
4. Queen Anne houses became … and … expressions of the machine age.
5. The history of Queen Anne style is …
----------------------
lofty, elaborate, fanciful, lavish, bewildering, eccentric, innovative
Find antonyms to the following words
1. romantic a. slowly
2. rapidly b. old
3. innovative c. flamboyant
4. austere d. cheap
5. expensive e. unromantic
6. fragile f. firm
7. irregular g. regular
8. resemblance
h. difference
Grammar Reference
Местоимения. Предлоги
Complete the letter using different pronouns
Dear Laura
Thank you for … letter. It was good to hear from … and to know … news.
Let … tell you my news. In June, … sister, Sue, is getting married to John. Do you remember? I met John
ten years ago, so he is an old friend of …. … are getting married in the afternoon and my parents are having a big party for … in the evening. … am really happy for her, and for John. After the wedding, they are coming to stay with … because they have not got a house yet. So we will all be one big, happy family.
My brother, Kevin, is taking … final examinations next month. After that … wants to get a job in a hospital.
I think it will be difficult for … but he really wants to be a doctor. Good luck to …!
Last week I met Jane and Christina Sarton. Do you remember …? … brother was at school with us. I gave
Jane your telephone number and she gave me … . Perhaps we can all meet sometime soon.
I must stop now. By the way, I found a silver pen in my room. It is not … . Is it …? I know you have got a
silver one.
My parents send … love to you and … parents.
Love
Wendy
Put in in/at/on
1. Do not sit … the grass. It is wet.
2. What have you got … your bag?
3. Look! There is a man … the roof. What is he doing?
4. There are a lot of fish … this river.
5. Our house is number 45 – the number is … the door.
6. "Is the cinema near here?" "Yes, turn left … the traffic lights."
7. I usually do my shopping … the city centre.
8. My sister lives … Brussels.
9. There is a small park … the top of the hill.
10. I think I heard the doorbell. There is somebody … the door.
11. Munich is a large city … the south of Germany.
12. There are a few shops … the end of the street.
13. It is difficult to carry a lot of things … a bicycle.
14. I looked at the list of names. My name was … the bottom of the list.
15. There is a mirror … the wall … the living room.
Put in a preposition
1. I looked … the window and watched the people in the street.
2. My house is very near here. It is just … the corner.
3. Do you know how to put a film … this camera?
4. How far is it … here … the airport?
5. We walked … the museum for an hour and saw a lot of interesting things.
6. You can put your coat … the back of the chair.
7. In tennis, you have to hit the ball … the net.
8. Silvia took a key … her bag and opened the door.
Role Play
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Queen Anne style in architecture
UNIT 5
Warming Up
1. Why is it difficult sometimes to define the architectural style of many towns and cities?
2. Do you like mixed architectural styles?
3. How would you describe Spanish style in architecture?
4. Where can we find the most outstanding examples of Spanish Revival architecture?
5. Do you know the names of any Spanish style architects?
INSPIRED BY SPAIN
Step through the stucco archway, linger in the tiled courtyard, and you might think you were in Spain. Or
Portugal. Or Italy, or northern Africa, or Mexico. North America's Spanish inspired homes embrace the entire Mediterranean world, combine it with ideas from Hopi and Pueblo Indians and add flourishes that would make Walt Disney proud.
It is hard to know what to call the style. In Santa Barbara and other parts of California, these homes are
usually described as Spanish Colonial Revival, suggesting that they borrow ideas from early settlers. Many architects prefer the term Hispanic or Mediterranean, while others simply say that the houses are Spanish Eclectic.
However, although the style is difficult to name, it is easy to recognize. Virginia and Lee McAlester, authors
of "A Field Guide to American Houses", characterize Spanish Eclectic homes as having the features listed
below.
Spanish inspired houses usually have these features:
• low-pitched roof
• red roof tiles
• stucco siding
• arches, especially above doors, porch entries and main windows.
Some Spanish inspired homes have:
• asymmetrical shape with cross-gables and side wings
• flat roof and parapets
• hipped roof
• carved doors
• spiral columns and pilasters
• courtyards
• carved stonework or cast ornaments
• patterned tile floors and wall surfaces.
In many ways, the Spanish Revival homes built from 1915 to 1940 resemble the earlier California Mission
Style houses. Mission architecture romanticized the simple Spanish churches of colonial America. It featured red tile roofs, parapets, and decorative railings and carved stonework. However, the twentieth century Spanish inspired styles proved to be more far-reaching. Wild and expressive, this new fashion borrowed from the entire history of Spanish architecture, from Moorish to Byzantine to Renaissance.
In 1915, gates to the Panama Canal swung open. To celebrate, San Diego – the first North American port
of call on the Pacific Coast – launched a spectacular exposition. The chief designer for the event was Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue, who had a fascination for Gothic and Hispanic styles. Goodhue did not want the cold, formal Renaissance and Neoclassical architecture, which was normally used for expositions and fairs.
Instead,he envisioned a fairytale city with a festive, Mediterranean flavor.
Goodhue (along with fellow architects Carleton M. Winslow, Clarence Stein and Frank P. Allen, Jr.) created
extravagant, capricious Churrigueresque towers based on the 17th and 18th century Spanish designs. They
filled Balboa Park in San Diego with arcades, arches, colonnades, domes, fountains, pergolas, reflecting pools, man-sized Muslim urns and an array of Disneyesque details.
America was dazzled and Iberian fever spread as trendy architects adapted Spanish ideas to upscale homes
and public buildings.
Possibly the most famous examples of Spanish Revival architecture can be found in Santa Barbara, California.
Santa Barbara had a rich tradition of Hispanic architecture long before Goodhue unveiled his vision of a
Mediterranean skyline. However, after a massive earthquake in 1925, the town was rebuilt. With its clean white walls and inviting courtyards, Santa Barbara became a showplace for the new Spanish style.
Meanwhile, on the other side of the continent, architect Addison Mizner was launching the "Florida Renaissance."
Addison Mizner aspired to turn the tiny unincorporated town of Boca Raton, Florida into a luxurious resort
community filled with his own special blend of Mediterranean architecture. Irving Berlin, W.K. Vanderbilt,
Elizabeth Arden and other illustrious personalities bought stock in the venture. Mizner went broke, but his
dream came true. Boca Raton became a Mediterranean Mecca with Moorish columns, spiral staircases suspended in midair and exotic medieval details.
At the same time, Aviation pioneer Glenn Curtiss and his partner James Bright were adding their own vision
to Florida's architectural melting pot. Curtiss was enamored with the rustic appearance of ancient pueblos.
In the region, which is now Miami Springs, he built an entire development of thick-walled buildings made of wood frame or concrete block.
Manifesting in a variety of forms, the new Spanish styles took root wherever Hispanic ties were strong.
Spanish Colonial and Mediterranean houses sprang up throughout Florida, California, Texas and Arizona. Simplified versions of the style evolved for working-class budgets. During the 1930s, neighborhoods filled with one-story stucco houses with arches and other details that suggested a Spanish Colonial flavor.
The stucco walls and cool, shaded interiors make Spanish style homes best suited for warmer climates.
Nevertheless, scattered examples – some quite elaborate – can be found throughout North America. When you drive through upscale neighborhoods in cold northern cities, you can sometimes spot a grand Mediterranean palace, looking lost in the center of a snow-covered lawn.
Active Vocabulary
1) stucco – штукатурка
2) to linger – оставаться, проводить время
3) tiled – крытый черепицей
4) to embrace – включать в себя, охватывать
5) pitched – находящийся на разных уровнях, разноуровневый
6) siding – обшивка здания
7) porch – крыльцо, веранда
8) gable – фронтон, конек крыши
9) cast – отлитый, литой
10) pergola – беседка
11) array – большое количество, масса
12) to unveil – открывать, раскрывать
13) Renaissance – Возрождение
14) venture – рискованная затея, предприятие
15) pueblo – поселок индейцев, индеец
16) shaded – смягченный, затушеванный, затененный
17) lawn – газон, лужайка
Exercises on the Text
Match the beginnings of the sentences with their endings using the information from the text
1. North America’s Spanish inspired homes embrace …
.2. The Spanish Revival homes resemble…
3. The most famous examples of Spanish Revival architecture can be found in …
4. Spanish Colonial and Mediterranean houses sprang up throughout …
5. Mission architecture romanticized …
a. … Florida, California,Texas and Arizona
b. … the simple Spanish churches of colonial America.
c. … the earlier California Mission style houses.
d. … Santa Barbara, California.
e. … the entire Mediterranean world.
Decide whether the following statements are true or false
Some Spanish inspired homes have:
1. asymmetrical shape with cross-gables and side wings
2. a slanting roof and parapets
3. a hipped roof
4. simple doors
5. straight columns and pilasters
6. colonnades
7. carved stonework
8. cast ornaments
9. patterned tile floors
Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English
1. красная черепичная крыша
2. декоративная ограда
3. новая мода
4. разнообразие форм
5. дома с арками
Grammar Reference
Модальные глаголы. Простое будущее время и способы его выражения
Re-word the following sentences using can, may or must
1. I do not think he did it all by himself.
2. Perhaps you are right.
3. It is possible that they forgot it in the car.
4. Is it really true?
5. I do not believe he has been meaning to do it.
6. It is impossible that he should have refused your request.
7. Evidently he has not read the book.
8. I wonder where it is that you met him.
9. I am certain that he has heard the gong.
10. It was some special occasion, I am sure.
11. He looks wet and muddy. I am sure he has been fishing.
12. No doubt, she is out shopping.
13. I wonder what it is that you have brought in that box.
14. It is possible that he does not know we are here.
15. Is it possible that he is giving a course on the Renaissance at the University?
16. It is possible that the news is being broadcast on all the channels.
17. I am certain they did not take notes of the meeting.
18. Is it possible that we are out of wrapping paper?
19. It is possible he will again forget to rule a margin down the left side.
20. "I do not now see him driving his car. Is it possible that something has happened?" "Evidently his car is
undergoing repairs."
21. It is just impossible for you to get this thing done so soon.
22. I wonder what it is that he is doing in there.
23. Then the firing began again. This time it was impossible for it to be more than a mile away.
24. Let us give her a call again. It is possible that she was asleep and did not hear the telephone.
25. You have used up all the money I gave you, I suppose.
Put in shall (not)/will (not)
1. Do not drink coffee before you go to bed. You … sleep.
2. "Are you ready yet?" "Not yet. I … be ready in five minutes."
3. I am going away for a few days. I am leaving tonight, so I … be at home tomorrow.
4. It … rain, so you do not need to take an umbrella.
5. "I do not feel very well this evening." "Well, go to bed early and you … feel better in the morning."
6. It is Bill’s birthday next Monday. He … be 25.
7. I am sorry I was late this morning. It … happen again.
Role Play
Discuss the peculiarities of the architectural style of your town
UNIT 6
Warming Up
1. What is the Louver palace nowadays?
2. What was it in the past?
3. In what architectural style was it built?
4. Do you know the names of the architects who created this masterpiece?
5. What associations appear in your mind when you hear the word "Louver"?
THE LOUVER
From the fortress of Philippe Auguste (1190) to the completion of the "Grand Dessein" (1870), the Louver
palace has extended progressively along the right bank of the Seine.
A true barrier separating the northern and southern parts of the city, the building constitutes the point of
departure of the great East-West view, which crosses the Arc du Carrousel, the obelisk in the Place de la Concorde, the Arc de Triomphe on the Champs-Elysées, and extends right out.
The international renown of the Louver museum sometimes makes us forget that it was originally designed
as a palace. Since the middle ages, its development has been quite exceptional, marked by both the major
events of French history and the succession of architects and decorators who have left their mark on it.
The medieval fortress from which the present day palace originates was built by King Philippe Auguste at
the end of the XIIth century. The restoration work on the Cour Carrée and the excavation work necessary for construction of the pyramid and the Carrousel area enabled archeological digs to be undertaken. The architectural structures of the basement will henceforth be included in the visit tours. Thus it is possible to walk along the moats of the medieval fortress under the Cour Carrée, to pass around the base of the dungeon to get to the salle Saint-Louis (XIIIth century), or, when going to the underground car park, to walk along the so-called Charles V moats.
Amongst the items discovered during these digs, one of the most remarkable is a parade helmet belonging
to Charles VI, which was reconstituted from the one hundred and sixty nine fragments, which were found scattered
about. It is on show in the Salle Saint-Louis (Sully Wing).
In 1528, François Ist had the "grosse tour" destroyed, and decided in 1546 to transform the former fortress
into a luxury residence. The work, which was supervised by Pierre Lescot, continued under Henri II and Charles
IX, involved two new wings, which occupy two sides of the former fortress. Jean Goujon decorated the
façade and the great hall of this Renaissance wing.
In the west, in a place known as the Tuileries, Catherine de Médicis had a huge palace built, which she left
incomplete. As soon as he arrived in Paris in 1594, Henri IV decided to join the Louver with the Tuileries to
form a gigantic palace. This was the "Grand Dessein" or Grand Design, of which he had the first stage completed,
the Grande Galerie.
Under Louis XIII and Louis XIV, the architects Le Mercier and subsequently Le Vau built the "Cour Carrée",
four times the size of the former Renaissance courtyard. To the East, facing the city, a committee of architects,
led by Perrault, planned the "colonnade". Poussin, Romanelli and Le Brun decorated the apartments and
the "galleries". However, this golden age enjoyed by the Louver came to an abrupt end in 1678, when Louis
XIV chose Versailles as his centre of power. The double palace remained incomplete for a long time. During
the entire XVIIIth century, new projects contributed to the "Grand Dessein" of the Bourbons, which architects
Gabriel and Soufflot are attempting to bring to perfection.
The "Grand Louver" constituted the realization of an earlier project, which involved devoting the entire
Palace to the function of a museum, whilst modernizing and improving the presentation of the collections.
Covering an area of some 40 hectares right in the heart of Paris, on the right bank of the Seine, the Louver
offers almost 60,000 m² of exhibition rooms dedicated to preserving items, representing 11 millennia of civilization
and culture. The "Grand Louver" is also a cultural unit, which has a didactic role towards the public, a
role, which it fulfils through lectures, audiovisual and interactive productions, and very many printed publications,
which are available in the exhibition rooms or at the bookshop under the pyramid.
Active Vocabulary
1) fortress – крепость
2) bank – берег реки
3) barrier – преграда, барьер
4) obelisk – обелиск
5) renown – известность
6) succession – последовательность, очередность
7) medieval – средневековый
8) restoration – реставрация
9) excavation – земляной, археологический
10) basement – подвал
11) moat – ров
12) dungeon – темница
13) helmet – шлем
14) to scatter about – разбрасывать по сторонам
15) luxury – роскошный
16) façade – фасад
17) stage – стадия, ступень, часть
18) subsequently – последовательно, друг за другом
19) colonnade – колоннада
20) to cover – покрывать
21) to dedicate to – посвящать кому-то, чему-то
Exercises on the Text
Fill in the gaps with the words given below
1. Since the middle ages, its development has been quite exceptional, marked by both the major
events of French history and the … of architects and decorators who have left their mark on it.
2. The … work on the Cour Carrée and the … work necessary for construction of the pyramid and the Carrousel
area enabled archeological digs to be undertaken.
3. Amongst the items discovered during these digs, one of the most remarkable is a parade … belonging to
Charles VI, which was reconstituted from the one hundred and sixty nine fragments, which were found … … .
4. In 1528, François Ist had the "grosse tour" destroyed, and decided in 1546 to transform the former fortress
into a … residence.
5. In the west, in a place known as the Tuileries, Catherine de Médicis had a huge … built, which she left
incomplete.
---------------------
excavation, palace, luxury, helmet, restoration, scattered about, succession
Arrange the sentences in the right order
1. originally / Louver / international / the / it / sometimes / us / renown / of / museum / makes / that / was /
designed / as / a / forget / the / palace
2. the / medieval / built / palace / century / at / King / fortress / Auguste / present / from / originates / the /
which / the / XIIth / day / was / by / Philippe / the / end / of
3. the / in / of / visit / basement / structures / be / tours / will / the / henceforth / the / included / architectural
4. Jean / decorated / this / the / Goujon / and / wing / great / hall / façade / of / the / Renaissance
5. as / form / he / arrived / the / Henri IV / as / Paris / soon / 1594 / decided / in / join / palace / with / the /
Tuileries / to / a / in / to / Louver / gigantic
Translate the following word expressions from Russian into English
1. правый берег реки
2. восстановительные работы
3. огромный дворец
4. роскошная резиденция
5. группа архитекторов
Grammar Reference
Простое настоящее время. Вопросительная форма. Отрицательная форма
Complete the following sentences putting the verbs in brackets in Present Simple
1. Margaret (speak) four languages.
2. In Britain the banks usually (open) at 9.30 in the morning.
3. The City Museum (close) at 5 o’clock in the evening.
4. Tina is a teacher. She (teach) mathematics to young children.
5. My job is very interesting. I (meet) a lot of people.
6. Peter (wash) his hair twice a week.
7. Food is expensive. It (cost) a lot of money.
8. Shoes are expensive. They (cost) a lot of money.
9. Water (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius.
10. Julia and I are good friends. I (like) her and she (like) me.
Write the negative
1. I play the piano very well.
2. Jane plays the piano very well.
3. They know my phone number.
4. We work very hard.
5. He has a bath every day.
6. You do the same thing every day.
Write questions. Use the words in brackets + do/does. Put the words in the right order.
1. (where/live/your parents?)
2. (you/early/always/get up?)
3. (how often/TV/you/watch?)
4. (you/want/what/for dinner?)
5. (like/you/football?)
6. (your brother/like/football?)
7. (what/you/do/in the evenings?)
8. (your sister/work/where?)
9. (to the cinema/often/you/go?)
10. (what/mean/this word?)
11. (often/snow/it/here?)
12. (go/usually/to bed/what time/you?)
13. (how much/to phone New York/it/cost?)
14. (you/for breakfast/have/usually/what?)
UNIT 7
Warming Up
1. In what century was the Sistine Chapel built?
2. Where is it situated?
3. What and whom was the Sistine Chapel created for?
4. Which architectural style is presented in this building?
5. Can you imagine how the Sistine Chapel looks like?
THE SISTINE CHAPEL
The Sistine Chapel was built between 1475 and 1483. Its basic feature is the papal function, as the pope's
chapel and the location of the elections of new popes. It was consecrated and dedicated to the Assumption of the
Virgin on 15 August 1483.
The chapel has no architectural distinction; it is rectangular and measures 40,93 meters long by 13,41 meters
wide, i.e. the exact dimensions of the Temple of Solomon, as given in the Old Testament. It is 20,70 meters
high and is roofed by a flattened barrel vault, with six tall windows cut into the long sides, forming a series of
pendentives between them. The architectural plans were made by Baccio Pontelli and the construction was supervised
by Giovannino de'Dolci. Later alterations modified the original exterior.
In 1481, Pope Sixtus IV summoned to Rome the Florentine painters Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio
and Cosimo Rosselli to decorate the walls with frescoes. According to Vasari, Luca Signorelli was also
involved in the decoration. The painting of the walls took place over an astonishingly short period, barely
eleven months, from July 1481 to May 1482. The ceiling was frescoed by Piero Matteo d'Amelia with a starspangled
sky.
Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Julius Della Rovere in 1508 to repaint the ceiling; the work was
completed between 1508 and 1512. He painted the Last Judgment over the altar, between 1535 and 1541, being
commissioned by Pope Paul Farnese.
For great ceremonial occasions, the lowest portions of the sidewalls were covered with a series of tapestries
depicting events from the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. These were designed by Raphael and
woven in 1515-19 at Brussels.
The building in some respects can be considered as a personal monument to the Della Rovere family, since
Sixtus IV saw to its actual construction and the frescoes beneath the vaults, and his nephew Julius II commissioned
the ceiling decoration. Oak leaves and acorns abound, heraldic symbols of the family whose name
means literally "from the oak."
The decoration of the chapel was cleaned and restored in recent decades. The project started with the fifteenth
century frescoes in 1965. The restoration of the lunettes, the vault and the Last Judgment started in 1980
and was terminated in 1994. The restoration produced a spectacular result.
The walls are divided into three orders by horizontal cornices; according to the decorative program, the
lower of the three orders was to be painted with "tapestries," the central one with two facing cycles – one relating
the life of Moses (left wall) and the other the Life of Christ (right wall), starting from the end wall, where
the altar fresco, painted by Perugino, depicted the Assumption of the Virgin, to whom the chapel was dedicated.
The upper order is endowed with pilasters that support the pendentives of the vault. Above the upper cornice
lunettes are situated the. Between each window below the lunettes, in niches, run images of the first popes –
from Peter to Marcellus – who practiced their ministry in times of great persecution and were martyred.
The wall paintings were executed by Pietro Perugino Sandro Botticelli, Domenico Ghirlandaio, Cosimo
Rosselli, Luca Signorelli, and their respective workshops, which included Pinturicchio, Piero di Cosimo and
Bartolomeo Della Gatta.
A magnificent marble screen divided the presbytery from the nave, and there was an attractive choir. The
marble screen, along with the balustrade, which decorates the pulpit, was created by the sculptors Mino da Fiesole,
Andrea Bregno and Giovanni Dalmata. A marble mosaic floor of exquisite workmanship describes the
processional itinerary up to and beyond the marble screen, to the innermost space, where it offers a surround
for the papal throne and the cardinals' seats. Originally, the chapel was divided by the screen and the pattern of
the floor mosaic into two equal parts – a nave for the laity and a presbytery for the clergy – but the screen in
later years made the nave smaller and the presbytery much larger.
Active Vocabulary
1) papal – папский
2) Assumption – Успение
3) rectangular – прямоугольный
4) dimension – измерение, размер
5) pendentives – паруса свода, купола
6) exterior – экстерьер, внешний вид
7) to summon – вызывать, звать
8) fresco – фреска
9) decoration – украшение, декорация
10) altar – алтарь
11) tapestry – гобелен
12) acorn – желудь
13) lunette –тимпан, круглое окно в крыше
14) cornice –карниз
15) to endow – наделять, заполнять
16) pilaster – пилястр
17) niche – ниша
18) to martyr – мучить, истязать
19) presbytery – пресвитерия
20) nave – неф
21) choir – хоры
22) balustrade – балюстрада
23) pulpit – кафедра
24) mosaic – мозаика, мозаичный
25) exquisite – изысканный
26) itinerary – маршрут, дорога, путь
27) laity – миряне
Exercises on the Text
Decide whether the following statements are true or false
1. The Sistine Chapel was built between 1480 and 1483.
2. It is 20,70 meters high and is roofed by a flattened barrel vault, with eight tall windows cut into the long
sides, forming a series of pendentives between them.
3. The ceiling was frescoed by Piero Matteo d'Amelia with a star-spangled sky.
4. The lower order is endowed with pilasters that support the pendentives of the vault.
5. A magnificent wooden screen divided the presbytery from the nave, and there was an attractive choir.
Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English
1. Успение Пресвятой Богородицы
2. точные размеры
3. листья дуба
4. горизонтальные карнизы
5. алтарная фреска
Find antonyms to the following words
1. new a. public
2. exterior b. over
3. personal c. vertical
4. beneath d. interior
5. horizontal e. old
Grammar Reference
Правильные и неправильные глаголы. Простое прошедшее время
Complete the sentences. Use the verbs in the Past Simple
1. I (clean) my teeth three times yesterday.
2. It was hot in the room, so I (open) the window.
3. The concert (start) at 7.30 and (finish) at 10 o`clock.
4. When I was a child, I (want) to be a doctor.
5. The accident (happen) last Sunday afternoon.
6. It is a nice day today but yesterday it (rain) all day.
7. We (enjoy) our holiday last year. We (stay) at a very nice place.
8. Ann’s grandfather (die) when he was 90 years old.
Complete these sentences with the verb in the negative
1. I saw Barbara but I … Jane.
2. They worked on Monday but they … on Tuesday.
3. We went to the post office but we … to the bank.
4. She had a pen but she … any paper.
5. Jack did French at school but he … German.
Write questions with Did…?
1. I watched TV last night. And you?
2. I enjoyed the party. And you?
3. I had a good holiday. And you?
4. I finished work early. And you?
5. I slept well last night. And you?
Role Play
You are an architect and a painter. Discuss the alterations you would like to make in the Sistine Chapel interior
and exterior
UNIT 8
Warming Up
1. What do you know about Saddam Hussein?
2. What is his native country?
3. What kind of person is he?
4. What religious confession does he belong to?
5. Have you ever heard about his palace?
SADDAM`S BABYLONIAN PALACE
From the ancient palace of Nebuchadnezzar to a lavish new palace for him, Saddam Hussein used architecture
to awe and intimidate.
When Saddam Hussein rose to power in Iraq, he conceived a grandiose scheme to rebuild the ancient City
of Babylon – Hussein said that Babylon's great palaces and the legendary hanging gardens of Babylon (one of
the seven wonders of the ancient world) would rise from dust.
Like the powerful King Nebuchadnezzar II who conquered Jerusalem 2,500 years ago, Saddam Hussein
would rule over the world's greatest empire. The vaulting ambition of Saddam Hussein found expression in
vaulting, and often pretentious, architecture.
In 1982, Saddam's workers began reconstructing Babylon's most imposing building, the 600-room palace
of King Nebuchadnezzar II. Archaeologists were horrified. Many said that to rebuild on top of ancient artifacts
does not preserve history, but disfigures it. The original bricks, which rise two or three feet from the ground,
bear ancient inscriptions praising Nebuchadnezzar. Above these, Saddam Hussein's workers laid more than 60-
million sand-colored bricks inscribed with the words, "In the era of Saddam Hussein, protector of Iraq, who rebuilt
civilization and rebuilt Babylon." The new bricks began to crack after only ten years.
Adjacent to Nebuchadnezzar's ancient palace and overlooking the Euphrates River, Saddam Hussein built a
new palace for himself. Shaped like a ziggurat (stepped pyramid), Saddam's Babylonian palace is a monstrous
hilltop fortress surrounded by miniature palm trees and rose gardens. The four-storey palace extends across an
area as large as five football fields. Villagers told news media that a thousand people were evacuated to make
way for this emblem of Saddam Hussein's power.
The palace, Saddam built, was not merely large, it was also ostentatious. Containing several hundred thousand
square feet of marble, it became a showy confection of angular towers, arched gates, vaulting ceilings,
and majestic stairways. Critics charged that Saddam Hussein's lavish new palace expressed exuberant excess in
land where many died in poverty.
On the ceilings and walls of Saddam's palace, 360-degree murals depicted scenes from ancient Babylon. In
the cathedral-like entryway, an enormous chandelier hung from a wooden canopy carved to resemble a palm
tree. In the bathrooms, the plumbing fixtures appeared to be gold-plated. Throughout Saddam Hussein's palace,
pediments were engraved with the ruler's initials, "SdH".
The role of Saddam Hussein's Babylonian palace was more symbolic than functional. When American
troops entered Babylon in April 2003, they found little evidence that the palace had been occupied or used.
Saddam's fall from power brought vandals and looters. The smoked glass windows were shattered, the furnishings
removed, and architectural details – from faucets to light switches – had been stripped away.
Now, Saddam Hussein's Babylonian palace serves as a military encampment for Western troops. Mosquitoes
buzz in through the broken windows. U.S. marines take refuge in two-man tents pitched inside the vast,
empty rooms.
Active vocabulary
1) to awe – вызывать чувство благоговения
2) to intimidate – устрашать, вызывать страх
3) grandiose – грандиозный
4) powerful – влиятельный, могущественный
5) pretentious – вычурный
6) to impose – внушать
7) to horrify – приводить в ужас
8) inscription – надпись
9) adjacent – примыкающий, находящийся по соседству
10) ziggurat – в форме ступенчатой пирамиды
11) monstrous – чудовищный
12) ostentatious – показной, вычурный
13) angular – угловой
14) mural – фреска
15) chandelier – люстра
16) canopy – купол
17) plumbing – водопроводный
18) pediment – фронтон
19) looter – грабитель
20) faucet – водопроводный кран
21) encampment – военный лагерь
Exercises on the Text
Find synonyms to the following words
1. grandiose a. lavish
2. powerful b. ostentatious
3. pretentious c. stepped pyramid
4. ziggurat d. grand
5. exuberant e. mighty
Fill in the gaps with the words given below
1. From the … palace of Nebuchadnezzar to a … new palace for him, Saddam Hussein used architecture to
… and … .
2. The … ambition of Saddam Hussein found expression in vaulting, and often … , architecture.
3. Many said that to rebuild on top of ancient … does not preserve history, but … it.
4. The four-storey palace … across an area as large as five … fields.
5. Containing several hundred thousand … feet of marble, it became a showy … of … towers, arched
gates, vaulting ceilings, and … stairways.
----------------------
awe, lavish, confection, pretentious, ancient, angular, vaulting, disfigures, extends, intimidate, football, square,
majestic, artifacts
Match the beginnings of the sentences with their endings
1. In 1982, Saddam's workers
began reconstructing Babylon's
most imposing building
…
a. … bear ancient inscriptions
praising Nebuchadnezzar.
2. The original bricks, which
rise two or three feet from the
ground …
b. … exuberant excess in land
where many died in poverty.
3. Adjacent to Nebuchadnezzar’
s ancient palace and overlooking
the Euphrates River …
c. … the 600-room palace of
King Nebuchadnezzar II.
4. Villagers told news media
that a thousand people were
evacuated …
d. … to make way for this
emblem of Saddam Hussein's
power.
5. Critics charged that Saddam
Hussein's lavish new palace
expressed …
e. … Saddam Hussein built a
new palace for himself.
Grammar Reference
Настоящее продолженное время. Будущее продолженное время. Прошедшее продолженное время.
Настоящее совершенное продолженное время
Complete the sentences using Present Continuous
1. Please be quiet. I (work).
2. "Where is John?" "He is in the kitchen. He (cook)."
3. "You (stand) on my foot." "Oh, I am sorry."
4. Look! Somebody (swim) in the river.
5. We are here on holiday. We (stay) at the Central Hotel.
6. "Where is Ann?" "Sh is (have) a shower."
7. They (build) a new theatre in the city centre at the moment.
8. I (go) now. Goodbye.
What will be happening tomorrow at 3 o’clock? Write true sentences
1. (I / wash / my hair)
2. (it / snow)
3. (I / sit / on a chair)
4. (I / eat)
5. (it / rain)
6. (I / learn / English)
7. (I / listen / to music)
8. (the sun / shine)
9. (I / wear / shoes)
10. (I / read / a newspaper)
Put the verb into Past Continuous or Past Simple
1. A: What … (you/do) when the phone … (ring)?
B: I … (watch) television.
2. A: Was Jane busy when you went to see her?
B: Yes, she … (study).
3. A: What time … (the post/arrive) this morning?
B: It … (come) while I … (have) breakfast.
4. A: Was Margaret at work today?
B: No, she … (not/go) to work. She was ill.
5. A: How fast … (you/drive) when the police … (stop) you?
B: I do not know exactly but I … (not/drive) very fast.
6. A: … (your team/win) the football match yesterday?
B: No, the weather was very bad, so we … (not/play).
7. A: How … (you/break) the window?
B: We … (play) football. I … (kick) the ball and it … (hit) the window.
8. A: … (you/see) Jenny last night?
B: Yes, she … (wear) a very nice jacket.
9. A: What … (you/do) at 2 o’clock this morning?
B: I was asleep.
10. A: I … (lose) my key last night.
B: How … (you/get) into your room?
A: I … (climb) in through a window.
Role Play
You are Saddam`s personal architect. Discuss the plan of the future palace with your master
UNIT 9
Warming Up
1. What is the White House?
2. Do you know its exact address?
3. Can you describe the building?
4. Who was the first owner of the White House?
5. How many floors and rooms does it have?
THE WHITE HOUSE
Many of American presidents have battled for the privilege to live at the nation's most prestigious address.
Moreover, like the presidency itself, the home at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. has seen conflict,
controversy and surprising transformations. Indeed, the elegant porticoed mansion we see today looks
very different from the austere Georgian house designed two hundred years ago.
Originally, plans for a "President's Palace" were developed by artist and engineer Pierre Charles L’Enfant.
Working with George Washington to design a capital city for the new nation, L'Enfant envisioned a majestic
home approximately four times the size of the present White House.
At George Washington's suggestion, Irish-born architect James Hoban traveled to the federal capital and
submitted a plan for the presidential home. Eight other architects also submitted designs, but Hoban won. The
"White House" proposed by Hoban was a refined Georgian mansion in the Palladian style. Built of pale gray
sandstone, it would have 3 floors and more than 100 rooms.
On Oct. 13, 1792, the cornerstone was laid. President Washington oversaw the construction, but he never
lived in the presidential house. In 1800, when the home was almost finished, America's second president, John
Adams and his wife Abigail moved in. Costing $232,372, the house was considerably smaller than the grand
palace L'Enfant had envisioned.
Only thirteen years after the house was completed, disaster struck. The War of 1812 brought invading British
armies who set the house afire. James Hoban rebuilt it according to the original design, but this time the
sandstone walls were painted white.
The next major renovation began in 1824. Appointed by Thomas Jefferson, designer and drafter Benjamin
Henry Latrobe became "Surveyor of the Public Buildings" of the United States. He set to work completing the
Capitol, the presidential home and other buildings in Washington D.C. It was Latrobe who added the graceful
portico. This pedimented roof supported by columns transforms the Georgian home into a neoclassical estate.
Over the decades, the presidential home underwent many more renovations. In 1835, running water and
central heating were installed. Electric lights were added in 1901. Although the building was often called the
"White House," the name did not become official until 1902, when President Theodore Roosevelt adopted it.
Yet another disaster struck in 1929 – a fire swept through the West Wing. Then, after World War II, the
two main floors of the building were gutted and completely renovated. For most of his presidency, Harry Truman
was not able to live in the house.
Today, the home of America's president has 6 floors, 7 staircases, 132 rooms, 32 bathrooms, 28 fireplaces,
147 windows, 412 doors and 3 elevators.
Despite two hundred years of disaster, discord and remodeling, the original design of the immigrant Irish
builder, James Hoban, remains intact – the sandstone exterior walls are original.
Active Vocabulary
1) privilege – привилегия
2) prestigious – престижный
3) controversy – спор, разногласие
4) portico – галерея
5) majestic – волшебный
6) sandstone – песчаник
7) cornerstone – краеугольный камень
8) disaster – бедствие
9) to invade – захватывать
10) drafter – составитель документов
11) graceful – изящный
12) pediment – фронтон
13) neoclassical estate – неоклассическое поместье
14) running water – водопровод
15) central heating – центральное отопление
16) electric lights – электричество
17) to gut – разрушать
18) staircase – лестничный пролет
19) fireplace – камин
20) elevator – лифт
21) discord – разногласие
Exercises on the Text
Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English
1. самый престижный адрес
2. поразительные изменения
3. армии захватчиков
4. первоначальный проект
5. внешняя сторона стен
Arrange the sentences in the right order
1. of / many / presidents / American / have / for / the / to / battled / live / at / privilege / the / prestigious /
nation's / most / address
2. Washington's / the / federal / capital / suggestion / and / at / architect / submitted / a / traveled / plan /
James / George / to / for / the / Irish-born / Hoban / presidential / home
3. James / according / to / painted / original / the / white / but / rebuilt / this / design / time / sandstone / the
/ walls / were / it / Hoban
4. this / roof / estate / by / columns / neoclassical / supported / the / transforms / Georgian / into / a / home /
pedimented
5. the / the / over / presidential / renovations / decades / home / many / more / underwent
Find synonyms to the following words
1. prestigious a. perfected
2. controversy b. prestige
3. majestic c. chief
4. refined d. stately
5. major e. conflict
Grammar Reference
Настоящее совершенное время. Прошедшее совершенное время. Будущее совершенное время
Complete the sentences in Present Perfect
1. "Can I have this newspaper?" "Yes, I (finish) with it."
2. I (buy) some new shoes. Do you want to see them?
3. "Where is Liz?" "She (go) out."
4. I am looking for Paula. … you (see) her?
5. Look! Somebody (break) that window.
6. "Does Lisa know that you are going away?" "Yes, I (tell) her."
7. I cannot find my umbrella. Somebody (take) it.
8. I am looking for Sarah. Where … she (go)?
9. I know that woman but I (forget) her name.
10. Sue is having a party tonight. She (invite) a lot of people.
11. What are you going to do? … you (decide)?
12. "Where are my glasses?" "I do not know. I (not/see) them."
Complete the sentences in Past Perfect
1. He asked me if I (have) breakfast.
2. He now opened the low gate that he (swing) so often on as a small boy.
3. She was sure that he (lie) never to her before.
4. He knew that as a girl she (live) in Rome.
5. Jack chose the hotel. He (be) never there before but he (hear) his mother speak of it once. She (say) she
(like) it.
6. He was pleased to meet Dave again. He (know) him for ten or eleven years, and they (play) tennis together
in Paris.
7. He remembered how the ball (hit) squarely on the nose and the bleeding (not/stop) for three hours.
8. They (to be married) only a few months when they gave up living in London.
9. He glanced up and down the beach to see if he (leave) anything.
10. She realized that she was faint for food. She (eat) nothing since the picnic.
11. He quite forgot that Julian (to be divorced) for some time.
Complete the sentences in Future Perfect
1. If you come back in about twenty minutes, Alec and I (have) our talk.
2. You’d better ring me back in half an hour. By then I (find) the letter.
3. I (finish) my work by the time you come.
4. … you (take) all your exams by the end of January?
5. The work (to be done) by the time he is back.
Role Play
You are the US President. Discuss the plan of your future home with your personal architect.
UNIT 10
Warming Up
1. What does a typical classroom of our days look like?
2. Which features of an ideal school can you name?
3. Do you think well-equipped classrooms play an important role in the process of studying?
4. Why do teachers use visual aids in their presentations?
5. When a pupil, did you pay attention to the furniture in your classroom?