In Our Country

The history of petroleum engineering education in our country is inseparable from the history of the foundation and development of its oil and gas industries. In tsarist Russia the petroleum industry was concentrated almost exclusively in the Caucasus.

On July 2, 1918 head of the government signed the decree on the oil industry nationalization (they didn`t produce gaseous raw materials in Russia and there was no gas industry there before the revolution). But during the hard times of the Civil War crude oil production greatly decreased in the country and reached the level of 3.85 mln tons by the end of 1920. Academician I.M.Gubkin, a prominent geologist and oil expert, the founder of petroleum engineering science and education in Russia wrote: ” Deadly danger threatens our oil industry and it is a crime to keep silent about it”. Restoration of our oil industry became one of the most urgent and responsible tasks of the country.

Due to the constant attention of the government large-scale training of oil engineers spread in the country. It should be noted that before the revolution there was no petroleum engineering specialization at higher schools of Russia. Petroleum engineers came from other countries or got education abroad at various geological, mining, polytechnical and special oil institutes. In February 1921 I.M.Gubkin organized the oil engineering department for 50 students at the Moscow Mining Academy and founded the petroleum museum there. The same year training of oil engineers began at the polytechnical institutes that trained qualified specialists for our national economy mainly in the fields of oil geology, production and refining.

The formation of the independent higher petroleum engineering school in Russia goes back to 1930 when the system of higher technical education was reorganized to meet the requirements of different branches of industry. Thus, the Mining Academy was transformed into 6 independent institutes. One of them was the Moscow Oil Institute. The Polytechnical Institutes of Baku and Grozny were reorganized into oil institutes.

Before the war over 80 percent of all known oil reserves were in the Caucasus. Today powerful oil streams flow from installations in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, the Kuibyshev, Volgograd, Saratov, Perm and Orenburg regions. Oil was first struck there in the Chusovskiye Gorodki field (the Perm region) in 1929. A systematic development of numerous oil fields of this biggest province began in 1932 when oil spouted from Low Province sediments of the Ishimbaysky field in Bashkortostan. Since the second half of the 1950s the Volga-Urals has become the main oil-producing province of the country.

The Western Siberia lowland is the world’s biggest oil and gas-bearing province. The first Western Siberian oil gusher spouted from 1,500 meters deep sediment in the Trekhozerny oil field in 1960. Geologically, oil field development in Western Siberia presents no difficulties. The problem is to weather the harsh natural and climatic conditions. Oil is not the only asset of Western Siberia. There is an abundance of natural gas there.

At present a great number of specialists for oil, gas and petrochemical industries are trained at petroleum universities, as well as the oil departments of some polytechnical institutes of the country. High qualification of our petroleum engineers will determine the intensive development of the oil and gas industries.

22. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What kind of decree did head of the government sign on July 2, 1918? 2. What made it possible for large-scale training of oil engineers to spread in the country?
3. What do you know about the petroleum engineering specialization before the revolution in our country? 4. What institution did I.M. Gubkin found? 5. Why was the system of Soviet higher technical education reorganized in 1930? 6. When did a systematic development of oil fields of the Volga-Urals province begin? 7. Where is the world`s biggest oil and gas-bearing province? 8. What problems arise in oil field development in Western Siberia? 9. What are the assets of Western Siberia?
10. Where can students get petroleum engineering education?

Перескажите текст, используя вопросы упражнения 22.

24. Постарайтесь запомнить следующие слова:

ton – тонна	to embrace – охватывать
oil-bearing – нефтеносный	amount – количество
oil-producing – нефтедобывающий	level – уровень
cure – лечить	leading oil powers – ведущие нефтяные державы
disease – болезнь	oil-field – промысел
deposit – залежь	to estimate – оценивать

Прочтите текст и скажите, какие утверждения не соответствуют тексту.

1. The history of our oil industry dates back to the old times.

2. The history of our oil industry dates back to the postwar period.

3. The oil industry of our country has gone through three stages.

4. At present 4 million tons are produced in less than four days.

The history of our oil industry dates back to the old times. At that time already oil was for the people the source of light, fuel and means to cure diseases. The oil industry of our country has gone through two stages of development. The first was the restoration and technical reconstruction of the old oil-fields of Baku, Grozny and Krasnodar. The second stage embraces the intensive geological exploration and discovery of oil and gas fields in the eastern and other parts of the country. The oil industry in this country began its development in 1920 with 4 million tons. At present this amount is produced in less than four days. The most remarkable achievement of recent years has been the establishment of new oil-producing centres in Western Siberia.

25. Выучите диалог:

A: By the way, what can you say about petroleum engineering education in the near

future?

B: You see, I think that changes occur very gradually. As you know we have not seen any big changes in petroleum engineering education lately.

A: Oh, you doubt?

B: You are right. I do doubt that we will have any monumental changes in curriculum.

A: But you know that the advances made in computer technology have affected all education in the past.

B: I am greatly interested in the qualification of the future petroleum engineers. I’d like to know your opinion on this point.

A: I think that the petroleum engineer of the future will need a better understanding of economics. I also think that he will have better communication skills, both oral and written.

B: You are quite right. I want to say that the petroleum engineer needs a better overall view of drilling, production, reservoir engineering, geology, and geophysics.

A: I suppose so. Many things should be done to solve these problems.

26. Английский юмор:

Jimmy: I’ve added these numbers ten times.

Teacher: Good boy.

Jimmy: And here are the ten answers.

УРОК 2

Грамматика: 1. Видовременные формы глагола (группы Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect).

2. Значение и употребление слова it.

Текст: The System of Petroleum Education in Our Country.

1. Прочитайте следующие слова:

- call, all, more;

- laboratory, always;

- number, under, other, study, some, such;

- gas, carry, than, that, has, practical;

- many, level, present, seven, method;

- even, field, between, free, receive;

- paid, education, later, enumerate, main;

- October, grown, close, most;

- new, usually, computer, future, unity.

2. Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на ударение:

government [ ], petrochemical [ ], polytechnical [ ], reservoir[ ], nowadays[ ], society [ ], maintenance [ ].

3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:

carry out – проводить (исследования)

comprise – заключать в себе, охватывать

decree – декрет

drilling – бурение

reservoir engineering – разработка пласта-коллектора

prospecting - разведка

enumerate – перечислять

extra-mural – заочное (обучение)

faculty – факультет

full-time (part-time) education – дневное (вечернее) обучение

level – уровень

maintenance grant – стипендия

master – изучать

nowadays – в наше время, теперь

practical training – практика

provide – обеспечивать

publish – публиковать

separate – отдельный

single out – отбирать, выбирать

research – научные исследования

unity – единство

well-equipped – хорошо оборудованный

work-shop – мастерская

a great number – много

free of charge – бесплатный

as to – что касается

4. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и словосочетаний:

1) to pay great attention 1) перечислять

2) to single out 2) стипендия

3) to comprise 3) дневное и вечернее обучение

4) branch 4) выделиться

5) to enumerate 5) уделять большое внимание

6) full-time and part-time education 6) филиал

7) unity 7) под руководством

8) in close connection with 8) единство

9) under the guidance 9) в тесной связи с …

10) maintenance grant 10) охватывать

5. Переведите на русский язык следующие сочетания слов без словаря:

to pay great attention to …, the level of petroleum education, a great number of new specialities, the educational period, full-time and part-time education, extra-mural (correspondence), well-equipped laboratory, to master mathematics, as to the foreign language, in close connection with, oil refinery, pipeline construction site, student`s scientific society, free of charge, to receive maintenance grants.

6. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

to publish the decree, the organization of the Moscow Mining Academy, a separate petroleum institute, gas industry, the system of education, special institutes, some faculties, polytechnical institutes, traditional specialities, geological and geophysical prospecting of oil and gas fields, production methods, pipeline transportation, typical oil institute, educational period, the main idea, academic, practical education, well-equipped laboratories, computer classes, mathematics, physical.

7. Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их на русский язык:

attention – attentive, educational – education, industrial – industry, traditional – tradition, type – typical, usual – usually, main – mainly, connect – connection, academy – academic, practice – practical – practicable, guide – guidance, independent – independence.

8. Переведите на русский язык следующие отглагольные существи-тельные:

drilling, prospecting, drawing.

9. Переведите:

а) следующие прилагательные с суффиксом – al:

educational, technical, geological, chemical, petrochemical, polytechnical, traditional, geophysical, typical, practical;

б) существительные с суффиксом – ion ( – tion, – ation):

attention, education, revolution, organization, tradition, construction, operation, specialization, connection;

в) существительные с суффиксом – ment:

achievement, development, department, equipment, improvement;

г) запомните суффикс прилагательного и наречия–fold (обозначает увеличение

в определенное количество раз)

twofold (two-fold) – двойной, удвоенный, вдвое, в два раза.

Переведите: manyfold, tenfold, thousandfold, eightfold.

10. Определите значение слова “branch” в контексте (branch – отрасль, филиал, отделение, ветвь):

1. Russia has hundreds of branches and types of production. 2. The development of the petrochemical industry, fuel and energy complexes, metallurgy and leading branches of the engineering industry becomes very important for the heavy industry and other branches of the national economy. 3. The Institute has its branches in five industrial cities of our country.

11. Запомните:

as – как; в качестве; так как; поскольку; в то время как; когда; по мере того как

as a rule – как правило

as well as – а также (и); так же, как (и)

as to – что касается; относительно; о.

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:

1. The total number of students of a university includes full-time students as well as the students who study at the evening or correspondence departments. 2. As a rule, every university has also post-graduate courses. 3. The students may leave the Petroleum University as oil engineers, mechanical engineers, etc. 4. The outer zone of the earth, known as the earth’s crust, is the zone on which we live. 5. As the university is in close connection with oil industry, the students take practical training at oil refineries, oil fields and other industrial enterprises of our country. 6. As to the foreign languages a student may study English, German, French languages.

12. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на многозначность союза that (что, который) that (those) - заменитель существительного): it is … that - именно, как раз

1. It is known that our country has always paid attention to the education of petroleum engineers. 2. The equipment that the postgraduates have used for carrying out their experiments is of modern design. 3. It was clear that computers performed the work that man could not. 4. At present the system of petroleum education in our country is more complex than that before World War II. 5. It is due to Gubkin’s works that we know the origin of oil. 6. The level of petroleum education is many times greater than that in 1930.

13. Запомните спряжение глагола “to study” в действительном залоге:

Неопределённые времена	Продолженные Времена	Перфектные времена
I study – я обучаюсь (учусь) I studied – я учился I shall study – я буду учиться	I am studying – я учусь I was studying – я учился I shall be studying – я буду учиться	I have studied – я изучил I had studied – я изучил I shall have studied – я изучу
Указывают только на совершение действия в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем; на русский язык переводятся глаголами совершенного или несовершенного вида (учить или изучить) в зависимости от контекста	Обозначают развивающееся, незавершенное действие; Используется для того, чтобы придать повествованию большую выразительность, яркость, динамичность; на русский язык переводятся глаголами несовершенного вида (учить, изучать)	Обозначают завершённое, законченное действие; на русский язык, как правило, переводятся глаголами совершенного вида (изучить)