Task 3. Complete the text with the following words. Translate the text.
Тематика контрольных работ
(для студентов заочной формы обучения)
по дисциплине Иностранный (английский) язык делового и
Профессионального общения
40.04.01 «ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИЯ»
КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА
ВАРИАНТ А
Task 1. Put the verbs in brackets into correct grammar form. Translate the text.
Three venture capitalists, Michael Flowers, Reg Greenham and Lee Wang, 1… (to ask) about financing business start-ups. According to Michael Flowers, when starting a new business, it 2 … (to be) important to accept professional management, and 3 … (to hire) an effective CEO. Entrepreneurs should, even before they begin to raise money, ask how they can use the least financing possible. They should purchase goods and services at discounts, and require customers 4 … (to settle) accounts promptly.
When Greenham 5 … (to consider) whether to finance a new venture, his biggest concern is price. “I am always looking for great ideas and market opportunities with strong leadership, at reasonable prices.” He also 6 … (to look) for entrepreneurs who 7 … (to be able) to articulate the corporate vision, and he 8 … (to try) to be open-minded about financing first-time entrepreneurs. He acknowledges that many investors are unwilling to back a younger person's first business. Greenham was asked about 'angels' – those rich people who sometimes put money into uncertain business ventures. He 9 … (to agree) that angel investors can be valuable to a start-up, in particular because they can offer advice and access to useful people. He warned, however, that angel investing 10 … (to become) increasingly sophisticated, and said that in many cases it may be preferable to obtain early high-risk capital elsewhere.
Wang agrees that those entrepreneurs with some capital already can consult so-called angels. “However, for those 11 … (to seek) funds for the first time, this normally involves too much time. There is no substitute for aggressively working to bring in money from family and friends. It is unlikely that bids for funding from government programs will in reality be successful.”
Task 2. Match the terms with the definitions
| 1. hierarchy | a. the branch of law that deals with relations between a state and its individual members |
| 2. public law | b. The body of law dealing with the constitution of offences and the punishment of offenders |
| 3. tort | c. a system of persons or things arranged in a graded order |
| 4. private law | d. the penalty laid down in a law for contravention of its provisions |
| 5. criminal law | e. the act or process of officially proving the authenticity and validity of a will |
| 6. probate | f. the institution and conduct of legal proceedings against a person |
| 7. sanction | g. the branch of law that deals with the rights and duties of private individuals and the relations between them |
Task 3. Complete the text with the following words. Translate the text.
authority, court, govern, judges, law enforcement agency, lawyers, legal action, legal systems, legislation, rule, the judiciary, tribunal
Why do we have laws and (1)…? At one level, laws can be seen as a type of (2) … which is meant to (3) … behaviour between people. We can find these rules in nearly all social organizations, such as families and sports clubs. Law, the body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions and (4) …, is used to govern a society and to
control the behaviour of its members. In modern societies, a body with (5) …, such as a (6) … or the legislature, makes the law; and a (7) … , such as the police, makes sure it is
observed.
In addition to enforcement, a body of expert (8) … is needed to apply the law. This is the role of (9) …, the body of (10) … in a particular country. Of course, legal systems vary between countries, as well as the basis for bringing a case before a court or (11) …. One thing, however, seems to be true all over the world - starting a (12) … is both expensive and time consuming.
Task 4. Read the following text using a dictionary. Give the summary of the text in English.
INTRODUCTION TO LAW
The English word law refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people, or even natural phenomena, usually behave. An example is rather consistent law of gravity; another is the less consistent law of economics. Other laws are prescriptive — they prescribe how people ought to behave. For example, the speed limits imposed upon drivers are laws that prescribe how fast we should drive. They rarely describe how fast we actually do drive, of course.
In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs — that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some are precise laws made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.
What motives do governments have in making and enforcing laws? Social control is undoubtedly one purpose. Public laws establish the authority of the government itself, and civil laws provide a framework for interaction among citizens. Without laws, it is argued, there would be anarchy in society (although anarchists themselves argue that human beings would be able to interact peacefully without laws if there were no governments to interfere in our lives).
Another purpose is the implementation of justice. Justice is a concept that most people feel is very important but few are able to define. Sometimes a just decision is simply a decision that most people feel is fair. But can we create a just society by simply observing public opinion? If we are always fair to majorities, we will often be unfair to minorities. If we do what seems to be fair at the moment, we may create unfairness in the future. Many philosophers have proposed concepts of justice that are much more theoretical than everyday notions of fairness, and sometimes governments are influenced by philisophers. But in general, governments are guided by more practical considerations such as rising crime rates or the lobbing of pressure groups.
Sometimes laws are simply an attempt to implement common sense. It is obvious to most people that dangerous driving should be punished; that fathers should provide financial support for their children if they desert their families; that a person should be compensated for losses when someone else breaks an agreement with him or her. But in order to be enforced, common sense needs to be defined in law, and when definitions are being written, it becomes clear that common sense is not such a simple matter. Instead, it is a complex skill based upon long observation of many different people in different situations. Laws based upon common sense do not necessarily look much like common sense when they have been put into words.
In practice, governments are neither institutions solely interested in retaining power, nor clear-thinking bodies implementing justice and common sense. They combine many purposes and inherit many traditions. The laws that they make and enforce reflect this confusion.
Task 5. Read the following professional text. Render it in English using Russian-English economic dictionary.
АНГЛИЙСКОЕ ПРАВО
Английское право развивалось автономно, связи с континентальной Европой оказали на него незначительное влияние. Рецепция римского права в Европе не затронула английское право. Исторической датой в становлении английского права был 1066 год, когда нормандцы завоевали Англию. Общее право — это право, общее для всей Англии, где до этого периода действовали местные обычаи. Утверждение общего права свидетельствовало о централизации власти. С нормандским завоеванием постепенно сформировалась новая феодальная юрисдикция. Общее право было создано королевскими судами, которые, начиная с XIII века, заседали в Вестминстере. С течением времени происходил процесс расширения компетенции королевских судов, совершенствовалась судебная процедура.
Исторические особенности формирования общего права сыграли определяющую роль в том, что английское право не знает деления на публичное и частное, они исключили рецепцию понятий и категорий римского права. Английская национальная юриспруденция разработала многие категории общего права, не известные странам континентальной Европы. На развитие системы права Англии большое влияние оказало формирование и действие права справедливости, в чем большую роль сыграли проходящие через лорд-канцлера обращения подданных, добивающихся справедливого судебного решения, к королю — источнику справедливости и милости.
В начале XVII века был достигнут компромисс между судами общего права и судом лорд-канцлера. Английское право объединяет нормы общего права и нормы права справедливости. Во второй половине XIX века были устранены формальные различия между судами общего права и канцлерскими судами справедливости. В XX веке в английском праве возросла роль законов и регламентов; потребности развития экономики, торговли воздействовали на сближение между английским и континентальным правом.
ВАРИАНТ B