Text a. Social morality, rules and laws
Английский язык для студентов-заочников
(гуманитарные специальности)
МИНСК
Quot;ВЫШЭЙШАЯ ШКОЛА" 1998
УДК 802.0 (075.4)
ББК 81.2 Англ-923
А64
Авторы: Л. В. Хведченя, О. И. Васючкова. Т. В. Елисеева. Ж. В. Соловьева. Е. В. Коршун. Н. И. Князева, Г. Д. Прохоренко, Р. В. Хорень, Г. П. Савченко, И. Ф. Ухванова, Е. Ф. Абрамчик, Л. Г. Лизгаро, И. В. Крюковская, Т. В. Борз-дова, М. А. Лавыш, Г. Г. Лычковская
Рецензенты: кафедра иностранных языков Гродненского государственного университета; кандидат филологических наук С. X. Гомза
Под общей редакцией Л. В. ХВЕДЧЕНИ
Английский язык для студентов заочной формы обучения (гуманитарные специальности): Учеб. пособие / Л. В. Хведченя, О. И. Васючкова, Т. В. Елисеева и др. - 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. - Мн.: Выш. шк., 1998. - 416 с.
ISBN 985-06-0388-7.
Учебник состоит из четырех частей: краткого фонетического справочника, грамматического практикума, лексического материала по специальностям и устной практики. Лексическая часть представлена шестью самостоятельными разделами: История, Правоведение, Филология, Журналистика, Социология, Экономика.
Первое издание вышло в 1993 г. В настоящее издание включены новый разделы «Экономика» и «Устная практика», а также значительно переработаны почти все разделы.
Для студентов-заочников гуманитарных специальностей вузов.
© Коллектив авторов, 1993
© Изменения, дополнения. Коллектив авторов, 1998
© «Вышэйшая школа», 1998
UNIT I
LAW
Section I. TOPICAL VOCABULARY
| Index | |
accept [  k'sept] v принимать accept the rules принимать правила administer [ d'mınıst ] v управлять; отправлять (правосудие) adopt [ 'd  pt] v принимать adoption [ 'd p  n] n принятие apply [ 'plaı] v обращаться, применять application [,æplı'keı n] n применение, обращение application of the law применение закона approve [ 'pruv] v одобрять attempt [ 'temt] n попытка authority [ :'θ rıtı] n власть, полномочие behave [bı'heıv] v поступать, вести себя behaviour [bı'heıvj ] n поведение forms of behaviour формы поведения barrister ['bærıst ] n барристер, адвокат on behalf of [bı'hα:f] n от имени кого-либо break ['breık] v нарушать break the law нарушать закон case ['keıs] n случай, судебное дело, случай в судебной практике, прецедент Case Law прецедентное право claim ['kleım] v претендовать, заявлять право (на что-либо) code ['koud] n кодекс, свод законов codify ['k dıfaı] v составлять кодекс, приводить в систему commit [k 'mıt] v совершать commit a crime совершать преступление conduct ['k nd kt] n поведение, образ действия confirm [k n'f :m] v подтверждать, утвердить, ратифицировать court ['k :t] n суд court decision решение суда create ['kri:'eıt] v творить, создавать creation [kri:'eı  n] n создание, творение crime ['kraım] n преступление criminal ['krımın l] а уголовный custom ['kΛst m] n обычай customary ['kΛst m rı] а обычный, привычный, основанный на опыте customary rules обычные нормы customary law обычное право deal ['di:l] v общаться, иметь дело define [dı'faın] v определять, давать определение draft ['drα:ft] v составлять законопроект enforce [ın'f :s] v оказывать давление, принуждать enforce law принуждать выполнять закон evolve [ı'v lv] v эволюционировать, развиваться express [ıks'pres] а определенный, точно выраженный govern ['gΛv n] v управлять, править government ['gΛv nment] n правительство judge ['d  Λd ] n судья law [l :] n закон, право lawmaker ['l :meık ] n законодатель legal ['li:g l] а юридический, правовой legal rights законные права legislator ['led ısleıt ] n законодатель memory ['mеm rı] n память obedience [ 'bi:dj ns] n послушание, повиновение observe [ b'z :v] v соблюдать observe the rules соблюдать нормы observance [ b'z :v ns] n соблюдение pass ['pα:s] v принимать (закон, резолюцию) pass a law принимать закон pattern ['pæt n] n образец, модель pattern of behaviour шаблон, модель поведения pattern v делать по образцу penalty ['pen ltı] n наказание suffer penalty нести наказание power ['раu ] n могущество, власть power of the police власть полиции government in power правительство, находящееся у власти prevail [prı'veıl] v преобладать propose [pr 'p uz] v предлагать, вносить предложение propose a bill внести законопроект realm ['relm] n королевство reduce [rı'dju:s] сводить, приводить (к) reduce to writing выразить в письменной форме refuse [rı'fju:z] v отказывать, отвергать regulate ['regjuleıt] v регулировать, упорядочивать regulate relations регулировать отношения relation [rı'leı  n] n отношение, связь rule ['ru:l] n правило, норма, образец source ['s :s] n источник source of law источник права suffer ['sΛf ] v страдать, испытывать, претерпевать verdict ['v :dıkt] n вердикт violently ['vaı lentlı] adv сильно, неистово | A, D С С В В С С D С A, D А А, В T1 В А, С С D В С В, С А А А, D D А, В, С D А, В В А А, В, D В А В, С D А, В А В В В, С А, С, D С А, В, С С В, С C B B B B B D В А A, D D Т2 С, D В T2 А A A, C A, B B B A A |
Section II. READING MATERIAL
TEXT A. SOCIAL MORALITY, RULES AND LAWS
Task: read the text, translate it into Russian in written form.
The English word "law" refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour. Some laws are descriptive: they simply describe how people usually behave. Other laws are prescriptive - they prescribe how people ought to behave.
In all societies, relations between people are regulated by prescriptive laws. Some of them are customs - that is, informal rules of social and moral behaviour. Some are rules we accept if we belong to particular social institutions, such as religious, educational and cultural groups. And some laws are made by nations and enforced against all citizens within their power.
The rules of social institutions are more formal than customs. They carry penalties for those who break them. They are not, however, enforceable by any political authority.
Customs need not be made by governments, and they need not be written down. We learn how we should behave in society through the instruction of family and teachers, the advice of friends, and our own experiences. Sometimes, we can break these rules and do not suffer any penalty. But if we continually break the rules, or break a very important one, other members of society may criticize us, act violently toward us or refuse to have anything to do with us. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink, work and relax together are usually guided by many such informal rules which have very little to do with laws created by governments.
However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police. Of course, there may be instances where the law is not enforced against someone (for example when young children commit crimes).
Government - made laws are nevertheless often patterned upon informal rules of conduct which already exist in society and relations between people are regulated by a combination of all these rules.
EXERCISES
Ex. 1. Read the international words and guess their meaning. Mind the stress.
| 'nature 'natural 'formal 'social 'criminal 'act | 'penalty 'criticize 'concentrate 'educate 'regulate in'struct | po'lice re'ligious phe'nomenon ,edu'cational ,regu'lation ins'truction |
Ex. 2. Memorize the following pairs of derivatives.
| N → Adj | V → N |
| nature – natural culture – cultural form – formal policy - political crime - criminal | prescribe – prescription describe – description relax – relaxation relate - relation violate - violation |
Ex. 3. Transform as in the models.
Model : describe the behaviour - description of the behaviour
regulate the laws, regulate the behaviour, accept the rules, violate the laws.
Model 2: decision of the government - the government decision
behaviour of the group, system of the court, power of the police, documentation of the court.
Model 3: instructions of the teacher - the teacher's instructions
advice of the friend, land of the people, decision of the police
Ex. 4. Match English and Russian equivalents.
| 1. forms of behaviour 2. rules of social institutions 3. members of the society 4. English system of courts 5. accept the rules 6. break the rules 7. suffer penalty 8. make laws 9. enforce the laws | а. система судов b. члены общества с. формы поведения d. нормы социальных институтов е. проводить законы в жизнь f. нарушать нормы g. создавать законы h. принимать правила i. терпеть наказание |
Ex. 5. Choose the right word or word-combination.
1. The English word "law" refers to limits upon various ... .
a) rules of social institutions b) members of the society c) forms of behaviour
2. The rules of social institutions are not enforceable by any ... .
a) political authority b) social rules c) social relations
3. ... need not be made by governments and they need not be written down.
a) rules b) laws c) customs
4. When governments make ... for their citizens they use a system of courts backed by the police.
a) customs b) relations c) laws
5. Government-made laws are often patterned upon informal ... which already exist in society.
a) norms of behaviour b) rules of conduct c) social norms
Ex. 6. Complete the sentences.
1. Descriptive laws describe how people usually ... . 2. In all societies ... are regulated by prescriptive laws. 3. It is important to distinguish between ... . 4. Sometimes we can break the rules and do not suffer ... . 5. If we continually ... of social institutions other people may refuse to do with us.
Ex. 7. Insert the right words:
laws (2), commit crime, customs, rules (2).
1. Customs are informal ... of social and moral behaviour. 2. The rules of social institutions are more formal than ... . 3. ... need not be made by governments. 4. We accept ... if we belong to particular social institutions. 5. ... are made by governments and enforced against all citizens within their power. 6. The law is not enforced against young children when they ... .
Ex. 8. Mark the statements that are true.
1. Social customs and rules are both enforced by governments. 2. Many laws reflect social customs. 3. The ways in which people talk, eat and drink are regulated by laws made by governments. 4. Informal rules have very little to do with laws created by governments. 5. Prescriptive laws prescribe how people behave. 6. Relations between people are regulated by customs, rules of social institutions and government-made laws.
Ex. 9. Answer the questions on the text.
1. What does the English word "law" refer to? 2. What regulates the relations between people? 3. Are customs made by governments? 4. How do we learn how to behave in society? 5. How do governments enforce the laws which they make?
Ex. 10. Give a short summary of the text.
TEXT B. CUSTOMS
Task: read the text, find the answers to the questions given below.
Customs are social habits, patterns of behaviour, which all societies evolve without express formulation or conscious creation. Custom is one of the principal sources of law; originally law was based upon it. Moreover, custom is not important only as a source of law, for even today some customary rules are still observed and they have almost the same power as rules of law. The only difference is that their observance is not enforced by the organs of the State. Thus, many of the fundamental rules of the Constitution are "conventional" (i. e. customary) rather than legal, rules.
But in modern times most general customs (i. e. customs universally observed throughout the realm) either do not exist or have become absorbed in rules of law. For example many of the early rules of the common law were general customs which the courts adopted, and they have become laws.
On the other hand customs of particular groups of people living in particular localities, are sometimes still capable of creating a special "law" for the locality in question which is different from the general law of the land.
But such variants will only be recognized if certain conditions are satisfied. The following are among the more important of those conditions. The custom must (1) not be unreasonable, (2) the right must be claimed by or on behalf of a defined group of people, (3) must have existed since "time immemorial". This means that it must go back to 1189 (by historical accident the terminal date of "legal memory").
1. What is one of the principle sources of law?
2. Is custom important only as a source of law?
3. What is the difference between customary rules and rules of law?
4. Do customs still create new laws?
5. What conditions must such customs satisfy?