Give the summary of the text s

UNIT 1

SECTION A.

patent	['peɪtənt]	sensor	['sensər]
inflatable	[ɪn'fleɪtəbl]	equal	['i:kwəl]
commercial	[kə'mə:ʃəl]	accelerometer	[ikselə'ræmətər]
appear	[ə'pɪə]	microchip	['maɪkrəʧɪp]
automobile	['ɔ:təməbi:l]	inflation	[ɪn'fleɪʃn]
require	[rɪ'kwaɪə]	sodium azide (NaN3)	['səudɪəm 'æzid]
seat-mounted	[si:t'mauntɪd]	potassium nitrate (KNO3)	[pə'tæsɪəm 'naɪtreɪt]
beyond	[bɪ'jɔnd]	nitrogen	['naɪtrəʤən]
dual	['dju:əl]	caution	['kɔ:ʃ(ə)n]
vehicle	['vi:ɪkl]	tandem	['tændəm]
loose	[lu:s]	occur	[ə'kə:]
whatever	[wɔt'evə]	rear	[rɪə]
collision	[kə'lɪʒ(ə)n]	injure	['ɪnʤə]
momentum	[mə'mentəm]	properly	['prɔp(ə)lɪ]
zero	['zɪərəu]	appropriate	[ə'prəuprɪət]
tiny	['taɪnɪ]	improve	[ɪm'pru:v]
valuable	['væljuəbl]	crash	[kræʃ]
however	[hau'evə]	fabric	['fæbrɪk]

airbag	подушка безопасности	a fraction of a second	доля секунды
seat belt	ремень безопасности	valuable	ценный
to appear	появляться	abrupt halt	резкая остановка
to require	требовать	inflation	надувание
to reduce	уменьшать	to accomplish	достигать
motion	движение	nylon fabric	нейлоновая ткань
momentum	толчок, импульс	device	прибор
velocity	скорость	accelerometer	прибор для измерения скорости
direction	направление	nitrogen	азот
to include	включать	safety concerns	проблемы безопасности
vehicle	транспортное средство	caution	осторожность
restrain	сдерживать, ограничивать	to determine	определять
collision	столкновение	to injure	ранить
force	сила	emergency braking	экстренное торможение
damage	вред, повреждение	benefit	выгода; польза
constraint	принуждение, давление	to be in full swing	быть в разгаре
steering wheel	руль	rapid development	быстрое развитие
dashboard	приборная панель	to come up with new ideas	выступать с новыми идеями

HOW AIRBAGS WORK

Like seat belts, the concept of the airbag - a soft pillow to land against in a crash - has been around for many years. In the 1980s, the first commercial airbags appeared in automobiles.

Since model year 1998, all new cars sold in the United States have been required to have airbags on both driver and passenger sides. Statistics show that airbags reduce the risk of dying in a direct frontal crash by about 30 percent. Then came seat-mounted and door-mounted side airbags. Today, some cars go far beyond having dual airbags to having six or even eight airbags.

Laws of Motion

First, we know that moving objects have momentum. Unless an outside force acts on an object, the object will continue to move at its present speed and direction. Cars consist of several objects, including the vehicle itself, loose objects in the car and, of course, passengers. If these objects are not restrained, they will continue moving at whatever speed the car is traveling at, even if the car is stopped by a collision.

Stopping an object's momentum requires force acting over a period of time. When a car crashes, the force required to stop an object is very great because the car's momentum has changed instantly while the passengers' has not - there is not much time to work with.

What an airbag wants to do is to slow the passenger's speed to zero with little or no damage. The constraints that it has to work within are huge. The airbag has the space between the passenger and the steering wheel or dashboard and a fraction of a second to work with.

Airbag Inflation

The goal of an airbag is to slow the passenger's forward motion as evenly as possible in a fraction of a second. There are three parts to an airbag that help to accomplish this feat:

· The bag itself is made of a thin, nylon fabric, which is folded into the steering wheel or dashboard or, more recently, the seat or door.

· The sensor is the device that tells the bag to inflate. Inflation happens when there is a collision force equal to running into a brick wall at 16 to 24 km per hour. The sensors receive information from an accelerometer built into a microchip.

· The airbag's inflation system reacts sodium azide (NaN3) with potassium nitrate (KNO3) to produce nitrogen gas. Hot blasts of the nitrogen inflate the airbag.

Airbag Safety Concerns

Since the early days of auto airbags, experts have cautioned that airbags are to be used in tandem with seat belts. Seat belts were still completely necessary because airbags worked only in front-end collisions occurring at more than 6 kph. Only seat belts could help in crashes (although side-mounted airbags are becoming more common now) and rear-end collisions. Even as the technology advances, airbags still are only effective when used with a seat belt.

· It didn't take long to learn that the force of an airbag can hurt those who are too close to it. Researchers have determined that the risk zone for driver airbags is the first 5 to 8 cm of inflation. So, placing yourself 25 cm from your driver airbag gives you a clear margin of safety.

The rules are different for children. An airbag can seriously injure or even kill an unbuckled child who is sitting too close to it or is thrown toward the dash during emergency braking. Experts agree that the following safety points are important:

· Children 12 and under should ride buckled up in a properly installed, age-appropriate car seat in the rear seat.

· Infants in rear-facing child seats (under one year old and weighing less than 10 kg) should never ride in the front seat of a car that has a passenger-side airbag.

· If a child over one year old must ride in the front seat with a passenger-side airbag, he or she should be in a front-facing child safety seat, a booster seat or a properly fitting shoulder belt, and the seat should be moved as far back as possible.

The Future of Airbags

Activities aimed at maintaining and improving the lifesaving benefits of airbags are in full swing. The science of airbags is still new and under rapid development. You can expect many advances in this field as designers come up with new ideas and learn from real-world crash data.

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS S

1. When did the first commercial airbags appear in automobiles?

2. What do statistics say about reducing the risk of dying in a direct frontal crash when using airbags?

3. What do you know about the laws of motion?

4. What is an airbag used for?

5. What are the parts of an airbag?

6. Describe the bag itself.

7. What can you say about the sensor?

8. How does the airbag's inflation system react?

9. What do you know about the safety of airbags?

10. What are the safety rules for children?

11. Talk about the future of airbags.

GIVE THE SUMMARY OF THE TEXT S

DID YOU KNOW? ? S

WHY IS THE SKY BLUE?

Here is something interesting to think about: When you look at the nighttime sky, it's black, with the stars and the moon forming points of light on that black background. So why is it that, during the day, the sky doesn't remain black with the sun acting as another point of light? Why does the daytime sky turn bright blue and the stars disappear?

The first thing to recognize is that the sun is an extremely bright source of light - much brighter than the moon. The second thing to recognize is that the atoms of nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere have an effect on the sunlight that passes through them.

There is a physical phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering that causes light to scatter when it passes through particles that have a diameter one-tenth that of the wavelength (color) of the light. Sunlight is made up of all different colors of light, but because of the elements in the atmosphere the color blue is scattered much more efficiently than the other colors.

When you look at the sky on a clear day, you can see the sun as a bright disk. The blueness you see everywhere else is all of the atoms in the atmosphere scattering blue light toward you. Because red light, yellow light, green light and the other colors aren't scattered nearly as well, you see the sky as blue.

FACT BOX Rayleigh ['rālē] John William Strutt, 3rd Baron (1842 - 1919), English physicist. He established the electrical units of resistance, current, and electromotive force. With William Ramsay he discovered argon and other inert gases. Nobel Prize for Physics (1904)

DEFINITION Rayleigh scattering (рэлеевское рассеяние) - the scattering of light by particles in a medium, without change in wavelength. It accounts, for example, for the blue color of the sky, since blue light is scattered slightly more efficiently than red.

CARDINAL NUMBERS .

(APPENDIX 13)

8, 12, 23, 29, 45, 56, 67, 89, 92, 123, 156, 234, 307, 468, 567, 893, 935, 7465, 8595, 9598, 12568, 32579, 69347, 951378.

ORDINAL NUMBERS .

(APPENDIX 13)

EXAMPLE: the seventh (17^th)

the twenty-fourth (24^th)

8, 12, 13, 23, 29, 32, 45, 47, 56, 59, 65, 67, 68, 74, 78, 85, 89, 92, 93, 95, 123, 156, 234, 307, 468, 567, 893, 579.

UNIT 2

SECTION A.

circuit board	['sə:kɪt bɔ:d]	although	[ɔ:l'ðəu]
processor	['prəusesə]	either	['aɪðə]
numerical	[nju:'merɪkl]	particular	[pə'tɪkjulə]
function keys	['fʌŋkʃ(ə)n ki:]	configure	[kən'fɪgə]
lithium ion battery	['lɪθɪəm 'aɪən 'bætərɪ]	within	[wɪ'ðɪn]
liquid	['lɪkwɪd]	even	['i:v(ə)n]
antenna	[æn'tenə]	protocol	['prəutəkɔl]
radio	['reɪdɪəu]	interoperable	[ɪntər'ɔpərəbl]
frequency	['fri:kwən(t)sɪ]	though	[ðəu]
cellular	['seljulə]	communication	[kə.mju:nɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]
dial	['daɪəl]	video	['vɪdɪəu]
requirement	[rɪ'kwaɪəmənt]	eventually	[ɪ'venʧuəlɪ]

cell phone	сотовый телефон	wireless	беспроводной
printed circuit board (PCB)	печатная плата	ordinary	обычный
connect	соединять	conversation	разговор
speaker	динамик	in order to	для того, чтобы
numeric keypad	цифровая клавиатура	account	счёт
function keys	функциональные клавиши	particular	особенный, специфический
lithium ion battery	ионно-литиевая батарея	configure	формировать
liquid crystal display (LCD)	жидкокристалли-ческий дисплей	share	делить, распределять
memory	память	find out	обнаружить, выяснить
frequency	частота	set up	устанавливать
dial the number	набирать номер	handle	обрабатывать
VoIP	передача голоса по IP-протоколу	instant messaging (IM)	мгновенный обмен сообщениями
depend on	зависеть от	maintain	поддерживать, сохранять
requirement	требование	communication	коммуникация; связь
data	данные	transmit	передавать
radio waves	радиоволны	interoperable	имеющий возможность взаимодействовать

HOW WiFi PHONES WORK

From their user interface to how they work, WiFi phones are a lot like cell phones. Like a basic cell phone, a WiFi phone has a printed circuit board (PCB) that connects:

· A processor

· A speaker and a microphone

· A numeric keypad and other function keys

· A lithium ion battery

· A screen, usually a liquid crystal display (LCD)

· An antenna

· Memory

Both types of phones also send and receive signals as radio waves. The difference is that WiFi phones use different frequencies than cellular phones do.

When you make a call on a WiFi phone, you dial the number of the person you want to call, just like you would with a cell phone. If you're calling another VoIP user, you may enter a VoIP address instead of a phone number, depending on the service provider's requirements.

The phone translates the number you dial into packets of data. It uses radio waves to transmit the packets to a wireless receiver. The receiver passes the information over the Internet to the call processor like an ordinary VoIP call. When you begin your conversation, the phone transmits your voice in packets of data as well. Your voice travels just like it does in a VoIP call, although the specifics can differ from one provider to another.

Many of these phones use a specific WiFi service or network. For example, Netgear makes a WiFi phone for Skype service, and UTStarcom makes a WiFi phone for Vonage service. In order to use either of these phones, you need to have an account with that provider, just like you need a service plan from a cell phone provider to use a particular phone. Either you or your service provider will configure the phone to work within the network.

Other phones work with a protocol rather than a particular network or provider. For example, ZyXEL and Linksys both make WiFi phones that use Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). SIP is one of several VoIP protocols - you can find out more about them at Protocols.com. After setting up a SIP phone, you can make calls simply by entering the other party's SIP address and pressing "Send."

SIP is an open protocol. Anyone can use it, and anyone who has a SIP address can contact anyone else who has one for free. SIP is a standard protocol for handling voice data, and many VoIP providers use it, even though they maintain a closed network. It can also control other forms of communication, like instant messaging and video conferencing.

Eventually, SIP will probably make communications tools interoperable. In other words, your computer, phone, PDA and other communications tools could all share the same address book and communicate with one another.

DEFINITION · Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) - протокол инициации сеансов (совместной передачи голоса и данных) , протокол SIP (в IP-телефонии) · PDA - (Personal Digital Assistant) персональный цифровой секретарь тип сверхлёгкого миниатюрного ПК с ЖК-экраном, клавиатурой и/или рукописным вводом

FACT BOX · Netgear,founded in 1996, is a US manufacturer of computer networking equipment and other computer hardware. · Skype is a software application that allows users to make telephone calls over the Internet. Calls to other users of the service, and in some countries to free-of-charge numbers are free, while calls to other landlines and mobile phones can be made for a fee. · UTStarcomis a company that specializes in IP-based networking products for telecommunications companies and service providers. Its core markets are multimedia communications and broadband, including IP communications and entertainment (IPTV), next generation broadband networks and optical network solutions. · Vonage(pronounced ['vɑ:nɪdʒ]) is a publicly-held commercial voice over IP (VoIP) network and SIP company that provides telephone service via a broadband connection (the company's name is a play on their motto "Voice-Over-Net-AGE"). · ZyXEL Communications Corp., located in Taiwan, is a manufacturer of DSL and other networking devices. · Linksys,founded in 1988 and acquired by Cisco Systems in 2003, is a major provider of home and small office network products.

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS S

1. What does WiFi’s printed circuit board connect?

2. What is the difference between WiFi phones and cellular phones?

3. What happens when you begin your conversation?

4. What do you know about:

· Netgear

· Skype

· UTStarcom

· Vonage

· ZyXEL

· Linksys

5. What is SIP?

ANNOTATION ?