VI. Replace the underlined phrases with the words and expressions from the list and translate the sentences into Russian.

vast to comprehend wrought to alter to accelerate to assess

as early as as likely as not all but vanish vulnerable to adapt to sth. it is up to sb. to do sth.

1. It’s the responsibility of the travel companies to warn customers of any possible dangers.
2. We should protect the most easily hurt members of our society.
3. Inflation is likely to grow fast this year.
4. The insurers will need to estimate the flood damage.
5. How do these insects get used to new environments?
6. Most probably, the meeting will take place tomorrow.
7. Copper was known in Egypt already in the prehistoric period.
8. She cannot understand the extent of the disaster.
9. Britain’s coal industry has almost completely disappeared.
10. This century caused major changes in our society.
11. The refugees come across the border in large numbers.
12. The city centre has changed beyond recognition.

VII.Read an excerpt from “Background on the UNFCCC”: The international response to climate change” and find equivalents for the Russian expressions below.*

‐ присоединиться к международному соглашению

‐ основа международного сотрудничества

‐ ограничивать среднее повышение температуры во всем мире

‐ справляться с воздействием изменения климата

‐ неизбежное воздействие

‐ начать переговоры

‐ укрепить мировую реакцию на изменение климата

‐ принять Киотский протокол

‐ юридически обязывать стороны (договора)

‐ цели по сокращению выбросов (газообразных отходов)

‐ срок действия обязательства

‐ основываться на работе, выполняемой в рамках конвенции

‐ намечать новый курс (действий)

‐ стремиться ускорить действия и увеличить инвестиции

‐ экологически безопасное будущее

‐ продолжать усилия

‐ быть нацеленным на укрепление способности решать вопрос изменения климата

‐ достигать грандиозных целей

‐ ставить новую цель

‐ обеспечение финансовыми средствами

‐ начиная от минимальной суммы в 100 млд. долларов

‐ развитие потенциала

‐ задействовать финансовые потоки

‐ в соответствии с национальными целями

‐ делать действия и поддержку более прозрачными/открытыми

In 1992, countries joined an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as a framework for international cooperation to combat climate change by limiting average global temperature increases and the resulting climate change, and coping with impacts that were, by then, inevitable.

By 1995, countries launched negotiations to strengthen the global response to climate change, and, two years later, adopted the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol legally binds developed country Parties to emission reduction targets. The Protocol’s first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012. The second commitment period began on 1 January 2013 and will end in 2020.

There are now 197 Parties to the Convention and 192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.

The 2015 Paris Agreement, adopted in Paris on 12 December 2015, marks the latest step in the evolution of the UN climate change regime and builds on the work undertaken under the Convention. The Paris Agreement charts a new course in the global effort to combat climate change.

The Paris Agreement seeks to accelerate and intensify the actions and investment needed for a sustainable low carbon future. Its central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius. The Agreement also aims to strengthen the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change.

To reach these ambitious goals, appropriate financial flows, including by, before 2025, setting a new goal on the provision of finance from the USD 100 billion floor, and an enhanced capacity building framework, including an Initiative for Capacity Building, will be put in place: thus supporting action by developing countries and the most vulnerable countries, in line with their own national objectives. The Agreement will also enhance transparency of action and support through a more robust transparency framework.

VIII.Give synonyms for the following collocations. Consult the dictionary.*

‐ to launch negotiations

‐ to strengthen the global response to climate change

‐ to build on the work

‐ to undertake the work

‐ to chart a new course

‐ to combat climate change

‐ to seek to accelerate and intensify

‐ to pursue efforts

‐ to reach ambitious goals

‐ be put in place

‐ in line with national objectives