Ex.6. Reduce the text to one fifth of its original length giving the most important information.

a) Make an outline of the text consisting of 5-8 sentences.

b) Retell the text according to its outline.

Ex. 7 Match Russian equivalents with the corresponding English phrases:

1. standard of living	a) след нищеты
2. give an occasional vote	b) уровень жизни
3. be responsible for	c) работа (машины)
4. solve the problems	d) смена в cутки
5. the order of the day	e) капиталоёмкий
6. carried out	f) отдать случайный голос
7. unit costs	g) паутина
8. demand for	h) решать проблемы
9. resort to	i) спрос на
10. unskilled and semi-skilled	j) квалифицированные и полуквалифицированные
11. capital-intensive	k) быть ответственным за что-либо
12. shifts per day	l) прибегнуть
13. production runs	m) что-л. обычное, повседневное; что-л. важное в данное время
14. trail of misery	n) цена на единицу продукции
15. spider's web	o) обратить внимание на
16. draw attention to	p) выполнять, осуществлять

Ex.8. Read the text and name three main types of production method.

There are three main types of production method:

Job production

In this type of production specific work is carried out for individual customers. Job production is of the one off variety and can range from a bride's wedding dress to an ocean-going liner. Job production is usually labor intensive and requires the employment of skilled labor which is able to interpret technical instructions. If supervisors are employed they will need to be technically competent. Unit costs will always tend to be high when small numbers of individually designed items are produced.

Mass production

This method of production is possible where the demand for a product is so great that the goods can be produced in a continuous flow. Motor vehicles and food processing are among the industries which resort to mass production techniques. Once set up the production lines are not easily changed and advertising is often necessary to ensure that stocks of finished goods do not pile up in the factory. Unskilled and semi-skilled workers can be used, though the modern tendency is to use computerized robots. By using these capital-intensive methods unit costs may be substantially reduced and higher output can be obtained by running the expensive machines over two or three shifts per day.

Batch production

This method falls between job and mass production. It could be described as repeated production runs in contrast to the continuous flow or mass production technique. The orders consist of a significant number of similar items. One industry which uses this technique is the furniture industry. A batch of teak tables of a particular design will be produced, followed perhaps by a batch of mahogany tables. Book printers also use this technique. Runs of books will depend on the size of the market, but the printers switch from the production of one book to the production of another at the end of each run.

Both labor and machines have to be more versatile than in the case of mass production, but less so than in the case of job production. The production manager will have to attempt to organize the runs so that they are as economically viable as possible, but the unit costs will tend to fall as the length of the run increases.

Ex. 9. Translate the following sentences using the active vocabulary.

1. Высокий уровень жизни в обществе существует благодаря достижениям в области науки и техники.

2. Он обратил внимание на ежедневную работу рабочих.

3. Начальник по производству ответственен за организацию производственного процесса.

4. Цена единицы товара поднимается с увеличением спроса на нее.

5. Мы прибегли к вынужденным мерам.

6. Иметь мобильный телефон сегодня обычное дело.

Ex. 10. Make an outline of the text consisting of 5-8 sentences.

Ex. 11. Find out advantages and disadvantages of each of the types of production. Make a list of them. Compare your lists.

Ex.12 Choose one of the types of production method. Prove that this form is the best.

Ex.13. Retell the topic according to the outline:

§ Adam Smith and his contribution