Ex.7. Translate the words and word combinations given in the box into English. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words and translate the sentences.

бурение контактная подвеска системы связи бригады габариты подвижного состава трейлерные перевозки туннель контактный рельс буровая туннелепроходческая машина проходка туннеля

1. In the case of a public service _____, a private company enters into an agreement with the government to have the exclusive right to operate, maintain and carry out investment in a public utility for a given number of years.

2. ____ are used as an alternative to drilling and blasting methods in rock and conventional mining in soil.

3. A revolution in wireless _____ began in the 1900s with pioneering developments in radio communications by Nikola Tesla and Guglielmo Marconi.

4. For water crossings, a ____ is generally more costly to construct than a bridge.

5. One can be amazed at the levels of spare _____ allocated on some railways.

6. _____ wires are kept at a mechanical tension because the pantograph causes mechanical oscillations in the wire and the wave must travel faster than the train to avoid producing standing waves that would cause wire breakage.

7. The _____ determines the sizes of passenger trains and the size of shipping containers that can be conveyed on a section of railway line and varies across the world and often within a single railway system.

8. Since 1970 the market for exporting and importing cars has increased dramatically and the number and type of _____ has increased also.

9. Much of the early technology of _____ evolved from the techniques of mining and military engineering.

10. ____ is used for a wide variety of applications in geology, agriculture, hydrology, civil engineering, and oil and natural gas industries.

11. ____ systems are a means of providing electric traction power to trains, and they use an additional rail (called a "conductor rail") for the purpose.

Ex.8. Match the word combinations on the left with their translation on the right.

A B
1. undersea portion a. система защиты
2.onward travel b. ежедневные затраты
3. total construction cost c. имеющие равную долю
4. cost overrun d. реальные цифры
5. peak of construction e. ограничение движения
6. daily expenditure f. общая стоимость строительства
7. shared equally g. подводный участок
8. protection system h. разгар строительства
9. actual numbers i. перерасход средств
10. traffic limitations j. движение вперёд

Ex.9. Read the text and translate it using a dictionary if necessary.

CHANNEL TUNNEL

The Channel Tunnel is a 50.5-kilometre undersea rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent, in the United Kingdom with Pas-de-Calais, near Calais in northern France beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. At its lowest point, it is 75 m deep. At 37.9 kilometres, the Channel Tunnel possesses the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world.

Working from both the English side and the French side of the Channel, eleven tunnel boring machines cut through chalk marl to construct two rail tunnels and a service tunnel. The vehicle shuttle terminals are connected to the English and French motorways .

Tunnelling started in 1988, and the tunnel began operating in 1994. In 1985 prices, the total construction cost was £4.650 billion (equivalent to £11 billion today), an 80% cost overrun. At the peak of construction 15,000 people were employed with daily expenditure over £3 million. Ten workers, eight of them British, were killed during construction between 1987 and 1993, most in the first few months of boring.

There are three communication systems in the tunnel: concession radio (CR) for mobile vehicles and personnel within Eurotunnel's Concession (terminals, tunnels, coastal shafts); track-to-train radio (TTR) for secure speech and data between trains and the railway control centre; Shuttle internal radio (SIR) for communication between shuttle crew and to passengers over car radios.

All tunnel services run on electricity, shared equally from English and French sources. Power is delivered to the locomotives via an overhead line (catenary) at 25 kV 50 Hz.

A large proportion of the railway south of London uses a 750 V DC third rail to deliver electrical power, but since the opening of High Speed 1 there is no need to use the third rail system for any part of the Eurostar journey. High Speed 1, the tunnel itself and the route to Paris has power provided via overhead catenary at 25 kV 50 Hz. The railways on "classic" lines in Belgium are also electrified by overhead catenaries, but at 3000 V DC.

A cab signalling system is used that gives information directly to train drivers on a display. There is a train protection system that stops the train if the speed differs from that indicated on the in-cab display. The in-cab signalling is interconnected with the signalling on the high-speed lines either side, allowing trains to enter and exit the tunnel system without stopping. The maximum allowed speed is 160 km/h.

The Channel Tunnel network and terminal areas use a very large loading gauge to allow drive-in shuttle rolling stock. Through freight traffic is allowed up to European loading gauge if onward travel is via High Speed 1.

The tunnel carries high-speed Eurostar passenger trains, Eurotunnel Shuttle roll-on/roll-off vehicle transport – the largest in the world – and international rail freight trains. The tunnel connects end-to-end with the LGV Nord and High Speed 1 high-speed railway lines.

Total cross-tunnel passenger traffic volumes peaked at 18.4 million in 1998, then dropped to 14.9 million in 2003, from then rising again to 17.0 million in 2010.

At the time of the decision about building the tunnel, 15.9 million passengers were predicted for Eurostar trains in the opening year. In 1995, the first full year, actual numbers were a little over 2.9 million, growing to 7.1 million in 2000, then dropping again to 6.3 million in 2003. Eurostar was also limited by the lack of a high-speed connection on the British side. After the completion of High Speed 1 to London in two stages in 2003 and 2007, traffic increased. In 2008, Eurostar carried 9,113,371 passengers in cross-Channel-Tunnel traffic, a 10% increase over the previous year, despite traffic limitations due to the 2008 Channel Tunnel fire. Eurostar passenger numbers continued to increase, reaching 9,528,558 in 2010.

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