Archaic, Obsolescent and Obsolete Words

The word-stock of a language is in an increasing state of change. Words change their meaning and sometimes drop out of the language altogether. New words spring up and replace the old ones. Some words stay in the language a very long time and do not lose their faculty of gaining new meanings and becoming richer and richer polysemantically. Other words live but a short time and are like bubbles on the surface of water — they disappear leaving no trace of their existence.

Barbarisms and Foreignisms: Barbarisms are words of foreign origin which have not entirely been assimilated into the English language. They bear the appearance of a borrowing and are felt as something alien to the native tongue. Nevertheless most of what were formerly foreign borrowings are now, from a purely stylistic position, not regarded as foreign. But still there are some words which retain their foreign appearance to a greater or lesser degree. These words, which are called barbarisms, are, like archaisms, also considered to be on the outskirts of the literary language.

Most of them have corresponding English synonyms; e. g. chic (=stylish); Weltanschauung (=world-view); en passant (= in passing); ad infinitum (= to infinity) and many other words and phrases.

Literary Coinages (Including Nonce-Words)

Neologism - 'a new word or a new meaning for an established word.'

Every period in the development of a language produces an enormous number of new words or new meanings of established words. Most of them do not live long. They are not meant to live long. They are coined for use at the moment of speech, and therefore possess a peculiar property —that of temporariness. The given word or meaning holds only in the given context and is meant only to "serve the occasion."

48 Lyric poetry is a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person.[1] The term derives from a form of Ancient Greek literature, the lyric, which was defined by its musical accompaniment, usually on a stringed instrument known as a lyre.[2] The term owes its importance in literary theory to the division developed by Aristotle between three broad categories of poetry: lyrical, dramatic and epic.

The word “lyric” comes from the Latin “lyricus" meaning “of or for the lyre.” Some of the best examples of lyric poetry come from Italian and English sonnets. In lyric poetry, the mood is musical and emotional. The writer of a lyric poem uses words that express his state of mind, his perceptions, or his feelings
Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-lyric-poetry.html#djA03mEWleUZRHcU.99

Lyric poetry is a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person.^[1] The term derives from a form of Ancient Greek literature, the lyric, which was defined by its musical accompaniment, usually on a stringed instrument known as a lyre.^[2] The term owes its importance inliterary theory to the division developed by Aristotle between three broad categories of poetry: lyrical, dramatic and epic.

Emily Dickinson

William Shakespeare

James DeFord

Types of Poetry

When studying poetry, it is useful first of all to consider the theme and the overall development of the theme in the poem. Obviously, the sort of development that takes place depends to a considerable extent on the type of poem one is dealing with. It is useful to keep two general distinctions in mind (for more detailed definitions consult Abrams 1999 and Preminger et al 1993): lyric poetry and narrative poetry.

A lyric poem is a comparatively short, non-narrative poem in which a single speaker presents a state of mind or an emotional state. Lyric poetry retains some of the elements of song which is said to be its origin: For Greek writers the lyric was a song accompanied by the lyre.

Subcategories of the lyric are, for example elegy, ode, sonnet and dramatic monologue and most occasional poetry:

In modern usage, elegy is a formal lament for the death of a particular person (for example Tennyson’s In Memoriam A.H.H.). More broadly defined, the term elegy is also used for solemn meditations, often on questions of death, such as Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.

An ode is a long lyric poem with a serious subject written in an elevated style. Famous examples are Wordsworth’s Hymn to Duty or Keats’ Ode to a Grecian Urn.

The sonnet was originally a love poem which dealt with the lover’s sufferings and hopes. It originated in Italy and became popular in England in the Renaissance, when Thomas Wyatt and the Earl of Surrey translated and imitated the sonnets written by Petrarch (Petrarchan sonnet). From the seventeenth century onwards the sonnet was also used for other topics than love, for instance for religious experience (by Donne and Milton), reflections on art (by Keats or Shelley) or even the war experience (by Brooke or Owen). The sonnet uses a single stanza of (usually) fourteen lines and an intricate rhyme pattern (see stanza forms). Many poets wrote a series of sonnets linked by the same theme, so-called sonnet cycles (for instance Petrarch, Spenser, Shakespeare, Drayton, Barret-Browning, Meredith) which depict the various stages of a love relationship.

50 Literature as science- the science that studies the fiction as a phenomenon of human culture, the science that studies the fiction: its essence and specificity, origin, social function, the laws of the literary process.Literature as a science emerged in the early 19th century. Ever since the literary works of antiquity existed. Aristotle was the first to attempt to systematize them in his book, the first gave the theory of genres and kinds of literature theory (epic, drama, poetry). He also belongs to the theory of catharsis and mimesis. Plato created the history of ideasIn the early 19th century in philosophy, art, ideology begins the era of Romanticism. At this time, his theories have created the Grimm brothers. Literature is studied from the perspective of different sciences, because as an art form, it creates an aesthetic value. Literary fiction exploring the different peoples of the world in order to understand the characteristics and laws of its own content and express their forms.

Science of literature is divided into 3 main disciplines:

1) History of literature;

2) Literary criticism;

3) Theory of Literature

Theory of Literature (Literary theory) studies the general laws of the literary process, literature as a form of social consciousness, literary works as a whole, the specifics of the relationship of the author, the work and the reader. Develop common concepts and terminology. Literature Theory of literary works with other disciplines, as well as history, philosophy, aesthetics, sociology, linguistics. Poetics - part of the theory of literature, studying the composition and structure of the literary work. The theory of literary process – part of a literary theory, which studies patterns of development and delivery of genres. Literary Aesthetics - studying literature as an art form.

The history of literature examines the literary process in time, the chronological aspect of the history of a major. The historical approach to works gives the history of literature.

. Describing the general course of the development of literature, the historian interprets this distinction, discovering the causes of this evolution lies both within the literature and literature in relation to other phenomena of human culture, among whom literature is developing and which is in a permanent relationship. The history of literature is a branch of the general history of culture (See Tomaszewski BV Theory of Literature Poetics)

Literary criticism deals with the interpretation and evaluation of literary works from the modern point of view (as well as the urgent problems of social and spiritual life, therefore, is often journalistic, political and topical character), in terms of aesthetic value. It expresses consciousness of society and literature in their evolution; identifies and approves the creative principles of literary movements.It has an active influence on the literary process, as well as directly on the formation of public consciousness; based on the theory and history of literature, philosophy and aesthetics.

Auxiliary literary disciplines: a) textual - is studying the text itself: manuscripts, publications, editorial writing, time, author, place, translation and commentary; b) paleography - the study of ancient media of text, only the manuscript; c) Bibliography - supporting any discipline of science, scientific literature on a particular subject; d) library science - the science of funds, stores not only art, but also the scientific literature, union catalogs. e) Poetics - the science of the structure of products and their complexes: Writers in general, a literary movement, a literary epoch, etc... Studies the originality as a special form of spiritual and artistic activities, the structure of a literary text