VI. Make up 10 questions to the text. Use them as your plan to retelling the text

PEOPLE OF CULTURE AND SCIENCE OF KAZAKHSTAN

I. Read the following words and word combinations paying attention to their pronunciation:

1) petroglyph 2) earthenware 3) applied art 4) household articles 5) painting 6) to reflect 7) to dedicate 8) shepherd 9) to commemorate 10) nomad 11) ingenious 12) rush 13) horn 14) hoof 15) conductor 16) to appreciate 17) audience 18) descendant 19) heritage 20) gem 21) treatise 22) virtuous 23) educator 24) to urge 25) attitude 26) literary language 27) distinguished 28) playwright 29) masterpiece 30) to enrich

Наскальный рисунок глиняная посуда прикладное искусство предметы быта живопись, картина отражать посвящать пастух служить напоминанием кочевник изобретательный, искусный камыш, тростник рог копыто дирижер ценить аудитория, слушатели потомок наследие драгоценность, жемчужина (перенос.) трактат добродетельный просветитель призывать отношение литературный язык выдающийся, известный драматург шедевр обогащать

II. Read and translate the text:

People of Culture and Science of Kazakhstan

Culture

The land of Chinghiztau gave the mankind a lot of talented people – poets, writers, musicians, painters. The most ancient works of art on the territory of Kazakhstan are the petroglyphs of animals in the Karatau mountains. Otrar earthenware with elegant ornament is referred to the samples of decorative applied art. This tradition has been kept up to now – yurtas, household articles are decorated with original ornaments.

The history of painting began in the XIX century when Russian painters visited Kazakhstan. They made drawings reflecting the life of the Kazakh people. Nickolay Khludov (1850 – 1935), a Russian painter, graduated from Odessa art school and lived in Kazakhstan for 50 years. He dedicated all his works to the Kazakh land and people.

Abylkhan Kasteev (1904-1973) was one of the first Kazakh painters to devote his whole life to painting professionally; combining the traditions of European art with specific Kazakh features. His Art, which is genuinely national has played an important role in the development of Kazakh and Central Asian Art.

His first works date back to 1927 and mark the beginning of a long artistic career during which he produced more than 1,000 pictures in a variety of genres. The lack of an academic education was offset by his sincerity, hard work, curiosity and perseverance.

Abylkhan Kasteev’s art, in all its diversity, is full of authentic talent and spiritual purity, of love for his homeland and its people. His landscapes are characterized by subtle harmony and all-pervading poetry. In his portraits, either of ordinary people or of eminent personalities, Kasteev sought historical accuracy and adopted a monumentalist approach to the depiction of the character which was extremely expressive.

Kazakhstan’s Museum of Art has been named after him and his works are to be found in museums in the Commonwealth of Independent States and in private collections abroad.

Magnificent art of the artist Aibek Begalin from Karaganda for a long time attracts attention of art critics, collectors defining his place in cultural space of the modern fine arts of Kazakhstan and even throughout the world. His works are exhibited in Russia, France, Italy, Vatican, Israel and other countries.

Aibek Begalin was born in 1963 in Tselinograd in the family of the geologist. In 1974 the family settled in Karaganda. Here he received initial art education in the fine art studio of the Palace of pioneers, then at Children's art school. He graduated from V.I.Surikov Art Institute in Moscow. In 1990 he joined the Union of Artists of Kazakhstan, now he is a member of Board of Karaganda organization of the Union of Artists of Kazakhstan. The main point for understanding the conception of his art works.is philosophical theme which is out of time and space. There is a creative cycle of his life devoted to the history and traditions of the native land. Some of his works are creations on the theme "Apocalypse" (27 big canvases) - one of the main creative lines of 1990 - 2000: “Seven Lights”, “Three Apostles”, “Heavenly Jerusalem”, “The Struggle of Jakob”, “The Last Supper”, “The Crucifixion”, “The Ark”, “The Falling of the Star” and others.

The gold horseman Winter in Karaganda

The Kazakh national music has a long history and rich traditions. Unknown akyns created the folk-lore closely connected with the working life and the struggle for independence. The first place belonged to a song – everyday, ritual, lyrical, shepherd, a song-story. The people’s wisdom, philosophy, moral are commemorated in a song. Music would accompany the life of nomads. They were ingenious people and used to make their instruments practically of any material that could be found in the steppe: rush, wood, clay, leather, bone, horns, hoofs. The Kazakh people have more than 20 musical instruments – dombra, kobyz, sybyzgy, daulpaz and othersThe Kazakh national music has a long history and rich traditions. Unknown akyns created the folk-lore closely connected with the working life and the struggle for independence.

One of the greatest Kazakh composers was Kurmangazy. He was the founder of the national instrumental music. He was a genius, a proud and brave son of the Great steppe. He was optimistic, full of human qualities and had a remarkable talent of a composer. He is famous for creating a bright original style of the dombra playing. He created more than 60 kuys full of steppe sounds, smell and colours, fresh air, rhythm and harmony.

Evgeny Brusilovsky (1905 – 1981) was an outstanding composer who created the first Kazakh opera “Kyz-Zhibek” in 1934. He devoted his life and talent to the Kazakh musical culture and will never be forgotten in the country. He graduated from Leningrad Conservatory and came to Kazakhstan where he plunged into studies of national musical wealth. A passionate talent inspired Brussilovsky to concerts, symphonies, cantatas, songs and romances, pearls like romantic elegy "Two Swallows". "Kyz Zhibek", "Er Targyn" and "Dudarai" are widely recognized as peaks of national music. Eugeny Brussilovsky is one of the authors of National Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Akhmet Zhubanov (1906 – 1968) was a talented composer, a conductor, teacher and promoter of young musicians. His best works “Abai”, “Kazakh dances”, “Kurmangazy” were highly appreciated by the audience.

Akhmet Zhubanov got down in Kazakh culture history as the founder of Kurmangazy Orchestra - a company of world standards. He graduated from Leningrad Conservatory and returned home. He is an author of "Abai" opera (with Latiff Khamidi as co-author), choral and instrumental compositions, romances and music for movies, creator of cultural masterpieces. He was Doctor of Art, academician, a friend of Zatayevic (collector of Kazakh music folklore), the author of "Kurmangazy", "Life and Creative Work of Kazakh National Composers", "Century Strings " and "Nightingales". Akhmet Zhubanov made an invaluable contribution to Kazakh musical heritage - 28 national kuys were recorded by him.

Before the 19th century, Kazakhstan had no written language of its own. Literature took the form of long oral poems, recited by akyns in a song-like chant and accompanied by traditional instruments like drums and a dombra. Recitals and aitys are still very popular.

The founder of modern Kazakh literature is Abay Kunanbaev (1845 – 1904), a great poet, educator and akyn. He translated works by Pushkin, Lermontov, Göthe, Tolstoy and other poets and writers into Kazakh. His works urge people to labour and to struggle for reorganization of life. A lot of his poems are dedicated to a new attitude to the family, to the parents’ duty, to the education of a young generation. His most famous philosophic work, "Words of edification", is said to be a spiritual commandment to the Kazakh nation. His main contribution to Kazakh culture and folklore is his poetry, which expresses strong feelings and grew out of Kazakh folk culture.

Shakarim Kudaiberdiev was Abai’s nephew and was brought up by his great uncle. He traveled a lot, learnt languages. Shakarim translated the works by Pushkin, Tolstoy, Beecher Stow, Fizuli, Navoi, Lermontov, Nekrasov and Byron. He wrote the novel “Chronicle of Kazakh Khans”, the philosophical treatise “Mohammedanism”. He returned boundless freedom to the Kazakh literary language. There is a peculiar charm and a fascinating ease in his lines.

Mukhtar Auezov (1897 – 1961) was a distinguished Kazakh writer, playwright and statesman. He wrote over 20 plays, many short stories and novels. His writing career began with the play “Enlik-Kebek” (1917), based on the folk legend of tragic love which bears a great resemblance to Romeo and Juliet. His works are translated into many languages and have enormous influence on the Kazakh literature.

Later Auezov changed his focus to writing novels. Two novels – “Abay” and “The Path of Abay” - dealing with the life of Kazakh poet Abay Kunanbaev were the product of the last twenty years of his life. Auezov's other projects included drawing and translating literature into the Kazakh language. His translations of Tolstoy, Gogol, Chekhov, Shakespeare, London are masterpieces that greatly enriched the Kazakh literature.

Science

Kazakhstani scientists greately contributed to the world science. One of the first greatest scientists was Al-Farabi (870 – 950). A scientist of encyclopedic knowledge, a philosopher he left the descendants an enormous heritage that effected almost all aspects of knowledge in the middle ages. He touched upon the problems of physics and mathematics, medicine and psychology, education and music in his works. His main works are “Gems of Wisdom”, “Treatise about Points of View of Virtuous City Inhabitants”, “Treatise about classification of sciences”, “Astrology”, “Great Book about Music”.

Chokan Valikhanov (1835-1865), from which Kazakhstan’s Academy of Sciences takes its name, was the first Kazakh scholar, ethnographer and historian. A descendant of Ghenghis Khan, Valikhanov was one of the first Kazakhs to be educated in Russian and published books and articles devoted to the history and culture of Central Asia. Notable works include “Kirghiz (Kazakhs)”, “Traces of shamanism in Kirghiz”, “About Kirghiz nomads' camp” and others containing ethnographic data. He also wrote the Kazakh epic poems “Kozy-Korpesh and Bayan-Sulu” and the Kyrgyz epic “Manas”.

Kanysh Satpayev (1899-1964), the prominent Kazakhstan geologist and public figure, Doctor of geologic-mineral sciences, Academician of Academy of Sciences of USSR and Academy of Sciences of Kazakh SSR, organizer and the first president of Academy of sciences of Kazakh SSR. He created Institute of Geology which became the center of studies of Kazakhstan mineral resources, founder of the Kazakhstan geologist-metallogeny school. He graduated from Tomsk Technological Institute in 1926, returned back to Kazakhstan and became the first qualified Kazakh mining engineer and geologist.

Kanysh Satpayev left after himself more than 640 scientific publications. He made an important contribution to designing of Dzhezkazgan copper deposit. On his initiative there were studied the mineral resources of Mangyshlak, Mugodzhar and Turgay.

Abylkas Saginov(1915-2006), mining engineer, Doctor of the technical sciences, Professor, Academician of the NAS of RK, Hero of Socialist Labour. Graduated from Dnepropetrovsk Mining Institute he passed all the steps of an engineer to Rector of Karagandy Polytechnical Institute.The director of the Institute of the problems of complex land-reclamation of theCentral Kazakhstan oblast since 1991. A. Saginov has developed the main positions of the improvement of mining technology, ore and coalfields, controlling the array condition of the rocks, principles of the rational development and use of depths of the region. Under his direction there are introduced trisyllable system of the development of high seam, technological systems and facilities of complex mechanization of the development of fine and average power of coal beds. The author of 279 scientific publications, The Laureate of the State premium of RK (1974, 1986), he was rewarded two Lenin orders and other orders and medals.

Sergazy Adekenovwas born in 1956, a chemist, a Doctor of the chemical sciences, a Professor, an Associate member of Kazakhstan National Academy of the Sciences, a member of the New-York academy of the sciences in the USA, a director of the Institute phyto-chemistry of Kazakhstan National Academy of the Sciences since 1995. He caused a big scientific contribution to the chemistry of plants. He explored more than 100 types of the plants. He synthesized more than 200 new derived stamps of plants in Kazakhstan. As a result of his studies perspective group of a regulator of the growing of the plants was revealed. Among his inventions is “Arglabin”, a new antitumor medicine based on one of the kind of the Karaganda steppe wormwood. He is the author of 200 works, some of them are published overseas.

Toktar Aubakirov was born in 1946 in Karaganda. When a boy, T.Aubakirov, gazing at the vast steppe expanses and boundless sky dreamt of flights. He graduated from the Air Force Institute and was a parachutist and test pilot with the rank of Major General in the Kazakhstan Air Force before he was chosen as a cosmonaut.

On October 2, 1991 he launched with Russian and Austrian cosmonauts in Soyuz TM-13 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, and spent over eight days in space. He says he is a happy man, as his dream has come true and moreover – he is the first Kazakh to go into space.

III. Read and translate the following word combinations:

the most ancient works of art; the folk-lore closely connected with the working life; to be famous for; it had enormous influence on the Kazakh literature; the founder of the national instrumental music; to be dedicated to; a new attitude to; a peculiar charm and a fascinating ease; the samples of decorative applied art; a patient teacher and promoter; an enormous heritage; to touch upon the problems; boundless freedom.

IV. Find the Russian equivalents to the word combinations in the left-hand column: