The author describes how the ideas of celebrating Halloween came to the USA. Find this extract and read it aloud
3. What do adults and children do to get ready for Halloween?
4. Why do many people celebrate this holiday nowadays?
№ 65
1. Read the article and say in 2—3 sentences what it is about.
FELT BOOTS ARE FEAST FOR THE EYES
The financial-economic crisis of the 2009 was the third of its kind for Smilovichi Felting Factory's Director, Vasily Saban. However, each time his unique company recovered from its challenging situation. Mr Saban, 55, has not only survived these times of trouble but has discovered a solution for 'his' factory — the company modernized its felt boot production, with the range of wool-made products expanded.
"This branch may be one of the oldest but it has seen progress," says Mr Saban, looking at black-and-white photos from the 1950- 1960s. "In 1928 Smilovichi staff made just 8—10 pairs of felt boots daily; the figure is ten times larger now, the quality has also improved. We are now working on making women's felt boots more attractive and fashionable, without giving them high heels!" Felt boots have been worn for over two centuries but still enjoy popularity with villagers, buiders, the military, steel workers and ice fishermen. In recent years, felt boots have even gained special status, being bought in Russia, the Baltic States, Ukraine and Finland; Smilovichi-made footwear is worn with pleasure.
The company makes 37 different wollen products — including felt boots for children and adults, technical felt, woollen blankets and pillows, and sets for banyas. Its major supplies of raw materials are based in Russia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan. The company has managed not only to avoid bankruptcy but to advance significantly in its traditional manufacture. The process of felt boot making is complicated and labour intensive, including 36 operations, with only a few of them mechanised.
...I went to Smilovichi to buy felt boots for my sister and ended up buying some for myself and my family. They are beautiful and warm and environmentally friendly, being produced from sheep's wool, without addictive and synthetic glue. Anyone wearing Smilovichi-made felt boots must surely feel warm; their footwear has been made with love and keeps the warmth of their makers' hands.
Felt boots - Валенки, glue – клей
2. The director of the felting factory tells us about the factory's achievements over the years. Find this extract and read it aloud.
3. What does the factory produce?
4. Why are felt boots becoming more and more popular all over the world?
№ 66
1. Read the article and say in 2—3 sentences what it is about.
VILLAGE WITH HISTORY OF A CITY
Rakov is a wonderful place. Once it was a big city — a cultural, religious and economic centre. Today, it's just a village located 40 km from Minsk. I've heard plenty of stories about the origin of this unusual name — Rakov. Some connect the name with the Belarusian word 'raka', or the first settler, named Rak, or, even, the ancient Egyptian sun god Ra.
Rakov was first mentioned in written chronicles* in the 15th century — noted as a placc owned by the great Lithuanian dukes. 150 years later, it became a town at the centre of Rakov county, with a castle, governor and constitution. A famous Belarusian nobleman and composer Michal Oginski also owned Rakov county for some time.
Rakov reachcd its height of power in the 17th century, when it was owned by the Sanguszko family. Anna Sanguszko — the wife of one of the Radziwills — set up in her native city the manufacture of ceramic ware* that enjoyed great popularity all over Belarus. Ceramic pots, angel figurines and baking dishes are still found buried beneath Rakov.
Today, Rakov has neither factories nor workshops. However, its residents are proud of their clean air and wonderful landscapes. A complex of several-storey red-brick buildings, constructed in an unusual style in a Rakov residents' garden, stands out against the village's architectural landscape. A large inscription* on the facade reads: 'Museum. Art-Gallery'.
Felix Yanushkevich — a restorer and a famous artist (his pictures are hung even in the Tretyakov Gallery) — owns the place. The gallery shows Felix's works, as well as pieces by his no less talented brothers. Moreover, it holds ancient documents, furniture, musical instruments and ceramic ware. Today, the gallery has over 12,000 exhibits.
Silver water of the Rakov holy spring is running through my fingers again. What will happen if I drop a coin? They say it means that you're sure to return. I certainly wish to come back, since I've truly enjoyed seeing this unusual village with the history of a city.
A chronicle – хроника, летопись, ceramic ware - керамика, an inscription - надпись, a spring - источник, ключ, родник
2. The author tells us when Rakov was first mentioned in the chronicles and some facts about the town's history. Find this extract and read it aloud.
3. What museum is situated in Rakov?
4. Why will it be interesting for people to visit Rakov?
№ 67
1. Read the article and say in 2—3 sentences what it is about.
NAMES GUIDE OUR DESTINY
If there is such a nation as Belarus, then there should be purely Belarusian family names. In the mid-20th century, academician Nikolay Birillo began searching for Belarusian family names. Family names ending with 'vich', such as Mitskevich or 'sky', such as Ivanovsky denote nobility. Scientists say that names ending with 'vich' appeared in the 15th century while those with 'sky' date back to the 17th century. Meanwhile, names ending with 'ov' — such as Ivanov — only appeared in the 19th century; they are similar to those met in Russia and Ukraine. Belarusian names have unique national features, being formed from the name of professions, animals and plants: Gonchar (potter), Kravets (tailor), Zhaba (frog). Later, these simple names were supplemented with specific endings — depending on the locality: 'eiko' (Domeiko), 'ushko' (Adamushko), 'ik' (Davydik), as a result, more complicated family names appeared.
Last year, sixteen girls in Minsk were named Eva, but there were no Adams registered. Thus, fashion is important while choosing first names.
The same names do not remain popular forever. Natasha was extremely popular about half a century ago; now it isn't. Film and book characters have always been popular and, today, parents are choosing names relating to the church calendar. Among the rarest names are Taisia, Dominika, Karolina and Evelina. Vera, Nadezhda and Lyubov are also less popular, unlike Sofia. For boys, Alexander is popular, while Victor has lost its popularity.
Double names are rarely met, however, an interesting case has been registered in Minsk. A 28-year-old mother and 32-year-old father named their daughter Yelizaveta. Unfortunately, the baby was born needing help to breathe. Her mother prayed to the Virgin Mary and a miracle happened; their daughter recovered. The parents then decided to add another name, so their daughter became Yelizaveta-Maria — in honour of the saint who saved her life. We are responsible in selecting names, as we see them not as labels but as names that may govern destiny.
Nobility – дворянство