С legally force to do smth

D. put an end to

e. say «yes», be of the same opinion

F. keep away from, escape

G. set up

H. decide, determine



Упражнение 5.Подберите к словам из колонки А синонимы или близкие по значению словосочетания из колонки В.

А

1. issue

2. capacity

3. benefit

4. hearing

5. extra

6. strict

7. ordinary

8. expertise

9. supreme

10. flexible

В

a. trial

b. subject of a dispute; question for discussion
с ability

d. advantage; help

e. adaptable

f. highest

g. outside

h. precisely limited; exactly defined i. normal, usual j. expert knowledge

Упражнение 6.Заполните пропуски антонимами.

inside ... formal ...

the latter ... informality

agreement ... old

fairly ... dissimilarity

Упражнение7. Назовите прилагательные с суффиксом -able, означаю-

щие:

1. that can be argued

2. that can be enforced

3. that can be avoided

4. that can be agreed

Упражнение 8.Заполните таблицу на словообразование.

Verb Noun Adjective
impart avoidance enforcement legislative ♦ • • arguable agreeable

Упражнение 9. А.Назовите 20—25 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Judicial institutions and courts».

В. Speak about:

1. The difference between courts of first instance and appellate courts.

2. The purpose of tribunals and arbitration.

3. The advantages of arbitration.

Text 5

Какие требования предъявляют к квалификации юриста в современном обществе? Прочитайте и переведите текст.

The Profession of Lawyers

The word «lawyer» describes a person who practices law, who has become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters because of examinations he has taken and professional experience he has gained. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each take a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do par­ticular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take examination to become an attorney,a public prosecutor or a judge.

A distinctive feature of the legal profession in England is that it is divided into two groups: barristersand solicitors.Barristers are lawyers who specialize in arguing casesin front of a judge and have an exclusive right to be heard, the right of audience1,in all law courts in England, even in the highest courts. They are not paid di­rectly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Judges are usually chosen from the most senior barristers, and once appointed they cannot continue to practice as barristers. Solicitors are lawyers who do much of the initial preparation for cases. They prepare legal documents (e.g. wills, sale of land or buildings), advise clients on legal matters, and speak on their behalf2in lower courts. In other words, a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients and making investiga­tions. Many people in England believe the distinction between bar­risters and solicitors should be eliminated, as it has already happened in Australia.

In both the United States and other industrialized countries, lawyers are becoming more and more specialized. Working in small firms, lawyers now tend to restrict themselves to certain kinds of work and lawyers working in large law firms or employed in the law departments of a large commercial enterprise work on highly spe­cific areas of law.

How to enter the profession of lawyers? Lawyers are subject to standardized examination and other controls to regulate their com-

petence. In some countries in order to practice as a lawyer it is nec­essary to obtain a university degree in law. However, in others, a degree may be insufficient; professional examinations must be passed. In Britain, the main requirement is to have passed the Bar Final examination (for barristers) or the Law Society Final exami­nation (for solicitors). Someone with a university degree in a sub­ject other than law needs first to take a preparatory course. Someone without a degree at all may also prepare for the final ex­amination, but this will take several years. In most countries, law­yers would say that the time they spent studying for their law finals was one of the worst period of their life. This is because an enor­mous number of procedural rules covering a wide area of law must be memorized. In Japan, where there are relatively few lawyers, the examinations are supposed to be particularly hard: less than 5 per­cent of candidates pass.

A solicitor in England must then spend two years as an articled clerk3,during which time his work is closely supervised by an ex­perienced solicitor, and then he must take further courses. A bar­rister spends a similar year serving as a pupilunder an experienced barrister.

In most countries, once a lawyer is fully qualified he receives a certificate proving his right to sell his service. There are also insur­ance provisions so that if a lawyer is ever successfully sued by a cli­ent for professional incompetence, there will be funds available to enable him to pay damages. Even if a lawyer is very competent, he must take care not to break the many rules of procedure and ethics set by the body which regulates his profession. In England, the body regulating the conduct of solicitors is the Law Society. There is also a Solicitor's Disciplinary Tribunal with the power to suspendor even disqualify a solicitor.

In most legal systems, conversations between a lawyer and his client are privileged:the client should know that what he says will not be passed on to someone else without his permission. In theory, it could pose difficult ethical problems for a lawyer. For instance, what should he do in a criminal case if he believes his client guilty? In any case, it is the prosecution's job to prove guilt, not the de­fence's to prove innocence. A lawyer could therefore defend his cli­ent simply by trying to point out weaknesses in the prosecution case.

Notes to the Text

1. the right of audience — право выступать в суде

2. on their behalf — от их имени

3. articled clerk — служащий конторы солиситора, выпол­няющий свою работу в порядке платы за обучение профессии солиситора

Упражнение 1.Составьте словосочетания глаголов из колонки А и суще­ствительных из колонки В.

А В

Enter a. advice

2. prepare/ prepare for b. a degree in law

Become с time

Gain d. a problem

Give e. examinations

Argue f. a job

7. pose g. on one's behalf

Speak h. a profession

9. get/ obtain i. guilt/ innocence

Prove j. a case

11. take/ pass k. experience

12. do 1. arguments, documents/ the final exam

Spend m. a lawyer

Упражнение 2.Назовите 5 словосочетаний со словами law и legal.

Упражнение3. Заполните пропуски.

1. ... is a general term for a member of the legal profession, e.g. a judge, barrister, solicitor, law teacher, etc. 2. The common pur­pose of a barrister and a solicitor is to provide professional service and advice on legal... 3. Barrister is a lawyer who can speak and ... a case in one of the higher courts. 4. Attorneys are persons who are legally allowed to act on ... of someone else. 5. Solicitors may now have a right of... in certain courts. 6. At present a solicitor may choose any ... to advise his client or to appear for the client in court. 7. ... is a clerk who has passed the examination to become a solicitor but has to work in a solicitor's office for some years to learn the law. 8.... means protected by privilege, e.g. a letter from a client to his lawyer. 9. Jurors are members of a ... 10. Jurist is an ex­pert in ... 11. Jurisprudence is science and philosophy of human ...

Упражнение 4.Заполните пропуски следующими словами: legal, legally, legalize, legalization.

1. To ... is to make something legal. 2. To sue means to take ... action against someone in a civil court. 3. The directors of large commercial enterprises are ... responsible. 4. The ... of labour rela­tions is reflected in the law of employment.

Упражнение 5.Заполните пропуски синонимами или словами, близкими по значению.

С legally force to do smth - student2.ru С legally force to do smth - student2.ru С legally force to do smth - student2.ru С legally force to do smth - student2.ru С legally force to do smth - student2.ru С legally force to do smth - student2.ru higher in authority

remove

limit

need / require

hand / give to smb. else

show / direct attention to

some

discuss / debate

rule / order

not general

control systematically

think

Упражнениеб. Заполните пропуски антонимами.

sufficient ... guilt

incompetent ... strength

weak ... competence ...

lower court ... junior

qualify ... different

final exam ... very small

Упражнение7. Заполните таблицу на словообразование.

Verb Noun Adjective
exclude ...  
  practice ...
    arguable
  restriction ...
  ... advisory
  preparation ♦ • ♦
specify . *. • •.
... qualification • • •
weaken ... ♦ • •

Упражнение 8. А.Назовите 20-25 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему «Professional titles in legal systems».

В.Speak about:

How to become a lawyer in different countries. SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS

To be read after Text 2

Computer crime

Computers can be used to commit all kinds of crimes. It is sug­gested that one could commit murder by computer if one hacked

into an air-traffic controller's computer system and caused aero­planes to crash, with the intent1 to kill the passengers. Not surpris­ingly crimes that specifically relate to computers are relatively recent creations of statute.

Some specific computer crimes are set out in the Computer Misuse Act 1990. It is designed to protect information kept on computers. There are three particular reasons why such informa­tion needs protection by the criminal law. Firstly it is said to be very hard to safeguard information stored on a computer, particu­larly as often the information is intended to be accessed by a num­ber of authorized people. By contrast information on paper can be kept in a safe or other secure2 place. Secondly the ease of destroy­ing or corrupting data on a computer means it deserves3 special protection, particularly as it is not always possible for the owner of the computer to realize that the data have been looked at. Thirdly the highly confidential4 nature of the kind of information kept on computers (often concerning many members of the public) is such that it needs particular protection.

The act prohibits5 «hacking», i.e., gaining6 unauthorized access to computer material. The offence is committed if a defendant is en­tering the computer just to see what he can find. The Act also con­tains a more serious offence of doing this with the intent to commit another offence. The most common example is likely to be a decep­tion (обман) offence or theft. A defendant who obtained data which he intended to use in the future to commit an offence of obtaining property by deception will still be guilty of the more serious offence.

There is also an offence of modifying computer material in an unauthorized way. This section is clearly aimed at people who alter7 computer data with intent to corrupt a program. The intent does not need to be directed towards any particular computer or data. Modification is defined as including removal of any program or data on a computer and includes adding to the contents or erasing8 them.

It also includes temporary9 modification. It would appear to cover sending someone a disc with a virus on it that was intended to damage the working of the computer.

It is possible to be guilty of criminal damage of computers if there has been a physical change to some components of the com­puter.

Notes to the Text

Legal) purpose, intention

Safe

Have a right to

To be kept) secret

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