D. Complete the table below using a dictionary. The first one has been done for you.
| Noun (for people, device) | Noun (for idea) | Verb | Adjective |
| designer | design | design | designed designing |
| decided | |||
| operate | |||
| transport | |||
| planner |
E. What suffixes can you add to these words?
a. locate b. achieve c. exceed d. expand
Vocabulary Exercises
A. Fill in the blanks with one of the words given in the box and read the text about trams.
| equipped may be open direction freely motorized new shapes powered convenience become element |
Trams
Trams, or trackless trains, come in many sizes and (1) _____________. They are usually segmented, drawn by a (2) _________________ cab, and (3) ______________ or enclosed. Normally they have designated and posted routes, but since they are under the control of an operator as to speed and (4) __________________ they may share walk paving where widths allow, and move about (5) _____________ even amidst a throng of pedestrians. (6) ___________ by energy cells and (7) _________ with plastic-clad wheels, they will (8) __________ as familiar in the compact (9) ___________ centre cities as are now the prowling taxi cabs on our downtown city trafficways. As a contributing (10) ___________ of advanced transit systems, trams may be subsidized and provided without fares as another urban (11) ________________.
B. Use the words given in capitals in brackets to form a word that fits in the space
and read the text about minirails. The first one has been done for you. ***
Minirail
We have seen them in major airports (1) whisking (WHISKY) from the gateway portals to the terminal lobby – the small single or (2) _________ (COUPLE) cars that move on narrow elevated or subsurface tracks. They are completely (3) _______ (AUTOMATE) – doors, operating speeds, and even taped announcements. People stand or lean, for the distances are short; many can be (4) ___________ (TRANSPORT) comfortably and quickly.
Such minirail cars, with or without seating, are well (5) ______________ (SUIT) for direct back and forth or looped point-to-point interconnection – as from the peripheral garages of the centre city to the governmental trade, (6) __________ (FINANCE), or entertainment plazas, as from one such plaza to another, or as between two or more stops within an urban centre.
C. Read the text. Find the words given in column A and match them with their very brief explanations in column B.
Kiev High-Speed Tram
The route of the first high-speed tram line in Kiev starts from the residential area of Nikolskaya Borshchagovka and ends in the centre of the city on the Victory Square. The length of the line that was put into operation in 1978 is 9,25 km (measured along the street axis).
It is laid on the isolated strip of land 10 m wide separated from the motorway by a wire netting fence 1,7 m high and in some sections, where the traffic safety requires, - by a semirigid fence. The crossings of the tramline with motorways and pedestrian passages are made at different levels. The route has five grade-crossing elimination structures and 12 stations. The average length of a leg between stations is 835 m. The line terminals are of ground type. Three stations are integrated with the grade-crossing elimination structures and the other seven – with pedestrian subways. The passenger boarding platforms of the ground stations are provided with roofs.
The tracks are open, made of all-welded rails, type P-65, and clamp-bolted to concrete sleepers. The route bed is made of crushed granite. The contact system is of longitudinally sectionalized design having weight compensation on the brackets of the contact-line metal supports installed between the tracks.
Nearby the ‘Gnat Yura’ station the line branches off towards the residential area of Yuzhnaya Borshchagovka. This branch has a grade crossing with the motorway. Here the stations are not yet provided with subways, that is why this line falls into the category of accelerated traffic lines. Therefore the route operates in two duties: high-speed and combined ones.
At rush hours the three-car trains travel at two or three minutes intervals. Optimum intervals and speeds are maintained by the automatic system which comprises the automatic blocking and automatic locomotive signalling devices with automatic control of the train travel speed and consists of the track and train facilities.
Information of the track traffic condition is transmitted to the driver through the rail circuits via the car receiving coils in the form of directions for the train allowable speed. In case of excessive speed a signal is delivered to the car control braking circuits thus ensuring the optimum speed and traffic safety. The traffic on the line is automatically controlled by a computer.
The high-speed tram has become quite customary for the residents of Kiev. Its operating speed is 24,9 kph. With the annual passenger turnover of over 48 million kph the high-speed tram saves about five million man-hours per year as compared with the conventional tram.
The high-speed tram traffic is extended from the Victory Square to the Heroes of the Great Patriotic War Square. At this section three stations are connected with the underground railway stations.
Column AColumn B
1. put into operation a. allowed rate at which something
moves or travels
2. isolated strip of land b. one part of a long journey between
places where trains regularly stop
3. leg between stations c. a raised place beside a railway track
where you can get on and off a train
in a station
4. passenger boarding platform d. normal and usual for people living in
a particular place
5. admissible speed e. make something start to work
6. quite customary for the residents f. a separate long narrow area
D. Put in the following words in each space in the text below. ***
| on (2) in (4) for (3) of (2) under with (2) |
Apart from Blackpool, (1) _____ the Lancashire coast, all the tram systems which operated in many (2) _____ the major towns and cities (3) _____ Britain between the wars were closed (4) _____ the 1940s and 1950s to make way (5) _____ the motorcar. Now, however, there has been a renewal (6) _____ interest in the tram concept, (7) _____ major systems already (8) _____ operation in Manchester and Sheffield, and networks (9) _____ construction in Croydon (south London) and Birmingham. The Manchester Metrolink has been remarkably successful (10) _____ 13,8 million trips in 1997 and there are several plans (11) _____ extensions. Work (12) _____ a new light rail system (13) _____ Nottingham, which was authorized (14) _____ December 1998, is due to begin in 1999.
Grammar Focus
The Passive
A.