I. Read the words and word combinations and translate them into Russian. Cross-border pipelines, remote sources, pipeline delivery, landlocked, because liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects
Cross-border pipelines, remote sources, pipeline delivery, landlocked, because liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects, gas markets, erode, reinforce, gas sector reform, gas-to-gas competition, electricity sector reform, combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) generation, vulnerability to disruption, dimensions, innate, certain innate characteristics, to encourage, grid balancing.
II. Make up the word combinations
traditional sources
remote markets
institutional factors
gas sector
strong damage
environmental demand
generating factors
innate problems
differentiating characteristics
reconnection conflict
Ш. Fill in the missing words(pipelines, dimensions, institutional, impact, markets)
1. In the near future, the world will need more cross-border … for oil and gas.
2. Reserves close to traditional … are being depleted.
3. Many gas markets have been constrained by regulatory and … factors.
4. Higher financing costs also seriously … the delivered cost of the fuel.
5. Cross-border pipelines have three relevant … .
IV. Agree or disagree with the following statements
1. Cross-border pipelines involve the use of pipelines.
2. Cross-border pipelines may involve the use of transit.
3. There is rarely much greater rent associated with oil than with gas.
4. Security of supply is as important for gas as for oil.
5. The environmental threats from oil and gas pipelines differ significantly.
V. Put the words in order to make a sentence
1. Reserves/ traditional /to/ markets /being /close /are /depleted.
2. This/perception /negative/ inhibits/ operation/ the/ of /existing/ lines.
3. This/ negative/ inhibits/ the/ building/ new /perception/ of /lines.
4. Higher /costs/ impact/ financing/ the/ cost /delivered/ of /the/ fuel.
5. The/ option /LNG/ remains/ conversion/ to /a /costly.
VI. Find the definitions to the following words
a) minority, b) damage, c) outage, d) perception.
VII. Discuss in pairs the prospects of pipelines in the nearest decade
VIII. Make grammar analyses of the sentence
A potential “dash for gas” furthermore is being reinforced in many areas by a combination of gas sector reform, creating gas-to-gas competition.
IX. Find the examples of Present Perfect Passive tense in the text. When do we use the tense?
X. Give short answers to the questions
1. Are reserves close to traditional markets being depleted?
2. Will more remote sources of oil and gas be required?
3. Have many gas markets been constrained by regulatory and institutional factors?
4. Do cross-border pipelines have three relevant dimensions?
5. Is there normally much greater rent associated with oil than with gas?
XI. Read the questions and fill in the correct word
1. … will more remote sources of oil and gas be required?
a) Why
b) Whose
c) Where
2. …reinforces the potential of “dash for gas” in many areas?
a) Who
b) How
c) What
3. … is the problem that is connected with cross-border oil and gas pipelines?
a) What
b) Which
c) Where
4. … does higher financing costs seriously impact?
a) Where
b) What
c) When
5. … relevant dimensions do cross-border pipelines have?
a) How many
b) How long
c) How much
6. … are the main differentiating factors between oil and gas?
a) What
b) Where
c) When
7. … is the security of supply more important for?
a) What
b) Who
c) How much
8. … is the difference between oil and gas pipelines in their characteristics?
a) What
b) Where
c) When
XII. Answer the questions
1. Why will the world need more cross-border pipelines for oil and gas in future?
2. What rinds of reserves are being depleted?
3. What are the factors that explain the reasons for cross-border pipelines for oil and gas?
4. What is the problem that is connected with cross-border oil and gas pipelines?
5. What relevant dimensions do cross-border pipelines have?