How to read chemical formulas
При чтении химических формул буквы латинского алфавита, обозначающие название элементов, читаются согласно английским названиям букв алфавита.
Знак – обозначает одну связь или единицу родства и не читается.
Знак = читается: give, form, produce.
Знак → читается: give, pass over, lead to.
Знак ↔ читается: forms and is formed from.
Цифра (внизу) после названия элемента обозначает число атомов в молекуле.
Цифра перед названием элемента обозначает число молекул.
Примеры:
H2O [‘eit∫ 'tu: 'ou];
HNO3 ['eit∫ 'en 'ou 'θri:];
AgNO3 ['ei'dʒi: 'en 'ou 'θri:];
C + O2 → CO2: C plus O two give CO two or: one atom of carbon reacted with one two-atom molecule of oxygen and produces one molecule of carbon dioxide;
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O: two molecules of H two plus O two give two molecules of H two O ['tu: 'mɔlikju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: pl ʌ s 'ou 'tu: giv 'tu: 'mɔlikju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: 'ou] или: two two-atom molecules of hydrogen react with one two-atom molecule of oxygen and produce two molecules of water;
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3: N two plus three molecules of H two from and are formed from two molecules of NH three ['en 'tu: plлs 'θri: 'mɔlikju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: 'fɔ:m ənd a: 'fɔ:md frəm 'tu: 'mɔlikju:lz əv 'en 'eit∫ 'θri:]
Reading of an equation: Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
The “plus” sign on the left of the arrow means “reacts with”; the arrow means “forming” or “producing”; and the “plus” sign on the right of the arrow means “and”.
So this equation is read:“One atom of zinc reacts with one molecule of sulphuric acid producing one molecule of zinc sulphate and one molecule of hydrogen”.
III
HOW TO READ CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
CH4 + 2O2 → CO + 2H2O ['si: 'eit∫ 'fɔ : 'plлs 'tu: 'mɔ likju:lz əv 'ou 'tu: 'givz 'si: 'ou 'plлs 'tu: 'mɔ likju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: 'ou].
H++ NaHCO3 → Na+ + H2CO4 → Na+ + H2O + CO2 ['haidrədʒən 'aiən 'plлs 'en 'ei 'eit∫ 'si: 'ou'θri: 'givz 'neitriəm 'aiən 'plлs 'eit∫ 'tu: 'si: 'ou 'θri: 'givz 'neitriəm 'aiən 'plлs 'eit∫ 'tu: 'ou 'plлs 'tu:'si: 'tu:].
4HCl + O2 = 2Cl2 + 2H2O ['fɔ : 'mɔ likju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'si: 'el 'plлs 'ou 'tu: 'givz 'tu: 'mɔ likju:lz 'si: 'el 'ənd 'tu: 'mɔ likju:lz əv 'eit∫ 'tu: 'ou].
AcOH ↔ AcO− + H+ ['ei 'si: 'ou 'eit∫ 'fɔ :mz ənd iz 'fɔ :md frəm 'ei 'si: 'ɔ ksidʒən 'aiən 'plлs 'haidrədʒən 'aiən].
AcO −− acyloxy ion.
IV
IRREGULAR VERBS
| Infinitive | Past Simple | Past Participle |
| arise [ə'raiz] | arose [ə'rəuz] | arisen [ə'riz(ə)n] |
| awake [ə'weik] | awoke [ə'wəuk] | awoken [ə'wəukən] |
| be [bi:] | was [wɔz], were [wз:] | been [bi:n] |
| bear [bɛə] | bore [bɔ:] | born [bɔ:n] |
| beat [bi:t] | beat [bi:t] | beaten ['bi:tn] |
| become [bi:kʌm] | became [bi:keim] | become[bi:kʌm] |
| begin [bi'gin] | began [bi'gæn] | begun [bi'gʌn] |
| bend [bend] | bent [bent] | bent [bent] |
| bet [bet] | bet [bet] | bet [bet] |
| bind [baind] | bound [baund] | bound [baund] |
| bite [bait] | bit [bit] | bitten ['bitn] |
| bleed [bli:d] | bled [bled] | bled [bled] |
| blow [blou] | blew [blu:] | blown [bloun] |
| break [breik] | broke [brouk] | broken ['brouk(e)n] |
| breed [bri:d] | bred [bred] | bred [bred] |
| bring [briŋ] | brought [brɔ:t] | brought [brɔ:t] |
| broadcast ['brɔ:dka:st] | broadcast ['brɔ:dka:st] | broadcast ['brɔ:dka:st] |
| browbeat ['braubi:t] | browbeaten ['braubi:tn] | browbeaten ['braubi:tn] |
| build [bild] | built [bilt] | built [bilt] |
| burn [bз:n] | burnt [bз:nt] | burnt [bз:nt] |
| burst [bз:st] | burst [bз:st] | burst [bз:st] |
| bust [bʌst] | bust [bʌst] | bust [bʌst] |
| buy [bai] | bought [bɔ:t] | bought [bɔ:t] |
| catch [kætʃ] | caught [kɔ:t] | caught [kɔ:t] |
| choose [tʃu:z] | chose [ʃəuz] | chosen [tʃəuz(ə)n] |
| come [kʌm] | came [keim] | come [kʌm] |
| cost [cɔst] | cost [cɔst] | cost [cɔst] |
| creep [kri:p] | crept [krept] | crept [krept] |
| cut [kʌt] | cut [kʌt] | cut [kʌt] |
| do [du:] | did [did] | done [dʌn] |
| draw [drɔ:] | drew [dru:] | drawn [drɔ:n] |
| dream [dri:m] | dreamt [dremt] | dreamt [dremt] |
| drink [driŋk] | drank [dræŋk] | drunk [drʌŋk] |
| drive [draiv] | drove [drouv] | driven ['drivn] |
| eat [i:t] | ate [et] | eaten ['i:tn] |
| fall [fɔ:l] | fell [fel] | fallen ['fɔ:lən] |
| feed [fi:d] | fed [fed] | fed [fed] |
| feel [fi:l] | felt [felt] | felt [felt] |
| fight [fait] | fought [fɔ:t] | fought [fɔ:t] |
| find [faind] | found [faund] | found [faund] |
| fit [fit] | fit [fit] | fit [fit] |
| fly [flai] | flew [flu:] | flown [floun] |
| forget [fə'get] | forgot [fə'gɔt] | forgotten [fə'gɔt(ə)n] |
| forgive [fo'giv] | forgave [fo'geiv] | forgiven [fo'givn] |
| freeze [fri:z] | froze [frouz] | frozen ['frouzn] |
| get [ get ] | got [gɔt] | got [gɔt] |
| give [giv] | gave [geiv] | given [givn] |
| go [gou] | went [went] | gone [gɔn] |
| grow [grou] | grew [gru:] | grown [groun] |
| hang [hæŋ] | hung [hʌŋ] | hung [hʌŋ] |
| have [hæv] | had [hæd] | had [hæd] |
| hear [hiə] | heard [hз:d] | heard [hз:d] |
| hide [haid] | hid [hid] | hidden ['hidn] |
| hit [hit] | hit [hit] | hit [hit] |
| hold [hould] | held [held] | held [held] |
| hurt [hз:t] | hurt [hз:t] | hurt [hз:t] |
| keep [ki:p] | kept [kept] | kept [kept] |
| kneel [ni:l] | knelt [nelt] | knelt [nelt] |
| know [nou] | knew [nju:] | known [noun] |
| lay [lei] | laid [leid] | laid [leid] |
| lead [li:d] | led [led] | led [led] |
| lean [li:n] | leant [lent] | leant [lent] |
| learn [lз:n] | learnt [lз:nt] | learnt [lз:nt] |
| leave [li:v] | left [left] | left [left] |
| lend [lend] | lent [lent] | lent [lent] |
| let [let] | let [let] | let [let] |
| lie [lai] | lay [lei] | lain [lein] |
| light [lait] | lit [lit] | lit [lit] |
| lose [lu:z] | lost [lɔst] | lost [lɔst] |
| make [meik] | made [meid] | made [meid] |
| mean [mi:n] | meant [ment] | meant [ment] |
| meet [mi:t] | met [met] | met [met] |
| mistake [mis'teik] | mistook [mis'tuk] | mistaken [mis'teik(e)n] |
| pay [pei] | paid [peid] | paid [peid] |
| prove [pru:v] | proved [pru:vd] | proven [pru:vn] |
| put [put] | put [put] | put [put] |
| quit [kwit] | quit [kwit] | quit [kwit] |
| read [ri:d] | read [red] | read [red] |
| ride [raid] | rode [roud] | ridden ['ridn] |
| ring [riŋ] | rang [ræŋ] | rung [rʌŋ] |
| rise [raiz] | rose [rouz] | risen ['rizn] |
| run [rʌŋ] | ran [ræŋ] | run [rʌŋ] |
| say [sei] | said [sed] | said [sed] |
| see [si:] | saw [sɔ:] | seen [si:n] |
| seek [si:k] | sought [sɔ:t] | sought [sɔ:t] |
| sell [sel] | sold [sould] | sold [sould] |
| send [send] | sent [sent] | sent [sent] |
| set [set] | set [set] | set [set] |
| sew [sou] | sewed [soud] | sewn [soun] |
| shake [ʃeik] | shook [ʃuk] | shaken ['ʃeik(ə)n] |
| show [ʃəu] | showed [ʃəud] | shown [ʃəun] |
| shrink [ʃriŋk] | shrank [ʃræŋk] | shrunk [ʃrʌŋk] |
| shut [ʃʌt] | shut [ʃʌt] | shut [ʃʌt] |
| sing [siŋ] | sang [sæŋ] | sung [sʌŋ] |
| sink [siŋk] | sank [sæŋk], sunk [sʌŋk] | sunk [sʌŋk] |
| sit [sit] | sat [sæt] | sat [sæt] |
| sleep [sli:p] | slept [slept] | slept [slept] |
| slide [slaid] | slid [slid] | slid [slid] |
| sow [sou] | sowed [soud] | sown [soun] |
| speak [spi:k] | spoke [spouk] | spoken ['spouk(e)n] |
| spell [spel] | spelt [spelt] | spelt [spelt] |
| spend [spend] | spent [spent] | spent [spent] |
| spill [spil] | spilt [spilt] | spilt [spilt] |
| spoil [spɔil] | spoilt [spɔilt] | spoilt [spɔilt] |
| spread [spred] | spread [spred] | spread [spred] |
| spring [spriŋ] | sprang [spræŋ] | sprung [sprʌŋ] |
| stand [stænd] | stood [stu:d] | stood [stu:d] |
| steal [sti:l] | stole [stoul] | stolen ['stəulən] |
| stick [stik] | stuck [stʌk] | stuck [stʌk] |
| sting [stiŋ] | stung [stʌŋ] | stung [stʌŋ] |
| sweep [swi:p] | swept [swept] | swept [swept] |
| swell [swel] | swelled [sweld] | swollen ['swoul(e)n] |
| swim [swim] | swam [swem] | swum [swʌm] |
| swing [swiŋ] | swung [swʌŋ] | swung [swʌŋ] |
| take [teik] | took [tuk] | taken ['teik(ə)n] |
| teach [ti:tʃ] | taught [tɔ:t] | taught [tɔ:t] |
| tear [tɛə] | tore [tɔ:] | torn [tɔ:n] |
| tell [tel] | told [tould] | told [tould] |
| think [θiŋk] | thought [θɔ:t] | thought [θɔ:t] |
| throw [θrəu] | threw [θru:] | thrown [θrəun] |
| understand [ʌndə'stænd] | understood [ʌndə'stud] | understood [ʌndə'stud] |
| wake [weik] | woke [wouk] | woken ['wouk(e)n] |
| wear [wɛə] | wore [wɔ:] | worn [wɔ:n] |
| weep [wi:p] | wept [wept] | wept [wept] |
| wet [wet] | wet [wet] | wet [wet] |
| win [win] | won [wʌn] | won [wʌn] |
| wind [waind] | wound [waund] | wound [waund] |
| write [rait] | wrote [rout] | written ['ritn] |
V