Справочные таблицы по грамматике английского языка

Таблица 1

Все времена действительного залога

(Tenses in Active Voice)

  Present Past Future
Simple (Indefinite) 1. Факт 2. Регулярное действие He is a pupil. Is he a pupil? He goes to school every day. Does he go to school every day? every day (week), usually, often, always, seldom, rarely, never, sometimes, occasionally He was a pupil last year. Was he a pupil last year? He went to school yesterday. Did he go to school yesterday? yesterday, last year (week), ago He will be a pupil next year. Will he be a pupil next year? He will go to school tomorrow. Will he go to school tomorrow? next year (month), tomorrow, in (a week)
Continuous (Progressive) действие, происходящее в определенный момент (know, consider, believe, want, like, feel, love, think) He is reading now. Is he reading now? now, at present, at the moment, still, while Look! Listen! He was reading. Was he reading?
  1. at 5, the whole day yesterday
  2. from 5 till 7 last Sunday
  3. when I came
He will be reading. Will he be reading?
  1. at 5 tomorrow
  2. from 5 till 7 tomorrow
  3. when I come
Perfect действие, совершенное к определенному моменту He has already read this book. Has he read this book yet? already, just, never, ever, yet, recently, lately, this year (week), today He had read the book. Had he read the book?
  1. By 5 o’clock
  2. When I came
before, after
He will have read this book. Will he have read this book?
  1. by 5 tomorrow
  2. When I come
Perfect Continuous (Perfect Progressive) действие, начавшееся до определенного момента и продолжающееся в этот момент He has been reading the book
  1. Since 2 o’clock
  2. For 3 hours
But: I have known him for 2 years
He had been reading the book for 2 hours
  1. By 5 o’clock
  2. When I came
He will have been reading the book for 2 hours. Will he have been reading the book for 2 hours?
  1. By 5 o’clock
  2. when I come

Таблица 2

Таблица всех времен в страдательном залоге

(Tenses in Passive Voice)

  Present Past Future Future in-the-Past
Simple (Indefinite) Letters are written every day The letter was written yesterday The letter will be written tomorrow (He said that) the letter would be written the next day
Continuous (Progressive) The letter is being written now The letter was being written at 5 o’clock yesterday ______ ______
Perfect The letter has already been written The letter had been writtenby 5 o’clock yesterday The letter will have been written by 5 o’clock tomorrow (He said that) he would have been writtenby 5 o’clock the next day
Perfect Continuous (Perfect Progressive) _______ _______ _______ _______

Таблица 3

Правила согласования времен

(Sequence of Tenses)

Сдвиг времен в придаточном дополнительном при главном предложении в прошедшем времени
Present Simple – Past Simple Present Continuous – Past Continuous Действие придаточного предложения происходит одновременно с действием главного.
справочные таблицы по грамматике английского языка - student2.ru Present Perfect справочные таблицы по грамматике английского языка - student2.ru Past Perfect Past Simple Действие придаточного предложения предшествует действию главного.
Future – Future-in-the-Past Действие придаточного предложения совершается позже действия главного.


Употребляя простые предложения в роли придаточных дополнительных при главном предложении в прошедшем времени, сдвигайте времена, как указано в таблице:

He lives in New York. I thought that he lived in New York.   Mother is sleeping. I knew that mother was sleeping. Одновременное действие   Одновременное действие
He has returned from London. I was told that he had returned from London.   He bought a new car. I heard that he had bought a new car. Предшествующее действие   Предшествующее действие
He will send us a letter. I supposed that he would send us a letter. Последующее действие

Таблица 4

Правила перевода прямой речи в косвенную речь

(Reported speech)

Косвенная речь

При переводе предложений в косвенную речь не забывайте заменять обстоятельства времени, как указано в таблице
Direct speech Indirect speech
now today yesterday tomorrow … ago this … these … here last year last month last … next … then that day the day before the next day … before that … those … there the year before the month before the … before the following …

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