Как вводным словом (выражением)
to begin with прежде всего
to judge by судя по
to cut the long story short короче говоря
to put it another way иначе говоря
needless to say нет надобности говорить
to say nothing of не говоря уже о
to be exact точнее говоря
to say the least мягко выражаясь
to sum up подводя итог
to quote a single example если привести один пример
to tell the truth по правде говоря
to illustrate для иллюстрации, например
to take an example например
to generalize обобщая, в общем
Инфинитивный оборот For … to VИнфинитивный оборот For … to V (For … to V construction) состоит из:
1) предлога for и существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже (me, him, her, us, you, them), обозначающего субъект действия инфинитива.
2) инфинитива с частицей to, обозначающего действие.
Инфинитивный оборот For … to V1 переводится придаточным предложением с союзом чтобы (что), подлежащее которого определяется субъектом действия инфинитива, а сказуемое – инфинитивом.
(1) (2)
For this methodto be valuable it must be improved.
(1) (2)
Чтобы этот методбыл полезным, его надо усовершенствовать.
В некоторых случаях возможен перевод без придаточного предложения, неопределенной формой глагола.
There is a possibility for him to attend the conference.
У него есть возможность присутствовать на конференции.
Part A
Task A1. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as a subject.
1. To understand is to forgive.
2. To err is human.
3. To explain this simple fact is not very easy.
4. Whether to leave or not has not been decided yet.
5. Where to hang a picture must be decided right now.
6. Which advice to follow is your own business.
7. To give a true picture of the surrounding matter is the task of natural science.
Task A2. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as a part of the predicate.
1. To read a lot is to know a lot.
2. The aim was to discuss the impact of scientific activity on technology.
3. To choose time is to save time.
4. His intention is to get into parliament.
5. Perhaps the greatest problem at present is to get some understanding of the remarkable phenomenon of memory.
6. The original idea was to take advantage of the high temperature of the process.
7. His primary task is to provide conditions for our experiments.
Task A3. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an object.
1. She learned to dance at school.
2. He found it impossible to raise the question at the meeting.
3. I don’t know whether to apply for a job or not.
4. The experimental results are not easy to interpret.
5. The latest paper by Peter is rather difficult to understand.
6. He is happy to have passed all the exams successfully.
7. Jane is ready to give an interview.
8. Do you want to go to the lecture?
9. She likes to sing English songs.
Task A4. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an attribute.
1. We shall study minerals to be obtained in this mountain.
2. The first scientist to discover this phenomenon was Lavoisier.
3. There are many examples to illustrate the rule.
4. The procedure to be followed depends upon the substance.
5. Here are some more figures to be referred to later.
6. There was only one signal to be detected.
7. There is nothing to be surprised at.
8. Here are the papers to be signed.
9. There was nobody to speak to.
Task A5. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as an adverbial modifier.
1. To enter an institute you have to take entrance exams.
2. You are too young to understand it.
3. To understand the importance of the event you should know all the facts.
4. He was clever enough to answer any question.
5. To master English you should work hard.
6. Laws were not made to be broken; laws were made to stay within.
7. She put on her coat so as not to be cold.
8. I was too busy to see anyone.
9. He was so weak as to be unable to work.
Task A6. Translate the sentences with the infinitive as a parenthesis.
1. To begin with, one can say that an electric current is the result of a flow of electric charges.
2. To be sure, a great progress in chemistry has been made in the last few decades.
3. To sum up the chapter, gas theory enables us to determine some of the properties of molecular exterior.
4. To illustrate, Figure 2 gives the energy level diagram of potassium.
5. To anticipate a little, the evidence supports the view that the cathode rays consist of swiftly moving, negative electrons.
6. To begin with, he has been working for this company for 30 years.
7. To tell the truth, he can’t be relied upon.
Task A7. Translate the sentences with theiInfinitive in the For …to V construction.
1. It was impossible for me to solve this problem myself.
2. She was waiting for somebody to come.
3. The lady was speaking too fast for me to get her.
4. He asked for the papers to be brought.
5. I am anxious (мне очень хочется) for Mr. Smith to succeed in all he undertakes.
6. The best thing for you to do is to meet him.
7. She was impatient for him to be gone.
8. There was really nothing for him to do there.
9. For a force to exist there must be two objects involved.
10. The temperature was too low for the substance to decompose.
Task A8. Translate into Russian.
1. We were sorry to find out that most of the museums were closed that day.
2. This is a man to be relied upon.
3. This is an interesting fact to be mentioned in the report.
4. To take an example, let us go back to the chapter which has been described earlier.
5. You would rather go to class tomorrow than today.
6. There is nothing to be afraid of.
7. His name is difficult to pronounce.
8. Sally was the first to offer her help.
9. The terms to be insisted on are as follows.
10. The tendency was for the gas to become ionized.
11. To understand the phenomenon the laws of motion should be considered.
12. The motion took place long enough for the bodies to become heated.
Task A9. Insert to where necessary. Translate into Russian.
1. I think you ought ... apologize.
2. Can you help me ... move this table?
3. I must ... see him now. It’s urgent.
4. It can’t ... be done now.
5. She asked me ... read the letter carefully and ... write an answer.
6. The man told me not ... walk on the grass.
7. Let me ... help you with your work.
8. She ought ... take care of her health.
9. We had better ... stop to rest a little.
10. I don’t know what ... do.
11. I can’t ... go there now, I have ... do my homework.
12. He is not sure that it can .... be done, but he is willing ...try.
13. She looked for the book everywhere but could not ... find it.
14. He said that she might ... come soon.
Part B
Task B1. Translate into Russian.
1. To avoid making mistake is always very difficult, because to err is human.
2. To appreciate the accuracy of the data, refer to Table 1 on page 57.
3. The system should be designed to meet information requirements.
4. A common objective is to maximize the excess of value over cost.
5. Some of the immediate benefits to be obtained from a bargain are the following.
6. What we try to do is to foretell a general tendency rather than a particular development.
7. The aim of the book is to present the case for an extensive study of this complicated phenomenon.
8. To conclude, a definite science politics is needed if the development of science is to favour the best interests of the country.
Task B2. Choose the correct infinitive form and translate into Russian.
1. The article must (translate / be translated) into Russian.
2. Ann did very well at the exam. She must (be studying / have studied) very hard.
3. George has (to call / to be called) his insurance agent today.
4. It is too cold (to bathe / to have bathed) today.
5. I hope (to send / to be sent) to the conference.
6. The budget committee decided (to postpone / to be postponed) the meeting.
7. The weather seems (to be improving / to have improved) now.
8. I am glad (to have seen / to have been seen) you.
9. The letter may (have been sent / have sent) to the wrong address.
10. I am looking for Helen. Do you know where she is? She may (watch / be watching) TV in her room.
Task B3. Find the infinitive and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.
| Infinitive as a Subject | Infinitive as an Adverbial Modifier |
1. To solve this problem is extremely important.
2. To solve this problem you have to make a great many experiments.
3. To drive a car in a big city is very difficult.
4. To drive a car in a big city one must be an experienced driver.
5. To calculate the age of our planet one must have much knowledge in different branches of science.
6. To calculate the age of our planet requires much knowledge in diffеrent branches of science.
7. To get the new magazine I had to go to the library.
8. To run modern machines workers must be educated.
9. To avoid an accident the cars had to move slowly.
10. To get to the earth the rays of the sun have to travel during 8 minutes.
11. To find the mass of the electron numerous experiments had to be made.
12. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy we must use an electrical cell.
13. To prevent corrosion metal must be covered with paint.
14. To give advice is easier than to follow it.
15. To prove it will be very difficult.
Task B4. Choose the correct English equivalent.
1. Макс хочет обучать вас испанскому языку.
A) Max wants to teach you Spanish.
B) Max wants to be taught Spanish.
2. Ребенок любит, чтобы ему читали.
A) The child likes to read.
B) The child likes to be read to.
3. Я хочу, чтобы меня проинформировали об ее приезде.
A) I want to be informed of her arrival.
B) I want to inform him of her arrival.
4. Грейс рада, что ее пригласили на вечер.
A) Grace is happy to have invited us to the party.
B) Grace is happy to have been invited to the party.
5. Мне не нравится, когда Вы меня беспокоите.
A) I don’t like to be disturbed by you.
B) I don’t like to disturb you.
6. Я сделал вид, что читаю газету.
A) I pretended to be reading the newspaper.
B) I pretended to have read the newspaper.
7. Я рад, что выбрал правильный ответ.
A) I am glad to have chosen the proper answer.
B) I am glad to be chosen the proper answer.
8. Ты мог бы попрощаться со мной.
A) You could say goodbye to me.
B) You could be said goodbye to me.
Task B5. Change the sentences according to the model.Model 1: I am sorry I don’t believe you. > I am sorry not to believe you.1. I am sorry Idon’t speak French.2. I am lucky I study at the University.
3. Не is glad he has acquired а good knowledge of English.4. We are happy we have a good time here. Model 2: I am glad I am asked to help you. > I am glad to be asked to help you. 5. He is sorry he is compared to a man like that.6. She is lucky she is given much attention.7. They were unlucky they weren’t given much attention.8. Не is glad he is supported.Task B6. Change the sentences according to the model.Model: She compared these substances. It was not easy. > It was not easy for her to compare these substances.1. He provided broad answers to their questions. It was important.
2. She treated the subject thoroughly. It was difficult.
3. They touched on a variety of more general topics. It was useful.
4. The author considered all these questions. It was not difficult.
5. They participated in the meeting. It was necessary.
6. He proved the validity of his conclusions. It was not easy.
7. They obtained the substance in extremely pure form. It was necessary.
Task B7. Change the sentences according to the model.Model: I have brought the book so that you may read it. > I have brought the book for you to read.1. He suggested an article so that they should discuss it.2. We have assembled a new device so that they may use it in their experiment.3. I can provide some new information so that you may use it in your future work.4. I have simplified the sentence so that you may translate it.5. He began to speak louder so that everybody might hear him well.6. He suggested an interesting problem so that you might consider it.7. He has described the new scheme in detail so that you may make use of it. Task B8. Correct the mistakes if any.1. I can check all these calculations once more.
2. You should to consult the doctor.
3. This food must keep at -20º.
4. It is possible for the reaction occur.
5. Is it reasonable to upgrade the device?6. I’d like to be made an appointment.
7. The President is to have visited Vienna next year.
8. It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home.
9. Do you understand what to do?
10. I promised not be late.
11. Could I to use your phone?
12. I’d better to go now.
Part CTask C1. Respond according to the model.Model: To study English is not important. > Just the opposite. It’s important to study English.1. To work with mercury is not dangerous.2. To detect second sound in such materials is not difficult.3. To investigate the properties of this substance is not important.4. To draw decisive conclusions on the problem is not possible.5. To read through the history of physics is not interesting.6. To discuss methods for studying such phenomena is not necessary.7. To explain the difference between these processes is not reasonable.8. To obtain this kind of information is not easy. Task C2. Change the sentences according to the model.Model 1: This device is primitive. It cannot be used in our experiment. > This device is too primitive to be used in experiment.1. The ideas are old. They will not be discussed now.2. The question is serious. It cannot be answered at once.3. The method is complicated. It should not be used by the students.4. The book is difficult. It cannot be adapted for our students.5. The explanation is too theoretical. It should not be given to students.6. This description is too elementary. It should not be used for our purpose. Model 2: He considered that it was important to provide answers to their questions. > He considered it important to provide answers to their questions.7. He thought that it was necessary to simplify the procedure.8. He thought that it was useful to touch on a variety of more general topics.9. He found that it was impossible to consider all these problems in one article.10. He didn’t consider that it was easy to compare these substances.11. He found that it was impossible to adapt his plans to suit new circumstances.12. They thought that it was necessary to take particular care over doing that task. Task C3. Translate from Russian into English using infinitives.1. Я рад, что приобрел достаточные знания.2. Вы рады, что вам предложили это исследование?3. Инженеры сообщили, что достигли хороших результатов при последних испытаниях новой модели.
4. Он первым выбрал правильное решение.5. Ваша задача заключается в том, чтобы наблюдать за экспериментом.
6. Чтобы повысить цену, мы должны улучшить качество товаров.
7. Решить эту проблему очень важно.8. Лучший способ решить эту проблему – много работать.9. Он должен был решить эту проблему немедленно.10. Эта проблема должна быть решена в ближайшем будущем.11. Они хотели решить эту проблему.12. Они слишком устали, чтобы решать эту проблему сейчас.Task C4. Translate into English using For…to V construction.
1. Язык специалистов трудно понять обычному человеку.
2. Двух часов достаточно, чтобы произошла реакция.
3. Математикам потребовалось долгое время, чтобы осознать сложность задачи.
4. Чтобы запрограммировать компьютер, задача должна быть сведена к серии очень простых шагов.
5. Ученому необходимо внедрить свое изобретение.
6. Трех лет недостаточно, чтобы этот проект был завершен.
Unit 4. Complex Object. Infinitive or ing-form?Сложное дополнение (Complex Object) располагается после сказуемого и состоит из:
1) существительного или местоимения в объектном падеже (me, him, her, it, us, you, them), обозначающего субъект действия;
2) инфинитива с частицей to, или инфинитива без частицы to или ing-формы.
После глаголов со значениями «заставлять» (make, cause и др.) и «позволять» (allow, permit, enable, let и др.) сложное дополнение переводится существительным (местоимением) и неопределенной формой глагола.
(1) (2)
The pressure causes the iceto melt.
(1) (2)
Давление заставляет ледтаять
После глаголов make и let инфинитив используется БЕЗ частицы to.
(1) (2)
The rain made himdrive slower.
(1) (2)
Дождь заставил егоехать медленнее.
После глаголов чувственного восприятия (see, hear, feel, watch, observe и др.) и мыслительной деятельности (think, expect, assume, consider и др.) сложное дополнение переводится придаточным предложением, подлежащее которого определяется первым элементом сложного дополнения, а сказуемое – вторым.
(1) (2)
He considers the problemto beсome difficult.
(1) (2)
Он считает, что задачастановится сложной.
(1) (2)
We expect the documentsto be signed within a week.
(1) (2)
Мы ожидаем, что документыбудут подписаны в течение недели.
(1) (2)
После глаголов чувственного восприятия инфинитив употребляется БЕЗ частицы to.
(1) (2)
We often see themplay tennis.
(1) (2)
Мы часто видим, как онииграют в теннис.
I heard the windwhistling all night.
(1) (2)
Я слышал, какветерсвистел всю ночь.
Однако если сказуемое используется в пассивном залоге, инфинитив всегда употребляется с частицей to:
They were made to do it. Их заставили это сделать.
She was seen to leave the room. Видели, как она выходила из комнаты.
После глагола help – помогать инфинитив может употребляться как с частицей to, так и без нее.
Инфинитив или ing-форма?
После некоторых глаголов обычно используется инфинитив: want – хотеть, ask – просить, help – помогать, expect – ожидать, offer – предлагать, would like – хотел бы, afford – позволять, agree – соглашаться, decide – решать, promise – обещать, refuse – отказывать.
I want you to come with me. Я хочу, чтобы ты пошел со мной.
После некоторых глаголов обычно используется ing-форма: imagine – воображать, keep on – продолжать, mind – возражать, admit – допускать, deny – отрицать, enjoy – нравиться, suggest – предлагать, stand – выносить.
I can’t imagine George riding a motorbike. Я не могу представить себе, как Джордж ездит на мотоцикле.
После некоторых глаголов используется как инфинитив, так и ing-форма: begin, start – начинать, continue – продолжать, intend – намереваться, stop – останавливаться, прекращать, remember – помнить, вспоминать, regret – сожалеть, жалеть, try – пытаться, пробовать.
It has started to rain. = It has started raining. Начался дождь.
Однако ing-форма не должна следовать за ing-формой
It is starting to rain. Начинается дождь.
При этом смысл глагола может несколько отличаться, ср.:
Did you remember to turn off the lights? Ты не забыл выключить свет? I remember traveling around China. Я вспоминаю поездку в Китай.
After a couple of hours we stopped to have a rest. Через пару часов мы остановились, чтобы отдохнуть. At 5 o’clock everyone stoppedworking and went home. В 5 часов все прекратили работу и пошли домой.
She triedto call you but she couldn’t get through. Она пыталась звонить тебе, но не могла дозвониться. Why don’t you try changing the batteries? Почему ты не попробуешь заменить батареи?
После глаголов чувственного восприятия используются как инфинитив, так и ing-форма, однако смысл будет несколько отличаться.
The accident happened. I saw this. Произошла авария. Я видел это. > I saw the accident happen. Я видел, как произошла авария.
I saw Kate yesterday. She was waiting for a bus. Я видел Кейт вчера. Она ждала автобуса. > I saw Kate waiting for a bus. Я видел Кейт, когда она ждала автобус.
Part A
Task A1. Make the sentences and translate them into Russian.
a) I would like you to forget it
She wants me to remember that day
They wished him to take care of the children
us to resign
John to call for the doctor
Ann to tell the truth
b) We want the plan to be adopted
They don’t wish the problem to be solved
Would you like the fact to be revealed?
He wouldn’t like the work to be done properly
She meant the review to be prepared
everything to be arranged
the facts to be checked
c) He allows me to use his telephone.
I allow her to change the article.
We didn’t tell anyone to read his papers.
They ordered everybody to stay at home.
She does not ask him to bring magazines.
You will get them to go for a walk.
d) The professor allowed the prisoner to be arrested.
The chief did not allow the man to be set free.
The manager ordered the bridge to be blown up.
The commander the device to be questioned.
The inspector anything to be changed.
to be operated on.
Task A2. Translate into Russian:
1. I supposed him to be about fifty.
2. I believed her to be in St. Petersburg.
3. We knew them to be right.
4. They thought us to be experienced enough to carry out this work.
5. He considers her to be a good singer.
6. We expected him to arrive soon.
7. Do you expect the documents to be signed tomorrow?
8. He expects them to finish the work as soon as possible.
9. You must ask someone to see her off.
10. Let him follow my advice.
11. She can make them get in touch with me.
Task A3. Insert to where necessary and translate into Russian.
1. I saw him … cross the street.
2. They allowed us … go to the party.
3. I hate him … interrupt me.
4. She would like … be invited to concert.
5. She felt him …. touch her hand.
6. She cannot bear him … speak like that.
7. We shall watch the ship … sail off.
8. Do your parents make you … study English?
9. I like people …tell the truth.
10. I haven’t heard anyone …call me.
Task A4. Translate into Russian.
1. During the experiment we saw the temperature fall rapidly.
2. They believe the substance to have dissolved.
3. We have thought this law to hold only for gases which are under normal conditions.
4. One may safely expect this prediction to be quite reliable.
5. On assuming the body with the mass m to be acted upon by force f, let us calculate the acceleration.
6. Examination with X-rays has shown the halogen even in the solid state to possess diatomic molecules.
7. They found radon to be 3 times as heavy as hydrogen.
Task A5. Make sentences using the Complex Object.
Model: He expected (they, arrive) at 5. > He expected them to arrive at 5.
1. Do you want (they, stay) at the hotel or with us?
2. I'd like (the professor, look through) my report.
3. Do you want (I, show) you the sights of the city?
4. We expect (he, arrange) everything by the time we come.
5. I want (she, tell) me the news in brief.
6. He expected (the meeting, hold) in the Red Room.
7. I would like (they, fix) an appointment for me for Tuesday.
8. We want (she, introduce) us to the president.
9. I don't want (they, be late) for dinner.
10. He expected (she, invite) to the party by the Smiths.
11. I'd like (the dress, buy) by Saturday.
12.1 don't want (she, treat) like Alice.
13. We considered (he, be) an honest person.
14. I don't like (she, prevent) me from doing it.
15. I suspect (he, help) by her.
Part B
Task B1. Change the sentences according to the model.Model: I saw how he seized something off the table. > I saw him seize something off the table.1. They watched how the light particles struck the heavy ones.2. We couldn’t see how the particles acquired the opposite sign.3. Will you be able to notice how they will acquire a sufficient charge?4. I’ve never observed how he rubs the substance with fur.5. I see that the substance behaves differently.6. He watched how we brought the two substances into contact.7. They saw how we changed the sign.8. They heard how I spoke on the cause for the Earth’s magnetism.9. We watched how they weighed the substances. Task B2. Complete the sentences. Use the following verbs in the correct forms (to-infinitive or bare infinitive).acquire change make electrify weigh support choose observe1. My parents want me … a sufficient knowledge of English.2. We saw him … considerably.3. We expect you … a new suggestion.4. The lab assistant watched the students … the substance rubbing it with fur.5. I asked you … the substances before the experiment takes place.6. We heard you … the new theory.7. I’d like you … the proper way.8. You’d better … the behavior of the nuclei.Task B3. Choose the correct form and translate into Russian.
1. We're still waiting for him (to arrive / arriving).2. I would love (to visit / visiting) India one day.3. Sandra tried (to write / writing) him a letter but he didn't answer.4. He only finished the essay on time by (to work / working) all night.5. Come here. I would like (to tell / telling) you something.6. Laura didn't want to leave without (to speak / speaking) to Dan.7. He is thinking about (to change / chanhing) jobs. Task B3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.1. He forgot (put) out the fire. 2. I'll never forget (visit) Italy for the first time.3. Jamie couldn't stop (think) about what had happened the night before.4. Sorry I'm a bit late. I had to stop (buy) petrol on the way over here.5. Did you remember (get) some milk when you were out?6. I remember (talk) to your friend Debbie at the party.7. George isn't here; he must (be) on his way to work.8. He wanted (catch) the 8 o'clock train but he was too late.9. We should (do) more to help endangered species. Part CTask C1. Translate into English.
1. Она попросила открыть окно.
2. Она попросила сына открыть окно.
3. Он не разрешил отвезти книги в институт.
4. Он не разрешил им отвозить книги в институт.
5. Директор попросил отослать письмо по электронной почте.
6. Директор попросил секретаря отослать письмо как можно быстрее.
7. Преподаватель разрешил сдать курсовую работу.
8. Преподаватель разрешил студентам сдать курсовую работу через неделю.
9. Он приказал продать товары немедленно.
10. Он приказал своему агенту продать товары немедленно.
11. Она попросила, чтобы ей показали письмо.
12. Она попросила секретаря показать ей письмо.
Task C2. Complete each sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first sentence. Model: I was surprised that this effect is measured directly. > I didn’t expect this effect to be measured directly.| 1. At first I didn’t want to take part in the conference, but my friend persuaded me. | My friend persuaded … |
| 2. I was not surprised that this fact found further confirmation. | I expected … |
| 3. I think you should know the results of the experiment. | I want you … |
| 4. This suggestion is wrong, we proved this. | We proved … |
| 5. The developers said that users could participate in writing the manual. | The developers allowed … |
| 6. The reaction goes faster when the pressure increases. | An increase in pressure makes … |
| 7. Don’t stop them studying the problem. | Let … |
Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject)состоит из:
1) существительного или местоимения в общем падеже (I, he, she, it, we, you, they), обозначающего субъект действия;
2) инфинитива с частицей to.
Между элементами сложного подлежащего располагается сказуемое предложения, которое переводится безличной конструкцией и может выражаться:
a) глаголом в пассивном залоге (assume , expect, think – полагать, consider – считать, see – видеть, hear – слышать, prove – оказываться и т.д.)
(1) (2) (3)
The problem is considered to remainunsolved.
(2) (1) (3)
Считается, что проблема осталасьнерешенной.
б) глаголом в активном залоге (seem, appear – казаться, happen, prove, turn out, chance – оказываться и др.)
(1) (2) (3)
The data proved to be wrong
(2) (1) (3)
Оказалось, что данные неверны.
в) выражениями с глаголоме to be (to be likely – вероятно, to be unlikely – маловероятно, to be sure, to be certain – несомненно и др.)
(1) (2) (3)
The weather is likely to change in a few days.
(2) (1) (3)
Вероятно, погода изменитсячерез несколько дней.
Part A
Task A1. Translate into Russian.
1. He is known to be a great book-lover.
2. The members of the committee are expected to come to an agreement.
3. Many buildings were reported to have been damaged by the fire.
4. The experiment is believed to be а failure.
5. She seems to know the subject well.
6. He happened to be at home at that time.
7. There seem to be no changes in the trade relations between these two countries.
8. There proved to be many difficulties in solving the matter.
9. There happened to be many people there at that time.
10. The ship can be expected to arrive at the end of the week.
Task A2. Make sentences and translate them into Russian.
а) Mary is considered to be a good singer
Mr. Robinson is believed a talented artist
Who was reported an experienced lawyer
They was announced capable students
was said a famous poet
are thought very brave
is known competent and efficient
b) The weather turned out to have forgotten her promise
I seemed to be there at that time
Kate proved to know English well
happened to be a good tennis player
chanced to be improving
c) He is unlikely to come soon
They are likely to be invited to the conference
The goods certain to know her address
Dr. Brown sure to be unloaded
to arrive in time
Task A3. Translate into Russian.
1. The radius of our orbit is believed to be increasing very slowly.
2. There appears to be direct evidence of the existence of negative electrons in matter.
3. Ordinary objects are not likely to move with a velocity approaching the velocity of light.
4. Secondary radiation may be expected to rise when the primary radiations are observed.
5. Light is to be considered as some kind of wave motion of electromagnetic origin.
6. In liquids and solids the movement of molecules must be supposed to be more restricted.
7. At first the alpha-rays were thought to be undeviated by the magnetic fields.
Part B
Task B1. Choose the correct English equivalent.
1. Известно, что они взяли эту информацию из журнала. a) They are known to obtain the information from this magazine. b) They are known to have obtained the information from this magazine.2. Говорят, что они используют это вещество в своих опытах. a) They are said to use the substance in their experiments. b) They are said to have used this substance in the experiment.3. Вероятно, он придет сегодня. a) He is likely to come today. b) He is unlikely to come today.4. Маловероятно, что они закончат работу вовремя.
a) They are unlikely to complete the work in time. b) They are likely to complete the work in time.5. Несомненно, что его не спрашивали об этом.
a) He is sure not to ask about it. b) He is sure not to be asked about it.6. Маловероятно, что цены скоро упадут.
a) The prices are certain to fall soon. b) The prices are unlikely to fall soon.Task B2. Change these sentences according to the model.
Model 1: He may come on Sunday. > He is likely to come on Sunday.
1. They may have a good time in the bar tonight.
2. You may miss the train unless you hurry.
3. They may go on a world tour.
4. This branch of mathematics may develop very rapidly.5. The procedure of the experiment may be simplified.6. All her efforts may end in failure.Model 2: She may not allow us to go there. > She is unlikely to allow us to go there.
1. The plane may not reach the place of destination on time.
2. She may not go by plane.
3. He may not be invited to the conference.
4. They may not follow my recommendations.
5. They may not develop a direct approach to the problem.Model 3: They will certainly help us.> They are sure to help us.
1. He will certainly win this match.
2. They will certainly get married soon.
3. This picture will certainly be the best at the exhibition.
4. This experiment will certainly be performed next week.5. This fact will certainly find further confirmation.6. The new publication will certainly give rise to interesting response.Task B3. Make sentences using the Complex Subject.
Model: He, to think, to study, now. > He is thought to study now.
1. He, to consider, to be, a good musician.
2. They, to think, to go away, some days ago.
3. James, to expect, to make a report, next Wednesday.
4. Steve, to know, to help them, when they are in trouble.
5. Mozart, to know, to compose, a lot of wonderful pieces of music.
6. The film, to consider, to be, the worst of the year.
7. He, to expect, to manage, the business himself.
8. She, to say, to be, at the customs office now.
Part C
Task C1. Change these sentences according to the model.Model: The planets are moving in one direction around the sun. (to know) > The planets are known to be moving in one direction around the sun.1. The scientists are taking data day and night. (to report)2. Data are being taken day and night. (to report)3. They are measuring the value with high degree of accuracy. (to inform)4. The value is being measured with high degree of accuracy. (to inform)5. They are producing these particles in a special accelerator. (to say)6. These particles are being produced in a special accelerator. (to say)7. He is using another method of investigation. (to seem)8. Another method of investigation is being used by him. (to seem)Task C2. Find the infinitive construction and refer the number of each sentence with one of the columns. The first one is done for you. Then translate the sentences into Russian.
| Complex Object | Complex Subject | For … to V |
1. The engineers of that plant are said to have constructed a new device.
2. We want you to see the new university building.
3. The company is believed to have lost a lot of money last year.
4. We suppose the construction of that building to be completed in a week.
5. The construction of that building is supposed to be completed in a week.
6. Nobody watched her dance.
7. She waited for him to speak.
8. They are certain to cope with the problem facing them.
9. We think them to build the pipeline next month.
10. This pipeline is thought to be built next autumn.
11. The engineer believes the mechanic to finish repairing the engine ahead of time.
12. The mechanic is believed to finish repairing the engine ahead of time.
13. I heard somebody mention his name at the last meeting.
14. He seems to have traveled much.
15. This experiment is said to have been completed successfully.
Task C3. Translate into English using the Complex Subject.
1. Стивен обязательно выиграет эту игру.
2. Известно, что Питер уехал в Осло.
3. Предполагают, что президент выступит на конференции.
4. Эту пьесу считают самой интересной в театре.
5. Кажется, она готовит яблочный пирог.
6. Полагают, что они уехали вчера.
7. Он, вероятно, пишет новую статью.
8. Маловероятно, что переговоры закончатся завтра.
9. Полагают, что эта работа была выполнена успешно.
10. Вряд ли этот факт очень важен для нас.
11. Говорят, что ученые уже приехали на конференцию.
12. Известно, что этот комитет был создан несколько лет тому назад.
Texts for Final Translation
Text 1. Pure and Applied Science(Participles, Gerund)
As students of science you are probably sometimes puzzled by the terms "pure" and "applied" science. Are these two totally different activities, having little or no interconnection? Let us begin by examining what is done by each.
Pure science is primarily concerned with the development of theories (or, as they are frequently called, models) establishing relationships between the phenomena of the universe. When they are sufficiently validated these theories (hypotheses, models) become the working laws or principles of science. In carrying out this work, the pure scientist usually disregards its application to practical affairs, confining his attention to explanations of how and why events occur.
Text 2. Mathematization of Natural Sciences(Participles, Gerund)
Exact science in its generally accepted sense can be referred to as a family of specialized natural sciences, each of them providing evidence and information about the different aspects of nature by somewhat different working methods. It follows that mathematics in its pure sense does not enter into this frame, its object of study, being not nature itself. Being independent of all observations of the outside world, it attempts to build logical systems based on axioms. In other words, it concentrates on formulating the language of mathematical symbols and equations which may be applied to the functional relations found in nature.
This "mathematization", in the opinion of most specialists, is witnessed first in physics which deals with general laws of matter and energy on subatomic, atomic and molecular levels. Further application of these mathematical laws and studies is made by chemistry and results in structural bonds between the elements of matter being established.
Text 3. Automation in the Research Process(Gerund)
Our goal should be automating the routine and thereby leave more time for the creative process.
With that word of caution, let's proceed by arbitrarily dividing research into three stages and examining each stage to find what functions of the research process might be automated without endangering creativity. Stage one includes the dreams, the ideas, the exploratory work, selecting the problem, setting the objective, testing technical feasibility, and searching the literature. Stage two involves planning the experiment, conducting the experiment, checking the alternates, data taking, and data evaluation. Stage three is the solution of the problem — drawing conclusions and making recommendations.
Although there is a great deal of creativity involved in stage one, there are also opportunities for automation. The burden of keeping up with the literature even in one's own restricted field is becoming heavier with each passing year. The mass of reading necessary to make a literature search has increased immensely. Advances in computer technology have made possible storing and quick retrieving essentially all the scientific literature.
Text 4. Forecasting(Infinitive)
To speculate about the future is one of the most basic qualities of man. It involves two aspects: one is to forecast what the future development will be and the other is to determine in what approximate period of time it is going to take place. To make such a prognosis means to learn from the past experience and to extrapolate the knowledge into the future. Recently, however, the rate of change has been so great as to make it difficult to learn from experience, at least as far as the time factor is concerned. To take but one example, a prediction of man's possible landing on the Moon around the turn of the century was made as late as 1961, only 8 years before the actual event! So, to be on the safe side, we had better leave time to take care of itself, and concentrate our attention on what the future may be like.
There is yet another problem involved: are we to accept submissively any possible course of events, or are we to work for a future most suited for most people? The choice is to be made, at different levels, by every individual and by every society.
Text 5. Computer Design(Infinitive)
The design of an automatic computer is not a simple matter. To understand how to use a computer one must fully appreciate its design. Therefore, a brief introduction to the logical design is necessary for the users to understand the underlying idea. To present some background material on theoretical and philosophical aspects of information processing is to give the user more profound understanding of computers' application. From what has been said above, it is clear that a computer may be thought of both as a machine by which to handle information and a machine by which to transform one set of symbols into another. For the user it is a machine to process the information, a way to obtain an output by applying to an input a specified sequence of logical operations. The designer considers a computer to be a device for applying a sequence of logic operations to symbols representing information.
Since mathematical operations are a particular group of logic operations, the consideration of logic operations by definition includes mathematical operations. To appreciate the significance of the conventional character of logic, and to gain some understanding of computer logical design we must consider a few simple games. These games are to illustrate some significant factors.
Text 6. Scientific Attitude(Infinitive, Complex Object)
What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, biology, chemistry or any other science? What are their special methods of thinking and acting? What qualities do we usually expect them to possess?
To begin with, we expect a successful scientist to be full of curiosity – he wants to find out how and why the universe works. He usually directs his attention towards problems which have no satisfactory explanation, and his curiosity makes him look for the underlying relationships even if the data to be analysed are not apparently interrelated. He is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective. Furthermore, he is not only critical of the work of others, but also of his own, since he knows man to be the least reliable of scientific instruments.
And to conclude, he is to be highly imaginative since he often looks for data which are not only complex, but also incomplete.
Text 7. Lobachevsky(Complex Object)
Men of science consider Lobachevsky to be a great mathematician. The whole world knows Lobachevsky to have strictly demonstrated and explained the principles of the theory of parallel lines. We consider him to be a great organizer of popular education, and we know him to have written much on the problems of education.
Lobachevsky was born on December 1, 1792 near Nizhny Novgorod. His father died when he was only a child, leaving the family in extreme poverty. The family moved to Kazan where Lobachevsky was admitted to the gymnasium. We know his progress to have been extremely rapid in mathematics and classics. At the age of 14 he entered the University of Kazan where he is known to have spent 40 years as a student, assistant professor, and finally rector. Under his direction great improvements were made at the University. We know an observatory to have been founded and equipped and a mechanical workshop to have been established.
For 2200 years all the mankind believed Euclid to have discovered an absolute truth. Lobachevsky proved Euclid’s axiom on parallel lines not to be true. He built a new geometrical theory quite different from that of Euclid. We know his ideas to have greatly influenced not only geometry, but mechanics, physics, astronomy as well. Like Galileo, Copernicus and Newton he is one of those who laid the foundation of science.
Text 8. Benjamin Franklin(Complex Subject)
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) is acknowledged to be the founder of the theory of atmospheric electricity. At the time when theories to explain electricity were neither complete nor well founded the lightning was proved by him to be an electrical phenomenon. He was not the first to think of it but he was the first to prove it. His theory of electricity still appears to hold good. He is acknowledged to have invented a means of protection against the disastrous effects of lightning – the lightning rod. Franklin's theory at first seemed to be misunderstood both in his country and abroad. It is known to have been severely attacked by the leader of French scientists abbé Nollet.
Franklin is recognized to have been a great public figure who did as much as he could for the good of his country. He is known to have been the editor of one of the newspapers enjoying a great popularity with his countrymen. He is sure to be one of the broadest as well as one of the most creative minds of his time.
Text 9. "Would you like your son or daughter to become a scientist?”(Complex Object, Complex Subject)
The questions were asked by the Literary Gazette and a British scientist was reported to answer as follows.
"I would not like my son or daughter to become a scientist of the kind typical in the world today. The development of science has already led to many undesirable consequences and is likely to lead to many more unless great effort is made to control the application of scientific discoveries. If, however, science could be developed in a new way to become a meaningful social activity, I would be glad to see my son or daughter doing science.
So far as the field is concerned, I think there will be a growing tendency for scientists to occupy themselves with problems which affect fairly directly the lives of people. There seems to exist a great need to develop science which deals specially with the problems of how the applications of science affect man. To cite but a few examples, there are such problems as urban development, education and, of course, the prevention of war. If the new knowledge about the world is used for the benefit of man, rather than for death and destruction, the human race can continue to benefit from science for centuries to come.
Tests