Употребление Past Perfect Continuous Tense
1. Past Perfect Continuous употребляется для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, начавшегося ранее другого прошедшего действия, выраженного в Past Indefinite и еще происходившего в момент его совершении. Past Perfect Continuous (как и Present Perfect Continuous) употребляется, когда указан период времени, в течение которого действие уже совершалось, т. е. с такими обозначениями времени, как for two hours в течение двухчасов,for three monthsв течение трехмесяцев,for a long timeв течение долгого времени, долго, давнои т. п. Past Perfect Continuous переводится на русский язык прошедшим временем глагола несовершенного вида:
I hadbeen working for a long time when my brother came.
Я (уже) долго работал, когда пришел мой брат.
His sister hadbeen living in Moscow for three years when the war broke out. Его сестра жила в Москве уже три года, когда началась воина.
It had been raining for two hours when I left home.
Дождь шел (уже) два часа, когда я вышел из дому.
She had been sleeping for three hours when we returned.
Она спала (уже) три часа, когда мы возвратились.
Если бы в приведенных примерах не было указано, как долго совершалось действие, то вместо Past Perfect Continuous следовало бы употребить Past Continuous:
I was working when my brother came.
His sister was living in Moscow when the war broke out.
It was raining when I left home.
She was sleeping when we returned.
Учащиеся иногдаошибочно употребляют Past Continuous вместо Past Perfect Continuous, поскольку в русском языке форма прошедшего времени глаголов несовершенного вида употребляется как с указанием периода времени, в течение которого совершалось действие, так и без такого указания:
Я работал три часа, когда пришёл мой брат -
I had been working for three hours when my brother came.
Я работал, когда пришёл мой брат –
I was working when my brother came.
2. Past Perfect Continuous употребляется также для выражения длительного прошедшего действия, которое закончилось непосредственно перед моментом наступления другого прошедшегодействия. Период времени, в течение которого совершалось действие,может быть, как указан, так и не указан:
Although the sun was shining, it was still cold as it hadbeen raining hard for 2 hours.
Хотя солнце светило, было еще холодно, так как в течение двух
часов шел сильный дождь.
Не felt very tired when he home as he had been playingfootball.
Он чувствовал себя очень усталым, когда пришел домой, так как играл в футбол.
Exercises
1. Translate into Russian:
1. I have been waiting for you since 12 o'clock. 2. She has been working here for 2 hours. 3. For how long" have they been sleeping? 4. What have you been doing"? - I have been marking" essays. 5. I have been pruning my roses. 6. I've been waiting here since three o'clock. 7. I've been drinking too much. 8. That noise has been going on since they came home. 9. The telephone has been ringing for five minutes, why don't you answer it? 10. Look at my hands I've been cleaning your shoes. 11. He has been coming here day after day for years. 12. I suppose you have been telling lies again.
2. Make the sentences interrogative and negative:
1. Mr. Smith has been staying with them for a fortnight. 2. It has been raining all the morning. 3. He has been writing this exercise for two hours. 4. The boy has been fishing since early morning. 5. For a week you have been promising to take me for a walk. 6. The children have been playing in the garden since their mother came.
3. Open the brackets using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
1. John is in his room, he (to sit) there since the morning. 2. For two hours now we (to talk) about it and we haven't come to any conclusion yet. 3. John, do you know where my bag is? I (to look) for it for half an hour and I can't find it. 4. Look, your brother (to dance) with that red-haired girl since she came into the room. 5. He (to try) to solve this problem for several months now but he hasn't found a solution yet. 6. She (to teach) at school for twenty years. 7. Mr. Brown (to work) in his room since early morning. 8. The children (to sleep) for six hours.
4. Open the brackets using the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
1. I (write) the letter, so perhaps you would post it for me. 2. For the last two years, he (write) a history of the Civil War. 3. A: What you (do) for the last half hour? B: I (sit) here working at this problem. 4. We always (live) in a bungalow, so it will seem strange when we move into a house. 5. How you (keep)? Well, I hope. 6. You look very upset. What (happen)? 7, He shouldn't drive this evening. He (drink). 8. I'd better not drive. I already (drink) quite a lot. 9. The meat must be nearly ready. It (cook) for nearly an hour. 10. You (not finish) that book yet? You (read) it for more than a week. 11. I wonder if John (forget) my number. I (expect) him to call for the past two hours. 12. I'm sorry we're late. You (wait) long? 13. A: How long (know) you the truth? B: I only just (find out), but I (find out) a lot of other thing's just recently. 14. If he (ask) me that question once, he (ask) me a dozen times.
5. Choose the tense form:
1.I already (lo finish) the play which I (to translate) all these months. 2.My father (to write) a new textbook now. He (to work) at it for three years. 3.You (to look) tired. You (to work) hard lately? 4.I (to think) about this problem ever since we (to discuss) it with you. 5.All this time I (to try) to remember how long it (to be) since you (to finish) high school. 6.I (to feel) much better ever since I (to start) taking this wonderful medicine. 7I (to feel) much worse ever since I (to take) this awful medicine. 8.I clearly see that I (to change) constantly all this time while I (to stay) here with your family. 9.Is this something new that you (to wear)? - Oh, no, I (to wear) it for a few months now. It's strange that you (to notice) suddenly what I (to wear).
6. Replace the infinitives by the Present Indefinite, (the Present Continuous, the Present Perfect, or the Present Perfect Continuous:
I. He (to solve) the cross-word puzzle for half an hour and he (to say) he (to be) about to finish it as he (to think) over the last word. 2. The actors (to rehearse) since early morning; now they (to go over) the first scene as they (not to be) satisfied with their acting. 3. Here you (to be) at last! I (to wait) for you for twenty minutes. You (not to be) ashamed? 4. She (to speak) over the telephone long enough, it (to be) time for her to stop talking. 5. Since you (to keep) late hours this week you (to look) tired and worn out. 6. It (to snow) steadily the whole week and it still (to snow). If it (to go) on like this nobody will be able to reach the camp. 7. At last you (to open) the door! I (to ring) for an hour at least, it (to seem) to me. 8. My watch (to keep) good time ever since the first repair. 9. They (to discuss) this questions ever since I (to be) here and they (not to come) to any definite conclusion yet. 10. The typist (to miss) several words as she (to talk) all the time. 11. The lecturer (to mention) this name several times but I cannot remember it. I (to write) it down as soon as he (to mention) it again. 12. He (to work) at the language all the time and (to make) great progress. His phonetics (to be) perfect, only a slight accent (to remain).
7. Translate into English:
1. Мы с вами не виделись с тех пор, как я переехал в другой район. Чем вы все это время занимались? 2.Он в последнее время такой хмурый. Я все время пытаюсь узнать,что с ним случилось, но он молчит. 3. Я давно жду случая поговорить с тобой. Почему ты в последнее время меня избегаешь? 4. Что ты здесь делаешь? - Жду Петра. - Давно ждешь? – С утра. - И он не приходил? - Говорят, он приходил час назад, но я его не видел. 5. С тех пор, как онпереехал в наш район, мы встречаемсяс ним каждый день. 6. Наконец-то тыпришел! Где ты был все это время? - Так вы ждали меня здесь?А я вас ждал совсем в другом месте. 7. Я весь день сегодня ищу тебя, где ты был? 8. Я вчера весь вечер искал ваш дом, но так и не нашел. - А мыждали тебя до полуночи. 9. Наконец-то я дозвонился(to get on the phone) тебе. Я звоню с трех часов. - Как странно, Я весь день дома. Думаю, что-то случилось с телефоном. 10. Обычно я делаю такой перевод за полчаса, а над этим текстомя работаю уже два часа и пока не закончил, все еще перевожу.
8. Translate into Russian:
1. Не had been sitting here for 40 minutes when the telephone rang. 2. I had been trying to get him on the phone all day. 3. At eight in the morning we had been driving for six hours. 4. It was clear that they had been gossiping again. 5. He'd probably been brooding over it day and night — he was that sort. 6. We had been walking in the rain for many hours when we saw a house. 7. She had been sitting there for half an hour before it started raining. 8. He had been looking for his glasses for an hour before he realized he had them in his pocket. 9. He had been waiting for her for a long time before she came. 10. Tom had been doing his homework for an hour when his friend came to see him.
9. Open the brackets using the Past Indefinite, Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous Tenses:
1. He (to work) there some time when that dreadful accident (to happen). 2. He told us they (to live) in this district since they had left Paris. 3. Obviously she was affronted because she (not to be taken) fully into her husband's confidence. 4. The poor woman complained she (to have) trouble with her eldest son for a long time. 5. The waiter assured me that he (to look) for the watch everywhere. 6- They (to walk) in the garden for an hour when the storm broke out. 7. The old lady (to be) sound asleep when the shell exploded. 8. When we (to come) home, we (to find) that someone (to break) into the garage and (to steal) the car. 9. The young girl who (to look) at me ever since I had come into the room, suddenly rose and left. 10. How your boss (to find) out that you (to come) to work so late? 11. By that time the twins already (to sleep) for two hours. 12. When he (to come) back to his native village he (to be told) that his old mother (to die) and his sister (toleave) England and (to go) to the States. 13. We were informed she (to learn) better since we had got her a help. 14. Although she (to feel) very poorly all the day she (to decide) to go out in the evening. 15. When they (to open) the safe, they (to find) that someone already (to take) the documents.
10. Replace the infinitives by the Past Perfect, the Past Perfect Continuous or the Past Indefinite as required:
1. They (to drive) in the car for many hours before they (to come) to the crossroads. 2. The scientists (to carry) out dozens of experiments before they (to achieve) satisfactory results. 3. The violinist (to practice) the passage hour after hour until he (to master) it at last. 4. At last the postman (to bring) the letter which I (to expect) several weeks. 5. He told me he (not to see) much of her since he (to move) to another. 6. When I (to arrive) he (to stay) at the same hotel where we first (to meet). He (to tell) me he (to wait) for me for some time already. 7. He (to consult) his watch nervously several times before he (to see) her at the end of the platform. 8. He (to write) and (to tear) up more than one letter when at last he (to find) the necessary form of address. 9. My watch (to keep) good time before I (to drop) it. 10. At the end of the week the fishermen (to think) they (to sail) long enough to reach the shore, and as there (to be) no land in sight, they (to understand) that they (to lose) their course and (to follow) the wrong route.) 11. It (not to rain) for more than two months, and the fruits (to fall) before they (to become) ripe, when one August night the people (to be roused) by the sound of heavy drops beating against the roofs and window-panes. With the rain there (to come) hope.
Test 1
Choose the right variant:
1. Bryansk was first mentioned in the chronicles in …
a. 1146
b. 1147
c. 856
2. The total area of Bryansk is … square kilometers.
a. 345
b. 226
c. 224
3. A shipyard was founded by … in Bryansk.
a. Ivan the Terrible
b. Peter I
c. Yury Dolgoruky
4. The first dwellings appeared in the surroundings of …
a. the Pokrovskaya Hill
b. the Hill of Immortality
c. the Bowl Mound
5. Bryansk is oten called a city of …
a. Partisan Glory
b. Immortal City
c. Partisan Glade
6. The Crystal museum in Dyatkovo represents …
a. The classical traditions of the Russian artistic glassmaking
b. Relicts of the war
c. The collection of toys
7. What can you see at the base of the monument in the Partisan Square?
a) An eternal flame
b) Flowers
c) Obeliscs
8. What is the park named after Tolstoj famous for?
a) Its museum
b) Sculptures made of wood
c) Old trees
9. How many theatres are there in Bryansk?
a) 5
b) 2
c) 3
10. What were the post war years for Bryansk?
a) The period of second birth
b) The period of decline
c) The period of rebuilding
Test 2
Choose the right variant:
1. The soldiers were very tired. They … an indomitable barrier.
a. had been erecting
b. had erected
c. have been erecting
2. The invaders … to ashes many cities before they … .
a. had burnt, stopped
b. has been burning, were stopped
c. had burnt, were stopped
3. We … part in the demonstration for 3 hours already.
a. have been taking
b. has taken
c. took
4. The city … very quickly since it … many years ago.
a. has developed, reappeared
b. developed, has been reappearing
c. has been developing, reappeared
5. Partisan Detachments … all the people by the end of the war.
a. had liberated
b. has liberated
c. liberated
6. My parents … at the Bryansk Arsenal since we … to Bryansk.
a. are working, have moved
b. have worked, had moved
c. have been working, moved
7. They … in the forest for 2 hours before they … to the Partisan Glade.
a. were wandering, had come
b. had been wandering, came
c. wandered, have come
8. He … to work at the Machine Building Plant after he … at the Bryansk Technological Academy for 5 years.
a. began, had been studying
b. has begun, studied
c. had been beginning, studied
9. Why are you late? – I … with my friends on the Pocrovskaya Hill for 2 hours.
a. have been walking
b. have walked
c. walked
10. The students … just the Bowl Mound.
a. have visited
b. had been visiting
c. visited
Topic: LONDON
Topical Vocabulary
to be home for - быть местом нахождения чего-либо;
the headquarters of - центральное учреждение какой-либо организации;
a government department - правительственный департамент, власть;
the major legal institutions - главные судебные учреждения;
the monarch - монарх;
the former - первый (из двух перечисленных);
luxurious hotels - роскошные отели;
expensive shops - дорогие магазины;
the latter - второй (из двух перечисленных);
the poorer residential area - зд.бедный жилой район;
the Royal Exchange - Лондонская Королевская биржа;
the Stock Exchange - Фондовая биржа;
the Bank of England - Банк Англии;
during the daytime - в дневное время;
a fortress - крепость;
a royal residence - королевская резиденция;
a prison - тюрьма;
armour - оружие;
the Crown Jewels - королевские драгоценности, сокровища;
St. Paul's Cathedral - собор св. Павла;
a huge dome - гигантский купол, свод;
rows of columns - ряды колонн;
a specimen - образец, экземпляр;
Westminster Abbey - Вестминстерское Аббатство;
an outstanding statesmen - выдающийся государственный деятель;
to bury - хоронить;
graceful - изящный;
to strike - бить (о часах)
Trafalgar Square - Трафальгарская площадь;
in memory of the victory - в память о победе;
a fleet - флот;
under Nelson's command - под командованием Нельсона;
to defeat - наносить поражение;
to win a victory - одержать победу;
at the cost of- ценой;
to be guarded by - быть под охраной;
to adjoin - примыкать, прилегать, граничить;
coins - монеты.
To cover; to consist of smth.; separate borough; to include; they say; to look alike; living symbol of smth.; to boast; a royal city; a palace; a guard; the Changing of the Guard; to march; to protect; crown Jewels; to go back to; a throne; newly elected; a golden coach; a mayor; along the street; a head office; a narrow street; office people; a tourist coach; to remember; a restaurant; to host; (from) abroad; a market place; to be packed with interest; to be all in colour; exciting; a terrible Plague; unattractive; in appearance; a cockney; (to)commerce; to be bored; to afford; to be true.
Text 1
London
London, the capital of Great Britain, is a big city. It covers more than 600 square miles and consists of 33 separate boroughs, including the City, the West End and the East End. It houses over 12 million people. Like most cities which have a long history behind them, London is not really one single city, but a collection of once separated towns and villages which in the course of time have grown together. It is practically certain that previous to the first invasion of the Romans there was a town on or near the place where the City of London is now. That it was a town of some importance is shown by the remains of the wall which the Romans built round it. Even today the City really forms a town within a town. London suffered two big catastrophes: a terrible Plague in 1665 and the Great Fire in 1666.
They say, big cities are not always different. Modern buildings, modern shops and stores, hotels and cinemas look alike in today’s cities. But some things you can only see in London. What are they?
In London you find Beefeaters and Pearly Kings and Queens. You find Covent Garden and Madam Tussaud’s.
Britain has more living symbols of its past than many other countries, and its capital boasts many ancient buildings like the Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey or St. Paul’s Cathedral. Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is considered to be one of the finest time-keepers in the world. The hours are struck on the largest bell, well-known as "Big Ben". On the other side of the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey, beautiful for its architecture. Many great Englishmen such as Dickens, Newton, Darwin are buried there.
Trafalgar Square is a good starting point for any tour of London. It was laid about a hundred years ago. The monument in the centre of the square, known as Nelson's Column, is surmounted with the statue of Nelson. At the base of Nelson's Column are four bronze lions.
London is a royal city. The British king or queen has a palace there – Buckingham Palace. Queen Elizabeth lives there now. Tourists can see the everyday ceremony called “the Changing of the Guard”. Everyday a new guard of thirty guardsmen marches to the palace and takes the place of the “old guard”.
The Tower of London, built in 1078 by William the Conqueror to protect the city, is an interesting place with its Beefeaters and the Crown Jewels.
The Imperial State Crown is one of the Crown Jewels in the Jewel House in the Tower of London. It has 3000 stones in it: diamonds, red rubies, blue sapphires, and beautiful pearls. The queen wears it on state occasions. Then it goes back to the Tower. The Beefeaters guard the Tower and the Crown Jewels, and they help visitors.
Every year there are historical ceremonies, for example, the State opening of Parliament, when the Queen reads a speech from the throne in the House of Lords, or the Lord Mayor’s Show, in which the newly elected Lord Mayor travels in a golden coach along the streets.
London is a city, but to Londoners “the City” is a place in London. It’s financial and business center of the city.
The City of London is one of the major banking centers of the world. The banks and big companies have their head offices there. City offices are in tall modern buildings, or in old buildings on narrow streets.
The office people do not live in the City, they come to the City every day, from Monday to Friday.
Five important streets meet at Piccadilly Circus in London’s “West End”. The cars, the tourist coaches, the red London buses, and the taxis go round there. It is not a statue of a famous man or woman. People don’t remember the statue’s real name. They say: “It’s Eros, the Greek god of love”.
Piccadilly Circus is a very busy place. It is busy day and night. People come here to the shops in the day time, and at night they come for a night out. They can eat in one of the restaurants in the West End near Piccadilly Circus. They can get food from twenty different countries in West End restaurants.
Londoners, and visitors, can go to a theatre in the West End, or to a concert, to an opera or a ballet. And there are fifty cinemas near Piccadilly Circus also known as a centre of London's theatres bright in the daytime with flower-sellers and at night with electric advertisements. West End hosts museums and galleries, among them are the Tate Gallery, the National Gallery, the National Portrait Gallery and the British Museum.
The “East End” is the area of London where people from abroad have come to find work. It may be unattractive in appearance, but very important in the country's commerce. It is especially famous as the center of the clothing industry in London and as a market place. Every Sunday morning it becomes one of the sights of London. Traditionally someone born in the East End is known as a cockney.
I think the saying "When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford." (Dr.Johnson) is true. I believe it's impossible to be bored in London as London is packed with interest and it’s all in colour. So whether you’re new to the city, or you’ve visited it before there will be something exciting in London.
Exercises
1. Practice reading the following: [o] clock, conqueror, office, god, shop, historical, column, modern, bronze; [o:] course, importance, form, store, lord, restaurant, bored, wall; [r] borough, Romans, remain, round, great, royal, crown, red, ruby, narrow, remember; [w] west, within, wall, which, Westminster, well, world, woman, William; [ŋ] including, king, living, building, starting, along, changing, interesting, banking.
2. Match the appropriate preposition from the list given below:
1. London is a collection … once separated towns and villages which … the course of time have grown together. 2. That it was a town … some importance is shown … the remains of the wall … it. 3. The hours are struck … the largest bell, well-known as "Big Ben". 4. … the other side of the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey, beautiful … its architecture. 5. Trafalgar Square is a good starting point … any tour … London. 6. The monument … the centre of the square is surmounted … the statue of Nelson. 7. Every day a new guard … thirty guardsmen marches … the palace and takes place … the "old guard". 8. The Tower of London … its Beefeaters and Crown Jewels is a very interesting place. 9. The queen wears the Imperial State Crown … state occasions. 10. The office people come … the City every day … Monday … Friday. 11. Five important streets meet … Piccadilly Circus. 12. People come here … the shops … the day time, and … night they come …a night out. 13. They can get food … twenty different countries … West End restaurants. 14. It may be unattractive … appearance but very important … the country's commerce. 15. London is packed … interest and it's all … colour. (in, from, for, by, at, with, on, round, of)
3. Find synonyms for the following words in the text: male/female monarch, a number of, to be sure, trip, in the middle, daily, to defend, for instance, dull/gloomy, to be of certain significance, to return, before, high contemporary construction, inn.
Find antonyms for the following words in the text: except, alone, to destroy, flood, alike, dead, closing, wide, to forget, hatred, local people, to lose, boring, buyer, future.
4. Complete the following sentences:
1. London suffered two …g c…: a terrible Plague and the …t Fire. 2. In London you f… Bee… and …ly Kings and Queens. 3. Many great …men such as D…, …n, Dar… are buried there. 4. Tourists … see the every… ceremony …ed "the Chang… of the Guard. 5. City offices a… in tall modern …ings, or in old build… in narrow …ts. 6. Five …tant streets meet at …ly C…s in …'s 'West End". 7. …ners, and visitors, can go to a th…e in the … End, or to a concert, to an op… or a …t. 8. Every …day morning it becomes … of the …ts of …n. 9. The British …ng or …n has a palace there - …ham palace. 10. The Tower of …n, built by William the …or to protect the city, is an in-… place. 11. L… is a city, but to L… "the City" is a place in L… . 12. Clock … of the Houses of …ment is …ed to be one of the finest time- … in the w… . 13. Modern b…s, modern sh… and st…, hotels and cinemas look …like in …'s …s.
5. Find the words to satisfy the following definitions: a town with a corporation; an assemblage of dwellings in the country; to put in a grave; anything that commemorates; certain British regiments, soldiers protecting anything; the official residence of a king; a monarch's head-dress, a wreath for the head; a solid carved or cast image of a person; an eating house; that cannot be done, not feasible; state of destructive burning, conflagration.
6. Agree or disagree. Give your grounds:
1. London consists of the City, the West End and the East End. 2. The population of London is almost 21 million people. 3. London was founded by the Romans. 4. There were some catastrophes in the history of London. 5. London looks like any other big city but it has some unique things. 6. "Big Ben" is situated in the Tower of London. 7. Any Englishmen can be buried in Westminster Abbey. 8. You can see Nelson's Column with four bronze tigers at the base, in the centre of Trafalgar Square. 9. From time to time tourists can watch the ceremony called "the changing of the Guard". 10. William the Conqueror built the Tower of London in 1087. 11. The Imperial State Crown never leaves the Tower nowadays. 12. The City is known to be the business centre of London. 13. Piccadilly Circus is the largest circus in the UK. 14. The East End is the least interesting and important part of London.
7. Answer the following questions:
1. What area does London occupy? 2. How did London become a big city? 3. What ancient buildings in London do you know? 4. What is the most famous clock in the city? 5. What is the best starting point for any tour of London? How old is it? 6. What monument can be seen in the centre of Trafalgar Square? 7. Where does British monarch live? Who lives there now? 8. What do you know about the Tower of London? 9. What does the Crown look like? 10. What historical ceremonies are carried out in London? 11. Do people work in the financial centre of the city? What buildings do they work in? 12. What strange statue is situated in the West End? 13. Why is Piccadilly Circus so busy day and night? Is it possible to eat there? 14. What places for recreation are there in the West End? 15. Has London any industry? Where is it concentrated? 16. Is London known to be dull or exciting? Why?
8. Complete the following sentences:
1. That London was a settlement of some importance even long ago is shown … 2. Only in London you can see … 3. The hours are struck on the largest bell … 4. The age of Trafalgar Square is … 5. The Imperial State Crown is kept … 6. Offices of the banks and big companies are situated … 7. The cars, the tourist coaches, the buses go … 8. People come to Piccadilly Circus … 9. The best known museums of London are … 10. The East End is unattractive in appearance, but … 11. The market place of London is … 12. Dr. Johnson believes that … because …
Text 2
Exercises
1. Practise in reading :
The West End, the East End, the City, the Royal Exchange, the Stock Exchange, the tower of London, Julius Caesar, William the Conqueror, the Crown Jewels, St. Paul's Cathedral, Sir Christopher Wren, Renaissance, Westminster Abbey, Trafalgar Square, the English fleet under Nelson's command, Spain, Nelson's monument, the National Gallery, the Portrait Gallery, the British Museum.
2. Give Russian equivalents for:
during the daytime; nearly a million people work there, but less than 8 000 people actually live there; the latter is known as; it was used as; where the Crown Jewels are kept; St. Paul's Cathedral with its huge dome and rows of columns is considered to be a fine specimen of Renaissance architecture; its two graceful towers stand high above the city; Trafalgar Square is one of the main tourist attractions in London; the victory was won at the cost of Nelson's life; at its top; the fine building facing the square is the National Gallery and adjoining it is the Portrait Gallery.
The Capital
London is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is the largest city in Europe and one of the largest cities in the world with the population of 11 million people. London was founded by Romans more than 2,000 years ago.
London is home for the headquarters of all government departments,Parliament, the major legal institutions and the monarch.It is the country's business and banking centre and the centre of its transport network. It contains the headquarters of the national television networks and of all the national newspapers.
Traditionally London is divided into the West End and the East End. The formeris known for its many theatres, cinemas, luxurious hotelsand restaurants and expensive shops. The latteris known as the poorer residential areaof Central London; the Port of London is situated there.
The heart of London is the City. The City is home to London's main financial organizations. The Royal Exchange, the Stock Exchange and the Bank of Englandare situated there. During the daytime,nearly a million people work there, but less than 8 000 people actually live there. Here is situated the tower of London. The tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It was used as a fortress, a royal residence and a prison.Now it is a museum of armourand also the place where the Crown Jewelsare kept.
St Paul's Cathedralis the greatest of English churches. It was built by a famous English architect, Sir Christopher Wren (1632 - 1723). St. Paul's Cathedral with its huge dome and rows of columnsis considered to be a fine specimenof Renaissance architecture.
WestminsterAbbey is another well-known historical building. Many English sovereigns, outstanding statesmen,painters (Newton and Darwin among them) are buriedhere.
Westminster Palace is the seat of the British Parliament. Its two gracefultowers stand high above the city. The higher of the two contains the largest clock in the country and the famous bell Big Ben that strikesevery quarter of the hour.
Trafalgar Squareis one of the main tourist attractions in London. It was so named in memory of the victoryin the battle of Trafalgar, where on October 21, 1805 the English fleet under Nelson's command defeatedthe combined fleet of France and Spain. The victory was won at the costof Nelson's life. In the middle of Trafalgar Square stands Nelson's monument - a tall column with the figure of Nelson at its top. The column is guarded byfour bronze lions.
The fine building facing the square is the National Gallery and adjoiningit is the Portrait Gallery. The British Museum is the biggest museum in London. It contains a priceless collection of different things (ancient manuscripts, coins,sculptures, etc.). The British Museum is famous for its library - one of the richest in the world.
Exercises
1. Give English equivalents for:
Население; был основан; централизованное учреждение; деловой и финансовый центр страны; содержать (включать); транспортная сеть; национальная телевизионная сеть; разделен (поделен); первый, второй (из двух перечисленных); бедный жилой район; лондонский порт; основные.финансовые организации; лондонский тауэр; перестраивать; Уильям Завоеватель; Фондовая биржа; крепость; королевская резиденция; тюрьма; оружие; собор св. Павла; считается, что; историческое здание; хорошо известный; экземпляр; Ренессанс; Вестминстерское Аббатство; архитектор; архитектура; выдающийся государственный деятель; художники; башни; каждые четверть часа; Трафальгарская площадь; назвать в честь; совместный (объединенный флот); ценой; бронзовые львы; Портретная Галерея; памятник Нельсону; древний.
2. Find another way of expressing the parts in bold type:
London was establishedby Romans more than 2,000 years ago. 2. London is the seat ofthe headquarters of all government departments, Parliament, the major legal institutions and the monarch. 3. London holds within itselfthe headquarters of the national television networks and of all the national newspapers. 4. Traditionally London is made up of the West End and the East End. 5. Here is locatedthe tower of London. 6. St. Paul's Cathedral with its great dome and rows of columns is supposedto be a fine exampleof Renaissance architecture. 7. Trafalgar Square is one of the main places of interestin London. 8. It was so named in memory of the victory in the battle of Trafalgar, where on October 21, 1805 the English fleet under Nelson's command won a victory overthe combined fleet of France and Spain. 9. The higher of the two contains the largest clock in the country and the well-knownbell Big Ben that strikes every quarter of the hour. 10. The column is protected byfour bronze lions.
Find the wrong statement.
London is not the largest city in Europe and one of the largest cities in the world with the population of 11 million people. 2. London was founded by Angels more than 2,000 years ago. 3. The East End is known for its many theatres, cinemas, luxurious hotels and restaurants and expensive shops. 4. The West End is known as the poorer residential area of Central London; the Port of London is situated there. 5. The heart of London is the City. Here is situated the tower of London. 6. St. Paul's Cathedral is the greatest of English churches. It was built by Julius Caesar in 1066. 7. St. Paul's Cathedral with its huge dome and rows of columns is considered to be a fine specimen of middle-aged architecture. 8. Westminster Abbey is the seat of the British Parliament. 9. The higher of the two contains the largest clock in the country and the famous bell Big Ben that strikes every hour. 10. In the middle of Trafalgar Square stands Darwin's monument - a tall column with the figure of Darwin at its top.
4. Answer the questions:
London is the capital of the United Kingdom -of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, isn't it? 2. It is the largest city in Europe, is it? 3. What is the population of London? 4. What part does London play in the life of the U.K.? 5. What is the West End known for? 6. What is the East End known for? 7. What is the City known for? 8. What is the history of the tower of London? 9. What is St. Paul's Cathedral famous for? 10. Who built St. Paul's Cathedral? 11, What is Westminster Abbey and Westminster Palace famous for? 12. What building contains Big Ben? 13. What is one of the main tourist attractions in London? 14. What is the history of Trafalgar Square? 15. Where does Nelson's monument stand? 16. What galleries and museums are there in London?
5. Translate into English:
Лондон - столица Соединенного Королевства Великобритании и
Северной Ирландии. 2. Это самый большой город в Европе. 3. Население Лондона составляет 11 миллионов человек. 4. Римляне основали Лондон более 2.000 лет тому назад. 5. В Лондоне расположены все центральные органы правительственных организаций страны и крупнейшие судебные инстанции. 6. Лондон - центр банковского дела, бизнеса и транспорта; в нем расположены все крупнейшие финансовые организации. 7. Традиционно Лондон делят на Вест-Энд и Ист-Энд. 8. В Вест-Энде много роскошных отелей и магазинов, театров и кинотеатров. 9. Ист-Энд - бедный район города. 10. Центр Лондона - Сити. Здесь находятся: Лондонская Королевская биржа, Фондовая биржа и Банк Англии. 11. Лондон известен своими достопримечательностями: лондонский тауэр, собор св. Павла, Вестминстерское аббатство, Трафальгарская площадь, Биг Бен и др. 12. Также туристов привлекают: Национальная и Портретная Галереи, Британский Музей,
Грамматика