Choose the best alternative to complete each sentence

1.The company took out an ______ to prevent the newspaper from publishing the story.

a. incentive b.injunction c.inducement d.induction

2.Every business must operate within the legal ______ of the country.

a.pattern b.standard c.framework d.requirement

3.They have changed the wording on the packing to ______ the new regulations.

a.comply with b.come to c.call up d.take up

4.An employer is not allowed to discriminate ______ an employee because of race or colour.

a.for b.between c.with d.against

5.You realise that you will be ______ for any debts incurred if you sign this agreement?

a.likely b.apt c.liable d.bound

6.If you fail to deliver on time you will be in ______ of contract.

a.break b.failure c.fault d.breach

7.The company threatened to ______ the newspaper for libel unless an immediate apology was published.

a.court b. sue c.subject d.slander

8.Until you can prove you have a legal ______ to the property, we are not prepared to do business with you.

a.claim b.responsibility c.action d.status

9.As this is the first case of its kind it really depends on how the court ______ the law.

a.interprets b.translates c.explains d.performs

10.They proved that the accident was the result of his ______ .

a.negligent b.responsibility c.negligence d.competence

11.They paid £1 million in ______ because of those faulty components.

a.damage b.compensation c.harm d.errors

12.We can't use that name because it's a registered ______.

a.trademark b.patent c.logo d.copyright

13.I think we should ______ our lawyers before signing any agreement.

a.confirm b.contract c.consign d.consult

14.The new law will strengthen ______ against unfair dismissal.

a.safeguards b.prevention c.grants d.avoidance

15.Litigation is on the ______ as consumers become more conscious of their rights.

a.surge b.escalation c.development d.rise

Put the following words and word combinations into the correct sentences:

breach of(contract)	injunction	negligent
claim	interpret	safeguard against
compensation for	liable for	sue(to court)
comply with	logo	take out(an injunction)
discriminate against	negligence	within the framework

1.A court ______ forbade Clive Heywood to enter his wife’s house.

2.The Government is ______ against the newspaper to try to stop it publishing a secret report.

3.How do you feel you can develop your skills ______ of the team?

4.The Government is obliged to ______ ____ the court’s ruling.

5.The court has ruled that UK employment laws ______ ____ part-time workers.

6.Accountants are ______ ____ all their mistakes.

7.This is a clear ______ ____ the 1984 Trade Agreement.

8.His ______ to the house was finally recognised by the court.

9.The Government has been accused of ______ in tackling the AIDS crisis.

10.Her husband died during an operation and it has taken her 3 years to prove that the medical staff were ______ .

11.Criminals should be forced to pay ______ ____ the damages they cause.

12.The marketing department prints the company ______ on towels, T-shirts, headbands, and sneakers.

13.This program is an effective way of ___ your data ___ computer viruses.

14.They are worried that the workers might ______ the new law as a restriction of their rights.

15.If one party fails to comply with a contract, the other party may ___ it to court.

Choose the right preposition.

1.It is unjust and unlawful to discriminate (against, between) people of other races.

2.The two brothers are so much alike, it is difficult to discriminate (against, between) them.

3.Women complain that employers discriminate (against, between) female workers when calculating their rank and pay.

4.Only a trained eye can discriminate (between, against) the two paintings.

5.If you are conscious of your own weakness of character, you have a better chance of safeguarding (against, from) them.

6.If you join the club, you must comply (to, with) its rules.

Read the text filling in prepositions. Answer the question below.

Promoting Fair Labour Practices

The Civil Rights Act forbids businesses to discriminate ____ women and minorities in their hiring practices. Businesses also cannot discriminate ____ employees who are eligible ____ a promotion or ____ a pay increase. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was created ____ the federal government to take action ____ businesses that are accused ____ discrimination.

§ What is the purpose of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission?

Reading for understanding.

& Learning Objectives

After studying this text, you will be able to

· name six areas of Law related to business,

· state three options of a breach of contract,

· distinguish among real, personal, and intellectual property.

Business-Related Laws

Law can be classified as either public or private. Private law concerns itself with relationship between individuals, between an individual and a business or between two businesses. Public law concerns itself with the relationship between the government and individual citizens.

Torts

A tort is a non-criminal act (other than breach of contract) that results in injury to person or property. The victim of a tort is legally entitled to some form of compensation. Tort law covers intentional torts, negligence, and strict liability.

An intentional tort is a wilful act that results in injury. Intent does not mean the intent to cause harm; it is the intent to commit a specific physical act. The most common intentional torts include assault, battery, and defamation (if in writing or on television, it is libel; if spoken, it is slander). Negligence is a failure to observe a reasonable standard of care in order to protect others from unreasonable risk or injury. The tort of strict liability focuses on liability in cases even when the defendant has used reasonable care and has committed no wrong-doing. If a defendant engages in an inherently dangerous activity, such as blasting for construction purposes, etc., there is a high risk of harm no matter how much care is used, and the defendant is strictly liable. In strict liability, then, there is liability without fault.

Product-Liability Law

A product-liability case is one in which a manufacturer is held liable for injuries caused by a defective product. Product-liability law developed from the tort law and holds companies responsible for their wares on the grounds of negligence, strict liability, and warranty. A guarantee made from a product is a warranty. It may be a written (or spoken) promise made by the company about the product, or not written but created by operation of law when a seller enters into a contract.

Under strict product liability, a company may be held responsible for a defective product even if reasonable care was used in the product's manufacture and sale.

Contracts

Broadly defined, a contract is an exchange of promises enforceable by law. Most valid contracts are adhered by both parties. But when there is a breach of contract, three options are available to the damaged party. The first option, discharge, frees one party from fulfilling a contractual obligation when the other party violates the contract. The second option, damages, allows the injured party to sue for damages resulting from the other party's failure to live up to the contract's terms. The last option, specific performance, permits the injured party to demand performance, that is, fulfilment of the contract's terms.

Agency

Agency exists when one party (the principal) authorises another party (the agent) to act on his or her behalf. For example, a person who requests his or her stockbroker to buy stock is creating an agency relationship (empowering the stockbroker to act as an agent). When such authorisation is in written form, the document is known as a power of attorney. Agency is important in business because it permits the delegation of the authority to enter into a contract. The principal, however, is liable for any contracts made by an agent, so long as the agent is within the scope of his or her authority.

Property Transactions

Property transaction is the relationship between a person having rights with respect to any tangible or intangible object and all other persons. Real property is land and anything more or less permanently attached to it, whereas personal property is anything that is not real property. Personal property may be tangible (e.g., cars and jewellery) or intangible (e.g., bank accounts, insurance policies). Some intangible property is known as intellectual property. This includes trademarks, patents, trade secrets, and copyrights.

Deeds are legal documents that transfer ownership of real property. Temporary transfer of interest in property is accomplished with a lease. The owner of the property, the landlord, grants a tenant the right to occupy the property for a specific time period and for a rental fee.

The transfer of personal property is technically a transfer of title (ownership of the property). Normally, title passes from seller to buyer when the buyer's money is accepted and the vendor hands over the goods. But when property is bought cash on delivery (COD), title is not transferred until the buyer accepts the merchandise and pays for it. With instalment purchases, title typically passes when the purchaser takes possession of the property.

Bankruptcy

The legal procedure by which a person or business that is unable to meet financial obligations is relieved of debt by having the court divide the assets among the creditors is called bankruptcy. Some firms emerge from bankruptcy as leaner, healthier companies.

@ Key Terms

agency	intentional tort	private law	strict liability
bankruptcy	lease	product-liability law	title
breach of contract	negligence	property	tort
deed	personal property	public law	warranty
intellectual property	power of attorney	real property

Review Questions

1.What is the difference between private law and public law?

2.What is the difference between negligence and intentional torts?

3.Define the concept of strict product liability.

4.Why is agency important in business?

5.What is bankruptcy?

CDTrue-False Questions

	TRUE FALSE	Title is transferred as soon as the buyer accepts the goods.
	TRUE FALSE	As a principal, your responsibility for the actions of your agent is limited if the agent does something illegal.
	TRUE FALSE	A contract is an exchange of promises enforceable by law.

4 Key Terms Exercise

Match the words with their definitions

1.	agency	a)	written authorisation for one party to act as an agent on behalf of another party
2.	breach of contract	b)	wilful injury for which an injured person is entitled to compensation
3.	contract	c)	rights held regarding any tangible or intangible object
4.	intentional tort	d)	non-criminal act that results in injury to person or property
5.	lease	e)	legal ownership of property
6.	negligence	f)	legal agreement between the owner of equipment or an asset and the individual or business for using the equipment or asset
7.	power of attorney	g)	law that holds a manufacturer liable for injuries caused by a defective product
8.	private law	h)	law that concerns itself with the relationship between the government and individual citizens
9.	product-liability law	i)	law that concerns itself with relationship between individuals, between an individual and a business or between two businesses
10.	property	j)	guarantee or promise of manufacturer
11.	public law	k)	failure to observe a reasonable standard of care in a specific situation
12.	strict liability	l)	failure to live up to the terms of a contract, with no legal excuse
13.	title	m)	exchange of promises enforceable by law
14.	tort	n)	concept of liability even in cases where the defendant has used reasonable care
15.	warranty	o)	business relationship that exists when one party authorises another party to act on his/her behalf

Multiple Choice Question

If your roommate pours a soft drink on your stereo because "you were playing it too loud" and then tells your best friend the spill was done on purpose, a _____ has been committed.

a.public law violation b.intentional tort c.tort d.white-collar crime

JIt's Interesting to Know

This Is a Law

Did you know that it is illegal to fish for whales on Sunday in Ohio or to put pennies in your ear in Hawaii? Over the course of the nation’s history, thousands of odd laws like these have been passed. Some have been repealed. Many are still in effect. The following are some unusual laws from around the US.

J Farmers in North Carolina may not use elephants to plough their fields.

J It is illegal to lasso fish in Knoxville, Tennessee.

J In Florida a person may not sleep under a hair dryer.

J Residents of Amarillo, Texas, cannot take a bath on the main street during business hours.

J A person may not tie an alligator to a fire hydrant in Detroit, Michigan.

	LESSON 13	The Law
1.	take out	получать (документы)
2.	injunction	судебный запрет
3.	legal	юридический, законный
4.	within the framework of	в пределах чего-либо
5.	comply with	подчиняться
6.	wording	текст, формулировка
7.	regulations	правила, нормы, инструкции
8.	discriminate against	дискриминировать
9.	liable for	юридически ответственный
10.	incurring of debt	влезание в долг
11.	breach of contract	нарушение договора, контракта
12.	sue for	привлечь к суду за что-либо
13.	libel	клевета (письменная или через печать)
14.	subject	подвергать
15.	court	суд
16.	slander	клевета (в устной форме)
17.	legal claim	право требования
18.	legal action	судебный иск
19.	legal status	правовой статус
20.	interpret	толковать
21.	negligence	халатность
22.	faulty components	неисправный компонент, элемент
23.	compensation	компенсация
24.	registered trademark	зарегистрированный товарный знак
25.	registered patent	зарегистрированный патент
26.	consult	совещаться, обратиться за консультацией
27.	unfair dismissal	несправедливое увольнение
28.	safeguard against	охрана от чего-либо
29.	litigation	тяжба, судебный спор, процесс
30.	be on the rise	повышаться, находиться в состоянии подъема
31.	court ruling	решение суда, постановление суда
32.	be obliged	долженствовать
33.	trade agreement	торговое соглашение
34.	tackle	попытка найти решение
35.	headband	лента, узкая повязка на голову
36.	sneakers	теннисные туфли, кеды
37.	pay increase	увеличение заработной платы
38.	Equal Employment Opportunity Commission	Комиссия по вопросу равных возможностей занятости
39.	real property	недвижимость	Syn. real estate
40.	personal property	движимое имущество, личное имущество	Syn. individual property
41.	intellectual property	интеллектуальная собственность
42.	public law	публичное право
43.	private law	частное право
44.	concern oneself with	заниматься
45.	tort	деликт, гражданское правонарушение
46.	result in	приводить к, давать результаты
47.	injury to person	личный вред
48.	victim	потерпевший
49.	law of torts	деликтное право
50.	strict liability	строгая ответственность
51.	willful act	умышленное действие
52.	assault	словесное оскорбление или угроза физическим насилием
53.	battery	нанесение побоев, избиение
54.	defamation	диффамация, клевета	Syn. slander, calumny
55.	focus on	обращать внимание, концентрироваться на чем-либо
56.	defendant	ответчик, обвиняемый	Syn. accused, prisoner at the bar
57.	reasonable care	разумная степень осторожности
58.	calumny	клевета, ложное обвинение
59.	wrong-doing	причинение вреда, ущерба, противоправное поведение, проступок
60.	inherently dangerous activity	опасная по своей природе деятельность
61.	product liability law	закон об ответственности за качество
62.	be held liable	нести ответственность
63.	wares	товары, изделия	Syn. goods, commodity, article, merchandise, produce
64.	on the ground of	на основании, по причине
65.	warranty	гарантия, поручительство
66.	by operation of law	в силу закона
67.	enter into a contract	вступать в договор
68.	broadly defined	получивший широкое определение
69.	valid contract	законный контракт	Syn. legal contract
70.	adhere	придерживаться, соблюдать
71.	discharge	прекращение обязательств, освобождение от обязательств
72.	contractual obligation	договорное обязательство
73.	damages	возмещение убытков
74.	injured party	потерпевшая сторона
75.	sue foe damage	возбуждать иск о возмещении убытков
76.	live up to	действовать согласно (правилам)	Syn. act up to
77.	contract terms	условия договора, контракта
78.	contract term	срок действия контракта
79.	agency	агентский договор
80.	principal	доверитель
81.	stockbroker	биржевой маклер
82.	agency relationship	агентские взаимоотношения
83.	empower	предоставлять право
84.	power of attorney	доверенность
85.	delegation of authority	передача прав и ответственности подчиненному
86.	enter into a contract	вступить в договор
87.	so long as	при условии, что, поскольку
88.	within the scope of	в рамках чего-либо
89.	with respect to	что касается
90.	tangible property	материальное имущество
91.	intangible property	имущество в правах
92.	deed	документ за печатью
93.	legal document	юридический документ
94.	landlord	собственник недвижимости
95.	tenant	арендатор, наниматель
96.	grant rights	давать права
97.	rental fee	арендная плата
98.	title	право на имущество, право собственности
99.	vendor	оптовая фирма, продавец
100.	hand over	поставлять, вручать (товар)
101.	COD cash on delivery	наложенный платеж, оплата в момент поставки товара
102.	installment buying	покупка в кредит
103.	take possession of	вступать во владение
104.	lean	бедный	Syn. poor
105.	legal excuse	обстоятельство, освобождающее по закону от ответственности
106.	in effect	в действии
107.	soft drink	безалкогольный напиток
108.	spill	пролитая жидкость
109.	white-collar crime	беловоротничковое преступление
110.	repeal a law	отменить закон

2. Вопросы для оценки качества освоения курса

1. Имя существительное. Единственное и множественное число.

2. Артикли и предлоги как показатели имени существительного. Употребление определенного и неопределенного артиклей.

3. Выражение падежных отношений с помощью предлогов и окончания –s.

4. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

5. Имя прилагательное. Степени сравнения имен прилагательных.

6. Конструкция the more… the less.

7. Числительные. Количественные и порядковые числительные.

8. Личные местоимения.

9. Притяжательные местоимения.

10. Вопросительные местоимения.

11. Указательные местоимения.

12. Неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.

13. Времена глагола группы Indefinite (Simple).

14. Спряжение глагола to be в Present Indefinite, Past Indefinite, Future Indefinite.

15. Повелительное наклонение и его отрицательная форма.

16. Порядок слов в английском предложении.

17. Утвердительная и отрицательная форма повествовательного предложения.

18. Вопросительное предложение.

19. Оборот there is/are.

20. Основные способы словообразования.

21. Present Indefinite Active

22. Past Indefinite Active

Литература

Основная:

1. Бонк Н.А. Учебник англ. Яз. В 2-х.-М.: Де Конт –ГИС, 1998. 637 с.

2. Куряева Р.И. Лексико-грамматическое пособие по английскому языку. Часть I. Английский язык для начинающих. – Казань, 2003. – 224 с.

3. Куряева Р.И. Лексико-грамматическое пособие по английскому языку. Часть II.Инфинитив и модальные глаголы. – Казань, 2003. –157с.

Дополнительная:

1. Куряева Р.И. Лексико-грамматическое пособие по английскому языку. Часть III.Словообразование и работа со словарем. Часть IV. Краткий грамматический справочник по английскому глаголу. – Казань, 2003. – 116 с.

2. Английский язык. Программа, метод. Указ. И контр. Задания для студ.- заочн. Высш. Уч. завед.(факультетов) неязыковых специальностей. – М., 1998. – 72 с.

ДИСЦИПЛИНА «ЛОГИКА»

Вопросы для оценки качества освоения курса

1. Предмет и значение логики. Абстрактное мышление и его формы. Понятие о логической форме и логическом законе.

2. Понятие как форма мышления. Основные логические приемы формирования понятий.

3. Содержание и объем понятий. Закон обратного отношения между объемами и содержанием понятий. Класс, подкласс.

4. Виды понятий по объему и содержанию.

5. Отношения между понятиями.

6. Обобщение и ограничение понятий.

7. Определение понятий. Правила и ошибки определения.

8. Деление понятий. Правила деления. Ошибки в делении.

9. Классификация и ее виды.

10. Суждение – как форма мышления. Суждение и предложение. Структура простого суждения.

11. Простое суждение и его виды.

12. Классификация простых категорических суждений по количеству и качеству.

13. Логические отношения между простыми категорическими суждениями. Логический квадрат

14. Сложное суждение и его виды.

15. Закон тождества как выражение определенности мысли.

16. Закон непротиворечия. Понятие диалектического и формально-логического противоречия.

17. Закон исключенного третьего как выражение последовательности и непротиворечивости мышления.

18. Закон достаточного основания как выражение обоснованности вывода.

19. Общая характеристика умозаключения. Виды умозаключений. Непосредственные дедуктивные умозаключения. Способы их преобразования.

20. Простой категорический силлогизм. Состав силлогизма.

21. Фигуры категорического силлогизма. Правила фигур, правила посылок, правила терминов.

22. Сложные и сложносокращенные силлогизмы.

23. Условные и условно-категорические умозаключения.

24. Разделительные и разделительно-категорические умозаключения.

25. Условно-разделительные умозаключения.

26. Индуктивного умозаключения. Виды индукции.

27. Умозаключение по аналогии и его виды.

28. Структура доказательства и его виды.

29. Правила доказательства. Ошибки в доказательствах.

30. Гипотеза как форма развития знаний. Виды гипотез. Построение гипотезы и ее проверка.

31. Опровержение. Правила опровержения.

32. Логические парадоксы и софизмы.

33. Логика как искусство полемики. Спор и его виды.

Литература

Основная литература:

1. Гетманова, А. Д. Логика: учебник / А. Д. Гетманова. – 12-е изд. – М.: Омега-Л, 2007. – 416 с.

2. Гусев, С.С. Логика: учебник / С.С. Гусев, Э. Ф. Караваев, Г.В. Карпов и др.; под ред. А. И. Мигунова, И. Б. Микиртумова, Б. И. Федорова. – М.: Проспект, 2010. – 676с.

Дополнительная литература:

1. Арно А., Николь П. Логика или искусство мыслить. – М., 1991.

2. Берков В.Ф., Яскевич Я.С., Павлюкевич В. Логика. Учебник для вузов.– М., 2007

3. Берков В.Ф. Логика и аргументация. Хрестоматия. – М., 2007

4. Брюшкин В.Н. Практический курс логики для гуманитариев. – М., 1994

5. Бузук Г.Л., Панов М.И., Логика в вопросах и ответах. – М., 1991

6. Владимирова Л.Е. Учение об уголовных доказательствах. – Тула, 2000

7. Войшвилло Е.К., Дегтярев М.Г. Логика: учебник. – М., 1998

8. Горский Д.П., Ивин А.А., Никифоров А.Л. Краткий словарь по логике. – М., 1991

9. Доказывание в уголовном процессе: традиция и современность. – М., 2000

10. Ивакина Н.Н. Основы судебного красноречия (риторика для юристов). – М., 2000

11. Ивин А.А. Теория аргументации. – М., 2000

12. Ивлев Ю.В. Логика для юристов. – М., 2001

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Рекомендуемые веб-сайты:

http://www.philosophy.ru/edu/ref/logic

http://www.humanus.site3k.net/logic

http://www.lawlibrary.ru

http://www.psylib.org.ua/books/ivina01/

http://www.elitarium.ru/2007/04/16

http://www.invivio.net/dict/12927

http://ruslogic.narod.ru

http://logic.philos.msu.ru/texts/concept

http://logic.ru