Ex.5.Identify the conditional in each example (1-3) and choose an option (a-c) to explain why a conditional is being used.
МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ
РФ
БАШКИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ УКАЗАНИЯ, ТЕКСТЫ
И УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ПО СПЕЦКУРСУ
"Инновационная экономика"
(АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК)
Для магистрантов Института экономики, финансов и бизнеса БашГУ
УФА
РИЦ БашГУ
Печатается по решению кафедры иностранных языков для профессиональной коммуникации ИНЭФБ Башгосуниверситета от 16 ноября 2014 г. протокол № 3 (65).
Составитель: д.филол. н., проф. Зайнуллина Л.М.
Методические рекомендации предназначены для магистрантов- экономистов при изучении спецкурса "Инновационная экономика" Пособие содержит тексты из различных профессиональных источников и упражнения, позволяющие магистрантам закрепить пройденный материал.
UNIT 1.
Text 1. Read and translate the text consulting the dictionary if necessary. Then summarize in 8-10 sentences.
Joseph Alois Schumpeter (8 February 1883 – 8 January 1950) was an Austrian-American economist and political scientist. He briefly served as Finance Minister of Austria in 1919. In 1932 he became a professor at Harvard University where he remained until the end of his career. One of the most influential economists of the 20th century, Schumpeter popularized the term "creative destruction" in economics.
At Harvard, Schumpeter was considered a memorable character, erudite and even showy in the classroom. He became known for his heavy teaching load and his personal and painstaking interest in his students. This period of his life was characterized by hard work and comparatively little recognition of his massive 2-volume book Business Cycles. However, in 1942 Schumpeter published what became the most popular of all his works, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, reprinted many times and in many languages in the following decades, as well as cited thousands of times.
Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to theorize about entrepreneurship, and the field owed much to his contributions. Schumpeter argued that the innovation and technological change of a nation come from the entrepreneurs, or wild spirits.
Schumpeter's most popular book in English is Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. While he agrees with Karl Marx that capitalism will collapse and be replaced by socialism, Schumpeter predicts a different way this will come about. While Marx predicted that capitalism would be overthrown by a violent proletarian revolution, which actually occurred in some capitalist countries, Schumpeter believed that capitalism would gradually weaken by itself and eventually collapse.
Schumpeter was the most influential thinker to argue that long cycles are caused by innovation, and are an incident of it. His treatise on business cycles developed were based on Kondratiev's ideas and brought them to the attention of English-speaking economists. Kondratiev fused important elements that Schumpeter missed. Yet, the Schumpeterian variant of long-cycles hypothesis, stressing the initiating role of innovations, commands the widest attention today.
Schumpeter identified innovation as the critical dimension of economic change. He argued that economic change revolves around innovation, entrepreneurial activities, and market power. He sought to prove that innovation-originated market power can provide better results than the invisible hand and price competition. He argues that technological innovation often creates temporary monopolies, allowing abnormal profits that would soon be competed away by rivals and imitators. These temporary monopolies were necessary to provide the incentive for firms to develop new products and processes
Schumpeter claimed that he had set himself three goals in life: to be the greatest economist in the world, to be the best horseman in all of Austria and the greatest lover in all of Vienna. He said he had reached two of his goals, but he never said which two, although he is reported to have said that there were too many fine horsemen in Austria for him to succeed in all his aspirations.
Ex. 1.Match the two columns.
A B
Greenfield 1.выпуск продукции;
Greenmail 2. передача организацией определённых
производственных функций другой компании
Outlay 3.сокращать персонал
Outlook 4. присвоить более низкий рейтинг, понижать
Output 5.спадделовой активности
Outsource 6.новое предприятие, создаваемое с нуля
Downgrade 7.расходы; ассигнования, затраты, издержки
Downturn 8. корпоративный шантаж (покупка акций
с целью заставить выкупить и обратно)
Downsize 9.перспективы; прогноз
Ex.2. In each set of four below, match a verb on the left with a noun on the right to make collocations about product development.
1. generate the product onto the market
2. screen out new ideas in focus groups
3. launch specifications for the product
4. draw up unfeasible or unprofitable ideas
*****
5. conduct production on a large scale after tests
6. draw market studies
7. go into sketches and build mockups
8. test the product by using it in typical situations
Ex. 3. Complete these sentences with idioms from the box below.
a) put you in the picture e) get a word in edge ways
b) talking at cross purposes f) beating about the bush
c) get straight to the point g) heard it on the grapevine
d) have a quick word h) on the same wavelength
1. OK, I'll ... , I'm afraid we're going to have to let you go.
2."You and your boss seem to agree on most things" - "Yes, we are ... ."
3. Susan, I know you are busy, but can I ... with you?
4. Some important decisions were taken at yesterday's meeting. Let me ... .
5. I think we have been ... . I meant next month, not this month.
6. Liza dominates all our meetings. Once she starts you can't ... .
7. He never gives you a straight answer. He's always ... .
8. I ... that he's been fired. Is it true?
Ex.4. Business idioms.
1. born with a silver spoon in your mouth: born to wealth and comfort, born rich
EXAMPLE: This it-girl was born with a silver spoon in her mouth and has never worked in her life.
2. bottom dollar: your last dollar
EXAMPLE:He spent his bottom dollar on some new clothes to wear for his job interview.
3. bottom line: line in a financial statement that shows net income or loss
EXAMPLE: The bottom line in the company's financial statement was much worse than expected.
bottom line: final result, main point
EXAMPLE: The bottom line was that we were unable to attend the conference because of our busy schedule.
4. break even: have income equal to expenses
EXAMPLE:Our company was able to break even after only six months of operation.
5. break the bank: win all the money at a casino gambling table
EXAMPLE:He broke the bank at the casino and walked away with a lot of money.
6.burn a hole in your pocket: money that one wishes or intends to spend quickly (often for something frivolous)
EXAMPLE: The money had been burning a hole in his pocket when he decided to go to the casino.
Ex.5.Identify the conditional in each example (1-3) and choose an option (a-c) to explain why a conditional is being used.
1. Making a polite request.
2. Stating a necessary condition.
3. Giving a warning.
a. Shareholders will accept the new strategy, provided it increases the bottom line.
b.If we could postpone the meeting until next week, it'd be more convenient.
c. Unless we get some results soon, they're going to shelve this project.
UNIT 2
Text 1. Read and translate the text consulting the dictionary if necessary. Then summarize in 8-10 sentences.
INNOVATION
Innovation is a new idea, device or process. Innovation can be viewed as the application of better solutions that meet new requirements, needs, or existing market needs. This is accomplished through more effective products, processes, services, technologies, or ideas that are readily available to markets, governments and society. The term innovation can be defined as something original and more effective and, as a consequence, new, that "breaks into" the market or society.
While a new device is often described as an innovation, in economics, management science, and other fields of practice and analysis innovation is generally considered to be a process that brings together various new ideas in a way that they have an impact on society.
Innovation differs from invention in that innovation refers to the use of a better and, as a result, novel idea or method, whereas invention refers more directly to the creation of the idea or method itself. Innovation differs from improvement in that innovation refers to the notion of doing something different rather than doing the same thing better.
In business and economics, innovation is the catalyst to growth. Economist Joseph Schumpeter, who contributed greatly to the study of innovation, argued that industries must incessantly revolutionize the economic structure from within, that is innovate with better or more effective processes and products. He famously asserted that “creative destruction is the essential fact about capitalism”. In addition, entrepreneurs continuously look for better ways to satisfy their consumer base with improved quality, durability, service, and price which come to fruition in innovation with advanced technologies and organizational strategies.
One prime example is the explosive boom of Silicon Valley startups out of the Stanford Industrial Park. In 1957, dissatisfied employees of Shockley Semiconductor, the company of Nobel laureate and co-inventor of the transistor William Shockley, left to form an independent firm, Fairchild Semiconductor. After several years, Fairchild developed into a formidable presence in the sector. Eventually, these founders left to start their own companies based on their own, unique, latest ideas, and then leading employees started their own firms. Over the next 20 years, this snowball process launched the momentous startup company explosion of information technology firms. Essentially, Silicon Valley began as 65 new enterprises born out of Shockley’s eight former employees.
Ex.1 Complete the three definitions of motivation with words from the box.
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